Multi-Agent Debate

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Overview

Multi-agent debate examines whether language models can reason more reliably by proposing answers, sharing evidence, challenging peers, and revising judgments. Common approaches assign roles such as advocate, critic, and judge; use retrieval and structured evidence checks; or adapt who communicates and when debate stops. Researchers apply these methods to mathematics, question answering, fact-checking, and medical or legal decisions, but results vary across tasks and model groups. A central tension is that debate can uncover errors when agents contribute useful independent information, yet consensus can also spread mistakes, suppress dissent, and add substantial cost.

Latest papers

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144 papers19 papers in the last four weeks, up 6% on the four weeks before. 0.1% of all new papers.

  1. Distill, Debate, Discover: Grounding Multi-Agent Research Ideation in Graph-Distilled Insights

    Oct 23, 2026Qianran Ma, Muxin Liu, Grace Kim +2Research Idea GenerationAI Agents for Scientific Discovery

    University of Pennsylvania

  2. Conflicted Records: Typed Adversarial Contracts for Auditable LLM Output Quality Enforcement

    Oct 21, 2026Kardelen Subasi, Jarosław A. ChudziakLLM AuditingLLM Hallucination Mitigation

    Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

  3. Value-Rich, Differently Organized: Measuring Value Expression and Organization in AI-Generated Debates

    Oct 20, 2026Maoyuan Li, Haoyuan Li, Zhongsheng Wang +1Language Model Generation EvaluationMulti-Agent Debate

    Wuhan College of Communication · University of Auckland

  4. Humans Correct Their Judgments Through Debate, but Weaker AI Models Do Not

    Oct 20, 2026Maria Victoria Carro, Denise Alejandra Mester, Facundo Nieto +14Multi-Agent DebateHuman Oversight of AI

    Università degli Studi di Genova, IT · FAIR, IALAB, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), AR · Instituto de Investigación en Informática LIDI, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, AR +11

  5. Think More or Read More? A Token-Budget Theory of Reasoning with Shared Context

    Oct 16, 2026Manh Nguyen, Sunil Gupta, Hung LeEfficient Language Model ReasoningMulti-Agent Debate

    Applied Artificial Intelligence Initiative, Deakin University, Australia

  6. Believed but Not Said: Measuring Hidden Belief Collapse in Multi-Agent LLM Discussions

    Oct 15, 2026Liangjie Huang, Henry Peng Zou, Wei-Chieh Huang +3Multi-Agent LLM SystemsLLM Agent Reliability

    University of Illinois Chicago

  7. Beyond Answer Sharing: TrueMAD for Targeted Peer Engagement in Multi-Agent Debate

    Oct 13, 2026Dezheng Bao, Sihang Du, Renhong Huang +3Multi-Agent DebateMulti-Agent Reasoning

    Zhejiang University

  8. Learning Adaptive Deliberation Control for Reliable Recognition with Multi-Agent Language Models

    Oct 13, 2026Yuan Liu, Haoyue Peng, Fanliang Hu +2Multi-Agent DeliberationMulti-Agent Debate

    Medical Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China

  9. Efficient Multi-Agent Reasoning via Confidence-Guided Adaptive Debate

    Oct 12, 2026Seungdong Yoa, Ye Seul Sim, Suhee Yoon +5Multi-Agent DebateMulti-Agent Reasoning

    LG AI Research, Seoul, South Korea · School of Computer Science and Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea · Division of Computer Engineering, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, South Korea +1

  10. From Investigation Failures to Reliable SOC Agents: Understanding and Improving LLM-Based Alert Triage

    Oct 7, 2026Saimon Amanuel Tsegai, Alex Kantchelian, Danfeng +2LLM Agent SecurityAI Agent Reliability

    Daphne · North Carolina State University · Virginia Tech

  11. DREAM: Dynamic Resolution Assignment For Multimodal Multi-agent Debate

    Oct 4, 2026Khanh-Binh Nguyen, Van Dai Do, Tien Anh Nguyen +2Multi-Agent DebateMultimodal Reasoning

    Deakin University Applied Artificial Intelligence Initiative, Geelong, Australia

  12. When Debate Helps: Proposal Supply and Verification-Aware Readout in Multi-Agent Reasoning

    Oct 3, 2026Zihao Zhao, Tunyu Zhang, Haizhou Shi +3Multi-Agent DebateMulti-Agent Reasoning

    University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign · Rutgers University

  13. Silent Dissent: LLM Agents That Yield to the Majority Still Represent Their Original Premise

    Oct 2, 2026Ziang Ni, Peng ZouNormative Conformity in Language ModelsMulti-Agent Debate

    Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, China

  14. How to Have a Sensitive Debate: An Instance-Optimal Protocol for AI Debate

    Oct 1, 2026Jiawei Li, Zhiyang Xun, Lijie Chen +1Multi-Agent DebateComputational Argumentation

    UT Austin · Google DeepMind

  15. MiniRep: Robust Reputation-Based Aggregation for Multi-Agent Debate

    Sep 30, 2026Jiaming Zhang, Yuwan Liu, Yue Huang +1Multi-Agent DebateAI Agent Security

    Tsinghua University

  16. MADBench: Benchmarking the Security of Multi-Agent Debate

    Sep 30, 2026Yuwan Liu, Jiaming Zhang, Yue Huang +1Adversarial Attacks on LLMsMulti-Agent Debate

    Tsinghua University

  17. When Order Matters: First-Speaker Bias and Mitigation through Personality in Sequential Multi-Agent Debate

    Sep 30, 2026Duofeng Xu, Bryan Hooi, Dandan QiaoMulti-Agent Debate

    School of Computing National University of Singapore Singapore

  18. Multi-agent discussion gains less when dissent is withheld

    Sep 29, 2026Chand Sahil Mansuri, Xin Wang, Mengying Li +4Multi-Agent LLM SystemsOpinion Dynamics

    School of Systems Science and Industrial Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA · School of Management, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA · IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA

  19. Measuring Collapse and Correction in Homogeneous-Panel LLM Debate

    Sep 28, 2026Xin Li, Mengbing Liu, Chau YuenLLM EvaluationLLM Auditing

    Nanyang Technological University

  20. Beyond Solo and Consistency: Vindicating Multi-Agent Debate via Conditional Progressive Pruning

    Sep 27, 2026Ruosong Ye, Caiqi Zhang, Jiahao Li +9Test-Time ScalingMulti-Agent Debate

    Rutgers University, New Brunswick · University of Cambridge · Tsinghua University +4

  21. Beyond Symmetric Agents: Cognitive Diversity and Multi-Agent Debate in Small Language Models

    Sep 26, 2026Leonardo Ferreira, Gardenia Liu, Kaden ZhengMulti-Agent DebateMulti-Agent Systems

    Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School · Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard College

  22. Black-Box Auditing of Epistemic Reliability in Multi-Agent Debate Distillation

    Sep 26, 2026Derui Wang, Zewei Shi, Rayne Holland +4AI Agent ReliabilityBlack-Box Model Auditing

    CSIRO · The University of Melbourne

  23. Towards Mitigating Fabricated Consensus: The Active Provenance Gate for Multi-Agent Debate Synthesis

    Sep 25, 2026Jakub Masłowski, Jarosław A. ChudziakMulti-Agent ConsensusMulti-Agent Debate

    Institute of Computer Science Warsaw University of Technology Warsaw, Poland

  24. OmouAI: Argumentative Human-AI Policy Deliberation with Simulated Personas

    Sep 25, 2026Stylianos Loukas Vasileiou, Antonio Rago, William Yeoh +1Multi-Agent DeliberationHuman-in-the-Loop AI

    New Mexico State University · King’s College London · Washington University in St. Louis +1

  25. When Honesty is Not Enough in AI Debate

    Sep 24, 2026Rayne Holland, Liming Zhu, Jason XueScalable OversightMulti-Agent Debate

    CSIRO

  26. Benchmarking Argumentative Behaviour of LLMs: A Study of Defences Against Character Attacks

    Sep 23, 2026Ewelina Gajewska, Katarzyna Budzynska, Jaroslaw ChudziakMulti-Agent DebateComputational Argumentation

    Warsaw University of Technology

  27. Do We Need Complex Topology Control? Distinct-Peer Random Routing Improves Cost-Efficiency in Sparse Multi-Agent Debate

    Sep 22, 2026Boxuan Wang, Zhuoyun Li, Xiaowei Huang +1Multi-Agent DebateMulti-Agent Communication Topology

    School of Computer Science and Informatics, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom

  28. Who Are They to Each Other? Multi-Agent Reasoning for Speaker Relationship Inference

    Sep 9, 2026Yaohan Guan, Yen-Ju Lu, Yuzhe Wang +5Spoken Language UnderstandingMulti-Agent Debate

    Center for Language and Speech Processing Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA

  29. What Does Multi-Agent Debate Actually Change?

    Sep 7, 2026Chen QianLLM Agent EvaluationMulti-Agent Debate

  30. From Simulated Citizens to Simulated Deliberation: Challenges in Representation and Interaction

    Sep 7, 2026Chaemin Jang, Junsik Min, Jaewoo Choi +9Opinion DynamicsHuman Behavior Simulation

    Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) · Seoul National University