Medical LLMs

LLM: Large Language Model

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Overview

Medical large language models are studied for tasks such as diagnosis, clinical coding, note summarization, triage, and patient communication. Common approaches include clinical pretraining and fine-tuning, retrieval-augmented generation with guidelines or knowledge graphs, tool-using agents, and multimodal models that combine text with images or structured records. Evaluation ranges from question-answering benchmarks to realistic consultations, EHR workflows, and clinician studies, with growing attention to calibration, privacy, bias, and evidence grounding. A central challenge is that strong scores on fixed tests do not ensure reliable behavior with incomplete or changing information, misleading patient input, or high-stakes decisions, so human oversight and real-world validation remain important.

Latest papers

CardsList

402 papers40 papers in the last four weeks, up 29% on the four weeks before. 0.2% of all new papers.

  1. Enhancing LLM Medical Coding with Structured External Knowledge

    Apr 9, 2026Yidong Gan, David D. Nguyen, Yang Lin +4Automated Medical CodingMedical LLMs

    Oracle Health and AI · The University of Sydney · CSIRO Data61

  2. Detecting HIV-Related Stigma in Clinical Narratives Using Large Language Models

    Apr 9, 2026Ziyi Chen, Yasir Khan, Mengyuan Zhang +7Clinical NLPMedical LLMs

    Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA · Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA · Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

  3. Efficient and Effective Internal Memory Retrieval for LLM-Based Healthcare Prediction

    Apr 8, 2026Mingchen Li, Jiatan Huang, Zonghai Yao +1Memory-Augmented Language ModelsMedical LLMs

    University of Massachusetts, Amherst · University of Connecticut · University of Massachusetts, Lowell +1

  4. Is Biomedical Specialization Still Worth It? Insights from Domain-Adaptive Language Modelling with a New French Health Corpus

    Apr 8, 2026Aidan Mannion, Cécile Macaire, Armand Violle +5Domain-Adaptive PretrainingDomain Adaptation for LLMs

    Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LIG, 38000 Grenoble, France · Sorbonne Université, LIMICS, 15 rue de l’École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France

  5. To Adapt or not to Adapt, Rethinking the Value of Medical Knowledge-Aware Large Language Models

    Apr 8, 2026Ane G. Domingo-Aldama, Iker De La Iglesia, Maitane Urruela +2Medical LLMsDomain Adaptation for LLMs

  6. MedDialBench: Benchmarking LLM Diagnostic Robustness under Parametric Adversarial Patient Behaviors

    Apr 8, 2026Xiaotian Luo, Xun Jiang, Jiangcheng WuAdversarial Robustness of Language ModelsMedical LLMs

    Shanda Group

  7. Severity-Aware Weighted Loss for Arabic Medical Text Generation

    Apr 7, 2026Ahmed Alansary, Molham Mohamed, Ali HamdiMedical LLMsText Generation

    October University for Modern Sciences & Arts, Egypt

  8. CareGuardAI: Context-Aware Multi-Agent Guardrails for Clinical Safety & Hallucination Mitigation in Patient-Facing LLMs

    Apr 7, 2026Elham Nasarian, Abhilash Neog, Kwok-Leung Tsui +1LLM GuardrailsLLM Safety

    Grado Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA · Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA · Dept of Industrial, Manufacturing, and Systems Engineering at University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA

  9. From Retinal Evidence to Safe Decisions: RETINA-SAFE and ECRT for Hallucination Risk Triage in Medical LLMs

    Apr 7, 2026Zhe Yu, Wenpeng Xing, Meng HanHallucination DetectionLLM Hallucination Detection

    Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China · Communication University of Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China · Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

  10. Retrieval-Augmented LLMs for Evidence Localization in Clinical Trial Recruitment from Longitudinal EHR Narratives

    Apr 6, 2026Ziyi Chen, Mengxian Lyu, Cheng Peng +1Medical LLMsClinical Language Model Evaluation

    Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL

  11. This Treatment Works, Right? Evaluating LLM Sensitivity to Patient Question Framing in Medical QA

    Apr 6, 2026Hye Sun Yun, Geetika Kapoor, Michael Mackert +4Framing Effects in Language ModelsMedical LLMs

    Northeastern University · UC Berkeley · UT Austin +2

  12. Countering Catastrophic Forgetting of Large Language Models for Better Instruction Following via Weight-Space Model Merging

    Apr 2, 2026Mengxian Lyu, Cheng Peng, Ziyi Chen +3Domain Adaptation for LLMsMedical LLMs

    Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA · Department of Engineering Education, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA · Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

  13. Learning Diagnostic Reasoning for Decision Support in Toxicology

    Mar 31, 2026Nico Oberländer, David Bani-Harouni, Tobias Zellner +3Clinical Decision SupportRL for Language Model Reasoning

    Computer Aided Medical Procedures, Technical University of Munich, Germany · Munich Center for Machine Learning (MCML), Germany · Department of Clinical Toxicology and Poison Control Center Munich, TUM Klinikum rechts der Isar, Germany

  14. Beyond Idealized Patients: Evaluating LLMs under Challenging Patient Behaviors in Medical Consultations

    Mar 31, 2026Yahan Li, Xinyi Jie, Wanjia Ruan +5HealthcareClinical Reasoning

    University of Southern California

  15. AI-Generated Prior Authorization Letters: Strong Clinical Content, Weak Administrative Scaffolding

    Mar 31, 2026Moiz Sadiq Awan, Maryam RazaMedical LLMsMedical Report Generation

    Independent Researcher

  16. An Underexplored Frontier: Large Language Models for Rare Disease Patient Education and Communication -- A scoping review

