Model-Based Systems Engineering

Model-Based Systems Engineering represents a system through linked models so teams can trace requirements into architecture, implementation, and verification, especially in complex cyber-physical systems. Common approaches use SysML and related modeling environments, connect models to simulations and software components, and integrate evidence from testing and operation. Recent work also applies language models and knowledge graphs to tasks such as extracting requirements, generating or repairing models, and aligning models across organizations. The central challenge is ensuring that generated or updated models are semantically correct and consistent across diagrams, with benchmarks showing that syntax and execution alone are insufficient and that human review and provenance remain important.