Medical Diagnosis

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Overview

Medical diagnosis studies how to combine symptoms, records, laboratory tests, medical images, physiological signals, and molecular data to identify disease and support clinical decisions. Methods range from conventional machine learning and deep models such as CNNs and graph networks to multimodal foundation models, retrieval-augmented language models, and agents that ask questions or request tests as evidence accumulates. Systems are evaluated on tasks including image and signal classification, electronic-record prediction, and conversational diagnosis, using resources such as MIMIC and ADNI alongside disease-specific and external-site cohorts. A central challenge is that strong benchmark results may not transfer to real clinics, where data are incomplete or shifted and models must provide calibrated, evidence-grounded recommendations without worsening bias or unsafe decisions.

Latest papers

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262 papers26 papers in the last four weeks, down 13% on the four weeks before. 0.2% of all new papers.

  1. MEDSYN: Benchmarking Multi-EviDence SYNthesis in Complex Clinical Cases for Multimodal Large Language Models

    Feb 25, 2026Boqi Chen, Xudong Liu, Jiachuan Peng +5Medical DiagnosisMedical VLMs

    ETH Zurich · MBZUAI · Amazon +4

  2. Forgetting-Resistant and Lesion-Aware Source-Free Domain Adaptive Fundus Image Analysis with Vision-Language Model

    Feb 23, 2026Zheang Huai, Hui Tang, Hualiang Wang +1Source-Free Domain AdaptationVLM Adaptation

    The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong

  3. RamanSeg: Interpretability-driven Deep Learning on Raman Spectra for Cancer Diagnosis

    Feb 20, 2026Chris Tomy, Mo Vali, David Pertzborn +9Image SegmentationMedical Diagnosis

    Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK · Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK · Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany +2

  4. Deep Learning for Dermatology: An Innovative Framework for Approaching Precise Skin Cancer Detection

    Feb 19, 2026Mohammad Tahmid Noor, B. M. Shahria Alam, Tasmiah Rahman Orpa +3DermatologySkin Lesion Classification

    Department of Computer Science and Engineering, East West University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

  5. A Hybrid Federated Learning Based Ensemble Approach for Lung Disease Diagnosis Leveraging Fusion of SWIN Transformer and CNN

    Feb 19, 2026Asif Hasan Chowdhury, Md. Fahim Islam, M Ragib Anjum Riad +3Medical DiagnosisChest X-Ray Classification

    BRAC University, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh

  6. Probability-Invariant Random Walk Learning on Gyral Folding-Based Cortical Similarity Networks for Alzheimer's and Lewy Body Dementia Diagnosis

    Feb 19, 2026Minheng Chen, Tong Chen, Chao Cao +4Alzheimer's Disease ClassificationBrain Network Analysis

    Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, United States · School of Computing, University of Georgia, United States · Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom +1

  7. Position: Evaluation of ECG Representations Must Be Fixed

    Feb 19, 2026Zachary Berger, Daniel Prakah-Asante, John Guttag +1Electrocardiogram Representation LearningRepresentation Learning

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA · Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

  8. Optimization Instability in Autonomous Agentic Workflows for Clinical Symptom Detection

    Feb 17, 2026Cameron Cagan, Pedram Fard, Jiazi Tian +3LLM Agent Workflow OptimizationAI Agent Reliability

    Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA · Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

  9. Image-based Joint-level Detection for Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis from Small and Imbalanced Data

    Feb 16, 2026Shun Kato, Yasushi Kondo, Shuntaro Saito +2Medical DiagnosisMedical Image Classification

    Keio University, Japan · Keio University

  10. A swap-adversarial framework for domain generalization in pre- and post-stimulation Parkinsonian state classification

    Feb 11, 2026Seongwon Jin, Hanseul Choi, Sunggu Yang +2Adversarial TrainingData Augmentation

    Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Incheon National University, Yeonsu-gu, 22012, Incheon, Republic of Korea · Department of Nanobioengineering, Incheon National University, Yeonsu-gu, 22012, Incheon, Republic of Korea · Center for Brain-Machine Interface, Incheon National University, Yeonsu-gu, 22012, Incheon, Republic of Korea +1

