Medical Image Anomaly Detection

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Overview

Medical image anomaly detection identifies findings that differ from expected anatomy, supporting screening, quality assurance, and discovery of rare or previously unseen disease. Common approaches learn normal patterns from healthy scans using reconstruction, feature-distance, density, or prototype models, then flag and localize deviations; other methods use synthetic lesions or small labeled examples. Foundation models and vision-language systems increasingly enable zero-shot or few-shot detection across modalities, sometimes adding anatomical context or visual explanations. A central challenge is distinguishing subtle pathology from normal variation while generalizing across scanners, institutions, and modalities, so external evaluation and reliable lesion localization remain important.

Latest papers

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87 papers10 papers in the last four weeks, up 100% on the four weeks before. 0.1% of all new papers.

  1. H2VLR: Heterogeneous Hypergraph Vision-Language Reasoning for Few-Shot Anomaly Detection

    Apr 16, 2026Jianghong Huang, Luping Ji, Weiwei Duan +1Few-Shot Anomaly DetectionMedical Image Anomaly Detection

    School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China

  2. Unifying VLM-Guided Flow Matching and Spectral Anomaly Detection for Interpretable Veterinary Diagnosis

    Apr 7, 2026Pu Wang, Zhixuan Mao, Jialu Li +3Medical Image Anomaly DetectionMedical Image Segmentation

    School of Mathematics, Shandong University · Shenzhen Loop Area Institute · Yeshiva University +3

  3. Perturb-and-Restore: Simulation-driven Structural Augmentation Framework for Imbalance Chromosomal Anomaly Detection

    Apr 1, 2026Yilan Zhang, Hanbiao Chen, Changchun Yang +10Medical Image Anomaly DetectionSynthetic Anomaly Generation

    Computer Science Program, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia · Center of Excellence on Smart Health (KCSH) and Center of Excellence for Generative AI, KAUST, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia · Guangdong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Guangzhou 511442, China +1

  4. MATHENA: Mamba-based Architectural Tooth Hierarchical Estimator and Holistic Evaluation Network for Anatomy

    Apr 1, 2026Kyeonghun Kim, Jaehyung Park, Youngung Han +17Dental ImagingMedical Imaging

    OUTTA, Seoul, South Korea · Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea · Sangmyung University, Seoul, South Korea +4

  5. MEDIC-AD: Towards Medical Vision-Language Model's Clinical Intelligence

    Mar 28, 2026Woohyeon Park, Jaeik Kim, Sunghwan Steve Cho +7Medical VLMsMedical Image Anomaly Detection

    AIDAS Laboratory, Seoul National University · Samsung Changwon Hospital · Samsung Medical Center +1

  6. External Benchmarking of Lung Ultrasound Models for Pneumothorax-Related Signs: A Manifest-Based Multi-Source Study

    Mar 27, 2026Takehiro IshikawaMedical Image BenchmarksMedical Image Classification

    College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA

  7. CORA: Generalizable coronary artery disease assessment and risk stratification from coronary CT angiography using pathology-centric representation learning

    Mar 25, 2026Jinkui Hao, Gorkem Durak, Halil Ertugrul Aktas +4Synthetic Data PretrainingCoronary Angiography

    Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA · Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA · Department of Cardiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA +1

  8. Beyond Benchmarks: A Framework for Post Deployment Validation of CT Lung Nodule Detection AI

    Mar 25, 2026Daniel SolimanLung Nodule DetectionMedical Image Analysis

  9. Semantic Iterative Reconstruction: One-Shot Universal Anomaly Detection

    Mar 24, 2026Ning ZhuMedical Image Anomaly DetectionUnsupervised Anomaly Detection

  10. URA-Net: Uncertainty-Integrated Anomaly Perception and Restoration Attention Network for Unsupervised Anomaly Detection

    Mar 24, 2026Wei Luo, Peng Xing, Yunkang Cao +3Unsupervised Anomaly DetectionIndustrial Anomaly Detection

    State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China · School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China · State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China

  11. Abnormalities and Disease Detection in Gastro-Intestinal Tract Images

    Mar 23, 2026Zeshan Khan, Muhammad Atif TahirMedical Image Anomaly DetectionMedical Image Classification

    NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER AND EMERGING SCIENCES FAST School of Computing

  12. ODySSeI: An Open-Source End-to-End Framework for Automated Detection, Segmentation, and Severity Estimation of Lesions in Invasive Coronary Angiography Images

    Mar 20, 2026Anand Choudhary, Xiaowu Sun, Thabo Mahendiran +8Coronary AngiographyMedical Image Anomaly Detection

    LTS4 Laboratory, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland · Chair of Mathematical Data Science, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland · School of AIAC, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China +3

  13. MedSAD-CLIP: Supervised CLIP with Token-Patch Cross-Attention for Medical Anomaly Detection and Segmentation

    Mar 18, 2026Thuy Truong Tran, Minh Kha Do, Phuc Nguyen Duy +1Medical Image Anomaly DetectionMedical VLMs

