Medical Diagnosis

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Overview

Medical diagnosis studies how to combine symptoms, records, laboratory tests, medical images, physiological signals, and molecular data to identify disease and support clinical decisions. Methods range from conventional machine learning and deep models such as CNNs and graph networks to multimodal foundation models, retrieval-augmented language models, and agents that ask questions or request tests as evidence accumulates. Systems are evaluated on tasks including image and signal classification, electronic-record prediction, and conversational diagnosis, using resources such as MIMIC and ADNI alongside disease-specific and external-site cohorts. A central challenge is that strong benchmark results may not transfer to real clinics, where data are incomplete or shifted and models must provide calibrated, evidence-grounded recommendations without worsening bias or unsafe decisions.

Latest papers

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262 papers26 papers in the last four weeks, down 13% on the four weeks before. 0.2% of all new papers.

  1. ClinVerse: A Realistic Multi-Agent Diagnostic Environment for Training and Evaluating Medical Agents

    Oct 26, 2026Sirry Chen, Fangke Chen, Xuanwen Ding +2Medical AI AgentsLLM Agent Training

    Fudan University, Shanghai, China · Shanghai Innovation Institute, Shanghai, China · Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China +2

  2. Enhancing Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosis with Evolutionary Algorithms and Machine Learning

    Oct 25, 2026Parisa Rezaei, Mohsen Saffar, Hamid Reza Naji +2Medical DiagnosisRandom Forest

    Dept. of Computer Engineering and Information Technology, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran · Dept. of Industrial Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

  3. RetiJev: Fast and Source-Grounded Ophthalmic Decision Models

    Oct 22, 2026Bo Liu, Lianyu Wang, Meng Wang +2OphthalmologyClinical Decision Support

    Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore. · Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore. · University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. +3

  4. Beyond Phenotypic Similarity: Relation Refinement and Selective Population Graph Learning for Multimodal Brain Disorder Diagnosis

    Oct 22, 2026Yinyu LanBrain Disorder ClassificationMultimodal Graph Learning

    School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China

  5. An interpretable deep learning method for early hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis on multiphase CT

    Oct 21, 2026Emma Sarfati, Alexandre Bône, Pietro Gori +8Medical DiagnosisMedical Image Classification

    Guerbet Research, Villepinte, France · LTCI, Télécom Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Saclay, France · MAP5 (UMR 8145), Université Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, Paris, France +7

  6. Cross-disorder Learning of Imaging-derived Joint Mophometric Markers in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases

    Oct 19, 2026Yuji Zhao, Boris GutmanParkinson's Disease ClassificationMedical Diagnosis

    Laboratory for Modeling and Computation in Imaging and Genetics (LAMCIG), Medical Imaging Research Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

  7. Synthetic Image Oversampling for Rare-Class Representation Learning in Deep Facial Phenotyping

    Oct 16, 2026Miles Liao, Zhanliang Wang, Hongzhuo Chen +1Synthetic Data AugmentationClass-Imbalanced Learning

    Hopkins Authentic Research Program for Students, Hopkins School, New Haven, CT 06515, USA · Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA · Department of Mathematics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA +1

  8. LiFUSE: Frequency-Spatial Unified Self-Supervised Pretraining for Liver Disease Analysis on Non-contrast CT

    Oct 13, 2026Hao Zhang, Yi Huang, Wei Liu +6Medical Image AnalysisMedical Image Representation Learning

    College of Biomedical Engineering, Fudan University · DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group · Hupan Lab, HangZhou +2

  9. HybridDualPathNet: Cross-Fusion Attention of EfficientNetV2 and Swin Transformer for Brain MRI Classification of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease

    Oct 12, 2026Jarpula Nirjala, Rahul PatelParkinson's Disease ClassificationMedical Image Classification

    Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Surat, India

  10. When Participant Disjoint Validation Is Not Enough to Establish Generalization in Parkinson's Gait Classification

    Oct 12, 2026Md. Sifat, Sania Akter, Akif Islam +1Parkinson's Disease ClassificationCross-Domain Generalization

    Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Motihar, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh

  11. Is a 9B Decision Foundation Model Needed for Symptom-to-Disease Classification? Fine-Tuning Clef-Flash Against TF-IDF Baselines

    Oct 10, 2026S. M. Mahbub Uddin AhmedMedical DiagnosisClinical Decision-Making

    Department of Computer Science and Engineering, United International University

  12. Machine Learning-Based Prediction of Dengue Infection Using Clinical and Hematological Data from Bangladesh: A Comparative Analysis of Benchmark and Extended Prediction Models

    Oct 10, 2026Neesha Naimeen, Victor Miranda SoberanisMedical DiagnosisClinical Prediction

    School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology (AUT), Auckland,New Zealand · Department of Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology (AUT), Auckland,New Zealand

  13. ActiveMedAgent: Cost-Aware Trajectory Learning for Multimodal Medical Diagnosis

    Oct 8, 2026Weiwei Ma, Xiaobing Yu, Peijie Qiu +5Medical DiagnosisActive Information Gathering

    Washington University in St. Louis · Yale University · Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai +1

  14. Contrast Enhancement or Noise Reduction? On Improving Cervical Cancer Classification

    Oct 8, 2026Ach Khozaimi, Ulfatun NahdhiyahMedical Image ClassificationImage Enhancement

    Department of Computer Science, University of Trunodjoyo Madura, Indonesia · Anatomical Pathology Laboratory, District General Hospital (RSUD Syarifah Ambami Rato Ebu), Indonesia

  15. How well do routinely collected demographic and clinical variables aid point-of-care lung ultrasound TB classification

    Oct 5, 2026Joshua M. Jansen van Vüren, Christiaan M. Geldenhuys, Devendra S. Parihar +7Medical DiagnosisMedical Image Classification

    Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa · Laboratory for intelligent Global Health and Humanitarian Response Technologies (LiGHT) Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland · National Teaching Hospital for Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Diseases (CNHU-PPC), Cotonou, Benin +1

  16. ARISE: Adaptive Agentic Reasoning with Image-grounded Self-Evaluation for Interpretable IBD Assessment

    Oct 3, 2026Pronoma Banerjee, Anuva Shah, Jason Wu +4Medical DiagnosisMedical VLMs

    Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA · Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA

  17. TrustMed-RL: Long-Horizon Reinforcement Learning for Evidence-Grounded Clinical Diagnosis

    Oct 3, 2026Wenxin Zhan, Yizheng Jiao, Haifeng Song +4Medical DiagnosisClinical Decision-Making

    Department of Information Systems and Statistics, Baruch College · Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill · Tsinghua University +2

  18. Wrong Organ, Right Physics: Transferring Echocardiography Pretraining to Lung Ultrasound for Tuberculosis Screening

    Oct 2, 2026Christiaan M. Geldenhuys, Joshua M. Jansen van Vüren, Véronique Suttels +6Transfer LearningMedical Image Classification

    Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa · Laboratory for intelligent Global Health and Humanitarian Response Technologies (LiGHT) Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland · National Teaching Hospital for Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Diseases (CNHU-PPC), Cotonou, Benin +1

  19. Cross-cohort TB classification using clinical data gathered in Uganda and South Africa

    Oct 2, 2026Joshua M. Jansen van Vüren, Devendra S. Parihar, Daphne Naidoo +8Medical DiagnosisClinical Prediction

    Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa · South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research (CTR) Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa · Department of Global and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands +2

  20. Hindsight-Guided Rationale Distillation for Rare Disease Diagnosis

    Oct 2, 2026Aarav Singh, Animesh Pathak, Navyansh SinghCoT DistillationKnowledge Distillation

    Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee International Institute of Information Technology, Naya Raipur

  21. An AI-Based Multi-Stage Approach for Androgenetic Alopecia Assessment from Low-Magnification Scalp Images

    Oct 1, 2026Mahmoud Raslan, Nada Omar, Omar Khaled +7Medical Image AnalysisMedical Diagnosis

    Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt · Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

  22. Ranking-Aware Prompt Optimization for Multimodal Clinical Diagnosis

    Sep 30, 2026Tian Xia, Minghao Liu, Yiqing Liang +2Medical DiagnosisMultimodal Large Language Models

    Harvard University · University of California, Santa Cruz · Brown University +2

  23. Detail in Context: A Dual-Scale Machine Learning Framework for Mycosis Fungoides Detection

    Sep 29, 2026Mohamed Hazem, Tarek Waleed, Omar Khaled +8Computational PathologyMedical Diagnosis

    Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt · Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

  24. Information Bottleneck-Guided Adaptive Hypergraph Transformer for Brain Disease Diagnosis

    Sep 29, 2026Jingxi Feng, Xudong Chen, Yifan Zhang +5Medical DiagnosisInformation Bottleneck

  25. How Medical VLMs Underutilize Their Vision Encoders: A Dermatology Perspective

    Sep 29, 2026Janet Wang, Yunbei Zhang, Xiao Wang +1Medical DiagnosisVLM Interpretability

    Tulane University · Oak Ridge National Laboratory

  26. Can LLMs Value the Right Evidence? Evidence-Value Misalignment in Dynamic Medical Diagnosis

    Sep 28, 2026Kehua Feng, Yunsheng Lu, Yitong Qiao +5LLM EvaluationEvidence-Grounded Reasoning

    Zhejiang University · Ant Healthcare, Ant Group

  27. CLIMB: A Clinical Multimorbidity Benchmark for Diagnosing Co-occurring Conditions through Multiturn Conversations

    Sep 28, 2026Yusuf Kesmen, Aniruddha Mukherjee, Yena Chang +7Medical DiagnosisMulti-Turn Dialogue Evaluation

    EPFL · Aarhus University

  28. DynamicDx: Evaluating Evidence Acquisition in Video-Based Diagnosis

    Sep 26, 2026Jiahui Li, Yutong Guo, Nan Yang +3Medical DiagnosisMedical VLMs

    University of Georgia, Athens, USA · Beijing Luhe Hospital, Beijing, China

  29. A bilingual AI audiologist built through rubric-guided closed-loop engineering outperforms human audiologists in a blinded evaluation of simulated cases

    Sep 26, 2026Linkai Li, Changgeng Mo, Hanlin Yu +4Conversational AgentsClinical Language Model Evaluation

    Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA · Orka Labs Inc., Shanghai, China · Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR +1

  30. LENS-GRF: Permutation-Invariant Lesion Evidence Network with Gated Residual Fusion for Acne Severity Grading and Multi-Rater Clinical Oracle Analysis

    Sep 25, 2026Muhammad Muhtasim Shahriar, M. F. MridhaSet TransformerAutomated Grading

    Department of Computer Science, International Islamic University Chittagong (IIUC), Chittagong, Bangladesh · Department of Computer Science, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB), Dhaka, Bangladesh