  11. Think Like a Doctor: Conversational Diagnosis through the Exploration of Diagnostic Knowledge Graphs

    Feb 2, 2026Jeongmoon Won, Seungwon Kook, Yohan JoHealthcareMedical Diagnosis

    Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University

  12. ECGFlowCMR: Pretraining with ECG-Generated Cine CMR Helps Cardiac Disease Classification and Phenotype Prediction

    Jan 28, 2026Xiaocheng Fang, Zhengyao Ding, Guangkun Nie +9Synthetic Data PretrainingMedical Diagnosis

    State Key Laboratory of General Artificial Intelligence, Peking University · School of Intelligence Science and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China · Polytechnic Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China +4

  13. Region-Specific Calibration Achieves Excellent Inter-Device Reliability for Smartphone Dermatology: A Multi-Device Benchmark on Korean Facial Skin

    Dec 26, 2025Sungwoo Kang, Jong-Kook KimMedical DiagnosisDermatology

    Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea · School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

  14. Towards Explainable Conversational AI for Early Diagnosis with Large Language Models

    Dec 19, 2025Maliha Tabassum, M Shamim KaiserMedical DiagnosisConversational Agents

    Department of Information and Communication Technology Bangladesh University of Professionals Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh · Institute of Information Technology Jahangirnagar University Dhaka 1342, Bangaldesh

  15. Skin-R1: Clinical Knowledge-Guided Dermatological Diagnosis Using Vision-Language Models

    Nov 18, 2025Zehao Liu, Weijieying Ren, Jipeng Zhang +4VLM RobustnessMedical Diagnosis

    Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA · Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA · Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China

  16. BiomedXPro: Prompt Optimization for Explainable Diagnosis with Biomedical Vision Language Models

    Oct 17, 2025Kaushitha Silva, Mansitha Eashwara, Sanduni Ubayasiri +2Medical VLMsExplainable Medical Image Analysis

    University of Peradeniya Peradeniya, Sri Lanka · RMIT University Melbourne, Australia

  17. EndoCogniAgent: Closed-Loop Agentic Reasoning with Self-Consistency Validation for Endoscopic Diagnosis

    Aug 10, 2025Yi Tang, Kai-Ni Wang, Liang-Peng Pu +3EndoscopyMedical Imaging

    School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China · Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China · State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China +2

  18. Detecting and explaining clinical-omics inconsistencies to improve patient cohort stratification: an application to Parkinson's disease

    Jul 4, 2025José A. Pardo-Pérez, Tomás Bernal, Jaime Ñiguez +5Medical DiagnosisUnsupervised Anomaly Detection

    Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. · Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK. · Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA. +1

  19. Benchmarking Classification Tasks of Chest X-ray AI Across Multinational Public and Private Datasets: a retrospective diagnostic accuracy study

    May 21, 2025Qinmei Xu, Yiheng Li, Wenya Zhao +21Chest X-Ray ClassificationMedical Image Benchmarks

    Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research (BMIR), Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA · Department of Radiology, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China · Stanford Breast Imaging, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA +3

  20. A Wearable Device Dataset for Mental Health Assessment Using Laser Doppler Flowmetry and Fluorescence Spectroscopy Sensors

    Feb 3, 2025Minh Ngoc Nguyen, Khai Le-Duc, Tan-Hanh Pham +7Medical DiagnosisMental Health

    Aston University, Birmingham, UK · University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada · University Health Network, Toronto, Canada +5

  21. Few shot chain-of-thought driven reasoning to prompt LLMs for open ended medical question answering

    Mar 7, 2024Saeel Sandeep Nachane, Ojas Gramopadhye, Prateek Chanda +5HealthcareMedical Diagnosis

    2Indian Institute of Technology Bombay · 1IBM Research

  22. Unveiling the Unborn: Advancing Fetal Health Classification through Machine Learning

    Sep 30, 2023Sujith K MandalaMedical DiagnosisClinical Prediction