    Singapore Management University · La Trobe University · Vietnam National University, Hanoi

  14. VisualAD: Language-Free Zero-Shot Anomaly Detection via Vision Transformer

    Mar 9, 2026Yanning Hou, Peiyuan Li, Zirui Liu +4Zero-Shot Anomaly DetectionVision Foundation Model Adaptation

    College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China · School of Artificial Intelligence, Anhui University, Hefei, China · State Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Acquisition and Protection Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China

  15. PDD: Manifold-Prior Diverse Distillation for Medical Anomaly Detection

    Mar 7, 2026Xijun Lu, Hongying Liu, Fanhua Shang +2Medical Image Anomaly DetectionKnowledge Distillation

    Medical School, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China · College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China

  16. Artificial Intelligence for Detecting Fetal Orofacial Clefts and Advancing Medical Education

    Mar 6, 2026Yuanji Zhang, Yuhao Huang, Haoran Dou +28Medical EducationClinical Decision Support

    National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China. · Medical Ultrasound Image Computing (MUSIC) Laboratory, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China. · Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China. +14

  17. MoECLIP: Patch-Specialized Experts for Zero-shot Anomaly Detection

    Mar 3, 2026Jun Yeong Park, JunYoung Seo, Minji Kang +1Zero-Shot Anomaly DetectionVision Foundation Model Adaptation

    Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea

  18. Spatial Autoregressive Modeling of DINOv3 Embeddings for Unsupervised Anomaly Detection

    Mar 3, 2026Ertunc Erdil, Nico Schulthess, Guney Tombak +1Medical Image Anomaly DetectionIndustrial Anomaly Detection

    Computer Vision Lab. ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

  19. Dual Distillation for Few-Shot Anomaly Detection

    Mar 2, 2026Le Dong, Qinzhong Tan, Chunlei Li +5Few-Shot Anomaly DetectionAnomaly Detection

    Xidian University, China · MedAI Technology (Wuxi) Co. Ltd., China · Technical University of Munich, Germany

  20. 3D Modality-Aware Pre-training for Vision-Language Model in MRI Multi-organ Abnormality Detection

    Feb 27, 2026Haowen Zhu, Ning Yin, Xiaogen ZhouMedical VLMsVision-Language Pretraining

    School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University, China · Department of Medical Imaging, Suzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, China · School of Electronic, Electrical Engineering and Physics, Fujian University of Technology

  21. Transcending the Annotation Bottleneck: AI-Powered Discovery in Biology and Medicine

    Feb 23, 2026Soumick ChatterjeeUnsupervised LearningSelf-Supervised Learning

    Human Technopole, Milan, Italy · Faculty of Computer Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany

  22. TopoGate: Quality-Aware Topology-Stabilized Gated Fusion for Longitudinal Low-Dose CT New-Lesion Prediction

    Feb 19, 2026Seungik ChoGated Multimodal FusionLongitudinal Medical Image Analysis

    Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rice University, USA

  23. Training-Free Zero-Shot Anomaly Detection in 3D Brain MRI with 2D Foundation Models

    Feb 17, 2026Tai Le-Gia, Jaehyun AhnMedical Image Anomaly DetectionZero-Shot Anomaly Detection

    Department of Mathematics, Chungnam National University, South Korea

  24. Toxicity Assessment in Preclinical Histopathology via Class-Aware Mahalanobis Distance for Known and Novel Anomalies

    Feb 2, 2026Olga Graf, Dhrupal Patel, Peter Groß +3Histopathology Image SegmentationMahalanobis Distance

    Tübingen AI Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany · Toxicologic Pathologist, Gujarat, India · Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH and Co., Biberach an der Riß, Germany +1

  25. MedAD-R1: Consistency-Reinforced Policy Optimization for Interpretable Medical Anomaly Detection

    Feb 1, 2026Haitao Zhang, Yingying Wang, Jiaxiang Wang +5HealthcareGroup Relative Policy Optimization

    School of Informatics, Xiamen University · Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Xiamen University · Zhejiang Expressway Co., Ltd. +3

  26. Diverse Normal Prototypes-Guided Contrastive Reconstruction for Medical Anomaly Detection

    Aug 27, 2025Luhu Li, Bin Liu, Bowen Lin +3Prototype LearningMedical Image Anomaly Detection

    School of Mathematics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China · Department of Interventional Medicine and Minimally Invasive Oncology, The Second Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China · Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Qilu Hospital of Shandong University,2026 Jinan 250033, China

  27. OCSVM-Guided Representation Learning for Unsupervised Anomaly Detection

    Jul 25, 2025Nicolas Pinon, Robin Trombetta, Carole LartizienMedical Image Anomaly DetectionUnsupervised Representation Learning

    MYRIAD