Overview

Multi-agent debate examines whether language models can reason more reliably by proposing answers, sharing evidence, challenging peers, and revising judgments. Common approaches assign roles such as advocate, critic, and judge; use retrieval and structured evidence checks; or adapt who communicates and when debate stops. Researchers apply these methods to mathematics, question answering, fact-checking, and medical or legal decisions, but results vary across tasks and model groups. A central tension is that debate can uncover errors when agents contribute useful independent information, yet consensus can also spread mistakes, suppress dissent, and add substantial cost.

Latest papers

CardsList

144 papers19 papers in the last four weeks, up 6% on the four weeks before. 0.1% of all new papers.

  1. PEAR: Permutation-Equivariant Adaptive Routing Multi-Agent Debate

    May 26, 2026Yang Feng, Ziwei Xu, Xia Hu +1Multi-Agent DebateMulti-Agent Systems

  2. Debate Helps Weak Judges Reward Stronger Models

    May 26, 2026Ethan Elasky, Frank Nakasako, Naman GoyalScalable OversightLLM-as-a-Judge

  3. Belief Engine: Configurable and Inspectable Stance Dynamics in Multi-Agent LLM Deliberation

    May 14, 2026Joshua C. Yang, Maurice Flechtner, Damian Dailisan +1Belief RevisionEvidence-Grounded Reasoning

  4. Contestable Multi-Agent Debate with Arena-based Argumentative Computation for Multimedia Verification

    May 14, 2026Truong Thanh Hung Nguyen, Vo Thanh Khang Nguyen, Hoang-Loc Cao +3Multi-Agent DebateComputational Argumentation

  5. Beyond Inefficiency: Systemic Costs of Incivility in Multi-Agent Monte Carlo Simulations

    May 12, 2026Alison Moldovan-Mauer, Benedikt MangoldMulti-Agent DebateMulti-Agent Communication

  6. EquiMem: Calibrating Shared Memory in Multi-Agent Debate via Game-Theoretic Equilibrium

    May 10, 2026Yuqiao Meng, Luoxi Tang, Sakshi Sunil Narvekar +4Multi-Agent DebateAgent Memory Poisoning

  7. MAVEN: Multi-Agent Verification-Elaboration Network with In-Step Epistemic Auditing

    May 8, 2026Yinsheng Yao, Jiehao Tang, Zhaozhen Yang +1LLM AuditingMulti-Agent Debate

  8. Multi-agent decision making: A Blackwell's informativeness approach

    May 7, 2026Zheng Zhang, Cuong C. Nguyen, Kevin Wells +1Multi-Agent DebateQuestion Answering

  9. MAD-OPD: Breaking the Ceiling in On-Policy Distillation via Multi-Agent Debate

    May 2, 2026Jianze Wang, Ying Liu, Jinlong Chen +7Multi-Agent DebateMulti-Teacher Knowledge Distillation

  10. A Systematic Comparison of Prompting and Multi-Agent Methods for LLM-based Stance Detection

    Apr 29, 2026Genan Dai, Zini Chen, Yi Yang +1Multi-Agent LLM SystemsLLM Evaluation

  11. From Soliloquy to Agora: Memory-Enhanced LLM Agents with Decentralized Debate for Optimization Modeling

    Apr 28, 2026Jianghao Lin, Zi Ling, Chenyu Zhou +4Multi-Agent DebateMulti-Agent LLMs

  12. Mol-Debate: Multi-Agent Debate Improves Structural Reasoning in Molecular Design

    Apr 22, 2026Wengyu Zhang, Xiao-Yong Wei, Qing LiAI-Assisted Scientific ResearchMulti-Agent Debate

  13. Debating the Unspoken: Role-Anchored Multi-Agent Reasoning for Half-Truth Detection

    Apr 21, 2026Yixuan Tang, Yirui Zhang, Hang Feng +1Multi-Agent DebateAutomated Fact-Checking

  14. DVAR: Adversarial Multi-Agent Debate for Video Authenticity Detection

    Apr 18, 2026Hongyuan Qi, Feifei Shao, Ming Li +2Multi-Agent DebateDeepfake Detection

  15. Beyond Arrow's Impossibility: Fairness as an Emergent Property of Multi-Agent Collaboration

    Apr 15, 2026Sayan Kumar Chaki, Antoine Gourru, Julien VelcinDemographic Bias in Language ModelsMulti-Agent Systems

  16. Debate to Align: Reliable Entity Alignment through Two-Stage Multi-Agent Debate

    Apr 15, 2026Cunda Wang, Ziying Ma, Po Hu +2Multi-Agent DebateKG Embedding

  17. Multi-Persona Debate System for Automated Scientific Hypothesis Generation

    Apr 14, 2026Jaeha Oh, Byungchan Kim, Ju Li +2Scientific Hypothesis GenerationEvidence-Grounded Generation

  18. CascadeDebate: Multi-Agent Deliberation for Cost-Aware LLM Cascades

    Apr 14, 2026Raeyoung Chang, Dongwook Kwon, Jisoo Lee +1LLM RoutingMulti-Agent Debate

  19. Collective Opinion Dynamics in Structured LLM Populations

    Apr 13, 2026Erica Cau, Andrea Failla, Giulio RossettiMulti-Agent LLM SystemsOpinion Dynamics

  20. BLUEmed: Retrieval-Augmented Multi-Agent Debate for Clinical Error Detection

    Apr 12, 2026Saukun Thika You, Nguyen Anh Khoa Tran, Wesley K. Marizane +3Language Model Error DetectionMulti-Agent Debate