    Mar 30, 2026Zaifu Zhan, Yu Hou, Kai Yu +4Medical LLMsHealthcare

    Division of Computational Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA · Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA · Clinical Bioinformatics Lab, Université Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France +1

  17. DongYuan: An LLM-Based Framework for Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine Spleen-Stomach Disorders Diagnosis

    Mar 30, 2026Hua Li, Yingying Li, Xiaobin Feng +8Medical DiagnosisMedical LLMs

    Hebei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China · Beijing Wenge Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China · Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China +1

  18. Development and Preliminary Evaluation of a Domain-Specific Large Language Model for Tuberculosis Care in South Africa

    Mar 28, 2026Thokozile Khosa, Olawande DaramolaMedical LLMsHealthcare

    Department of Computer Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa · Department of Informatics, University of Pretoria, South Africa

  19. Phase 1 Implementation of LLM-generated Discharge Summaries showing high Adoption in a Dutch Academic Hospital

    Mar 27, 2026Nettuno Nadalini, Tarannom Mehri, Anne H Hoekman +6Medical Report GenerationMedical LLMs

    Department of Health Information Office, Data & Digitalization, University Medical Center, Groningen, the Netherlands · Department of Trauma Surgery / Orthopedics, University Medical Center, Groningen, the Netherlands · Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA +5

  20. Clinical named entity recognition in the Portuguese language: a benchmark of modern BERT models and LLMs

    Mar 27, 2026Vinicius Anjos de Almeida, Sandro Saorin da Silva, Josimar Chire +8Named Entity RecognitionClinical NLP

    Spesia, Curitiba - PR, Brazil · Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo - SP, Brazil · Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba - PR, Brazil +2

  21. Automating Clinical Information Retrieval from Finnish Electronic Health Records Using Large Language Models

    Mar 27, 2026Mikko Saukkoriipi, Nicole Hernandez, Jaakko Sahlsten +2EHR QAClinical QA

    Department of Computer Science, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, 02150, Finland. · Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, 33520, Finland. · Department of Oncology, TAYS Cancer Centrer, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, 33520, Finland.

  22. When Chain-of-Thought Backfires: Evaluating Prompt Sensitivity in Medical Language Models

    Mar 26, 2026Binesh Sadanandan, Vahid BehzadanPrompt SensitivityLLM Prompting

    SAIL Lab, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA

  23. AD-CARE: A Guideline-grounded, Modality-agnostic LLM Agent for Real-world Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis with Multi-cohort Assessment, Fairness Analysis, and Reader Study

    Mar 26, 2026Wenlong Hou, Sheng Bi, Guangqian Yang +16Alzheimer's Disease ClassificationClinical Decision Support

    Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China. · Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. · Amazon, USA. +10

  24. A Decade-Scale Benchmark Evaluating LLMs' Clinical Practice Guidelines Detection and Adherence in Multi-turn Conversations

    Mar 26, 2026Andong Tan, Shuyu Dai, Jinglu Wang +7Clinical Language Model EvaluationMedical LLMs

    Media Computing Group, Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing, China · Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China · School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China +6

  25. OMIND: Framework for Knowledge Grounded Finetuning and Multi-Turn Dialogue Benchmark for Mental Health LLMs

    Mar 26, 2026Suraj Racha, Prashant Harish Joshi, Utkarsh Maurya +6Medical LLMsLLM Fine-Tuning

    Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

  26. Evaluating Fine-Tuned LLM Model For Medical Transcription With Small Low-Resource Languages Validated Dataset

    Mar 25, 2026Mohammed Nowshad Ruhani Chowdhury, Mohammed Nowaz Rabbani Chowdhury, Sakari LukkarinenLLM Fine-TuningMedical LLMs

    School of ICT and Industrial Management, Metropolia University of Applied Sciences, Helsinki, Finland · Department of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA

  27. MedAidDialog: A Multilingual Multi-Turn Medical Dialogue Dataset for Accessible Healthcare

    Mar 25, 2026Shubham Kumar Nigam, Suparnojit Sarkar, Piyush PatelMedical LLMsText Generation

    University of Birmingham, Dubai, United Arab Emirates · Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata, India · Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, India

  28. VOLMO: Versatile and Open Large Models for Ophthalmology

    Mar 25, 2026Zhenyue Qin, Younjoon Chung, Elijah Lee +16Medical VLMsMedical LLMs

    Department of Biomedical Informatics & Data Science, Yale University · Ray and Stephanie Lane Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University · Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore +4

  29. Dialogue to Question Generation for Evidence-based Medical Guideline Agent Development

    Mar 25, 2026Zongliang Ji, Ziyang Zhang, Xincheng Tan +5Clinical Decision SupportEvidence-Grounded Generation

    Google Research · University of Toronto, Canada · Vector Institute, Canada +1

  30. PLACID: Privacy-preserving Large language models for Acronym Clinical Inference and Disambiguation

    Mar 24, 2026Manjushree B. Aithal, Ph. D., Alexander Kotz +2Clinical NLPPrivacy-Preserving Language Models

    Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO