Cross-Cultural Language Model Evaluation

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2 papers in the last four weeks, against 2 the four weeks before. 0.0% of all new papers.

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Language Unalignability: Why Some Concepts Resist Cross-Cultural Benchmark Evaluation
Oct 6, 2026Shu-Kai Hsieh, Da-Chen LianMultilingual Language Model Evaluation LLM Evaluation
National Taiwan University
Calibrated to Whom? Persona and Language Effects on Cultural Values in JEV
Sep 28, 2026Bushra Asseri, Abdulaziz AsseriMultilingual Language Model Evaluation Cross-Cultural Language Model Evaluation
College of Engineering and Advanced Computing, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia · Proxa.sa, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
GYROval: A Robust Benchmark for Cultural Value Orientation in Large Language Models
Sep 16, 2026Alexander Didenko, Anna Shabanova, Vladislav Zapylikhin +2LLM Evaluation Cross-Cultural Language Model Evaluation
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, SKOLKOVO School of Management, Moscow · Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, University of Tyumen · Institute of Business Studies, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow
WorldBench: Culturally Grounded Benchmark for Multilingual Agents
Sep 1, 2026Leonardo Ranaldi, Sherrie Shen, Jushi Kai +1Cross-Cultural Language Model Evaluation LLM Agent Evaluation
(•) ILCC, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh · (•,◦) ILCC, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh · (◦) School of Artificial Intelligence, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Apples to Apples? Towards Comparable Crosslingual Language Model Evaluation
Aug 25, 2026Xiulin Yang, Ethan Gotlieb Wilcox, Catherine ArnettMultilingual Language Model Evaluation LLM Evaluation
Georgetown University · EleutherAI
Inspect India Evals: An Open Benchmarking Framework for Evaluating Large Language Models in the Indian Linguistic and Cultural Context
Jul 28, 2026Abhishek Kumar Singh, Shrey Nag, Sachita +2LLM Safety Benchmarks Multilingual Language Model Evaluation
GTBIT¹ · TIET² · IGDTUW³ +2
ADAGE: A Language-Agnostic Pipeline for Analogical Reasoning Evaluation
Jul 25, 2026Ahmed Haj Ahmed, Alvin GrissomMultilingual Language Model Evaluation Reasoning Evaluation
Haverford College
Pluralis v0.1: Towards a Multicultural, Multimodal, Multilingual Benchmark for AI Risk and Reliability
Jul 7, 2026Alicia Parrish, Rajat Shinde, Sanket Badhe +57VLM Evaluation Cross-Cultural Language Model Evaluation
SPLIT: Cross-Lingual Empathy and Cultural Grounding in English and Ukrainian LLM Responses
Jul 2, 2026Anna ChornaMultilingual Language Model Evaluation LLM-as-a-Judge
MSQA: A Natively Sourced Multilingual and Multicultural SimpleQA Benchmark
Jul 1, 2026Xianru Chen, Yukai Huang, Mingxiang Chen +6Multilingual Language Model Evaluation LLM Evaluation
ByteDance Seed · Nanjing University · M-A-P
Extending Item Response Theory for Efficient and Meaningful Multilingual Evaluation
Jun 14, 2026Gili Lior, Tzviel Frostig, Gabriel Stanovsky +1Multilingual Language Model Evaluation Cross-Cultural Language Model Evaluation
Google Research · The Hebrew University of Jerusalem · PhaseV Trials
Schützen: Evaluating LLM Safety in Bulgarian and German Contexts
Jun 9, 2026Kiril Georgiev, Yuxia Wang, Dimitar Iliyanov Dimitrov +2LLM Safety Benchmarks Multilingual Language Model Evaluation
Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" · INSAIT, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski” · MBZUAI
Culturally-Adapted Red-Teaming Across East and Southeast Asian Contexts: A Methodological and Comparative Analysis
Jun 8, 2026Hyeji Choi, Yongtaek Lim, Minwoo KimMultilingual Language Model Evaluation Language Model Safety Evaluation
AI Safety Team, DATUMO.INC, Seoul, South Korea.
GlobeAudio: A Multilingual Multicultural Benchmark for Naturalistic Evaluation of Large Audio-Language Models
Jun 6, 2026Ryner Tan, Wenxuan ZhangAudio-Language Model Evaluation Cross-Cultural Language Model Evaluation
Singapore University of Technology and Design
The Masked Advantage: Uncovering Local-Language Access to Cultural Knowledge in LLMs
Jun 5, 2026Yang Zhang, Xiao Fei, Amr Mohamed +6Multilingual Language Model Evaluation LLM Evaluation
Ecole Polytechnique · MBZUAI · ENS-PSL +1
MADE: Beyond Scoring via a Multilingual Agentic Diagnosing Engine for Fine-Grained Evaluation Insights
Jun 5, 2026Yilun Liu, Miao Zhang, Shimin Tao +9Multilingual Language Model Evaluation LLM Evaluation
Huawei, China
SEA-NLI: Natural Language Inference as a Lens into Southeast Asian Cultural Understanding
Jun 2, 2026Peerawat Chomphooyod, Jian Gang Ngui, Yosephine Susanto +5Multilingual Language Model Evaluation Cross-Cultural Language Model Evaluation
1Chulalongkorn University · 2AI Singapore · 3MBZUAI +1
When English Rewrites Local Knowledge: Global Narrative Dominance in Large Language Models
May 28, 2026Md Arid Hasan, Ruwad Naswan, Farhan Samir +2Multilingual Language Model Evaluation LLM Grounding
University of Toronto · BUET · University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
ExCAM: Explainable Cultural Awareness Metrics
May 28, 2026Christoph Leiter, Haiyue Song, Hour Kaing +4LLM Evaluation Language Model Generation Evaluation
University of Mannheim, Germany · National Institute of Information and Communications Technology · University of Technology Nuremberg, Germany
SomaliBench Eval: Measuring English-to-Somali Refusal Gaps in Open-Weight Language Models
May 25, 2026Khalid Yusuf DahirLLM Safety Benchmarks Multilingual Language Model Evaluation
Independent researcher
ROK-FORTRESS: Measuring the Effect of Geopolitical Transcreation for National Security and Public Safety
May 13, 2026Michael S. Lee, Yash Maurya, Drew Rein +13Multilingual Language Model Evaluation Language Model Safety Evaluation
1Scale AI · 2Korea AI Safety Institute
XL-SafetyBench: A Country-Grounded Cross-Cultural Benchmark for LLM Safety and Cultural Sensitivity
May 7, 2026Dasol Choi, Eugenia Kim, Jaewon Noh +14LLM Safety Benchmarks Multilingual Language Model Evaluation
AIM Intelligence · Microsoft · Korea AISI +7
SemEval-2026 Task 7: Everyday Knowledge Across Diverse Languages and Cultures
May 4, 2026Nedjma Ousidhoum, Junho Myung, Carla Perez-Almendros +27Multilingual Language Model Evaluation LLM Evaluation
Cardiff University · KAIST · MBZUAI +13
When AI Speaks, Whose Values Does It Express? A Cross-Cultural Audit of Individualism-Collectivism Bias in Large Language Models
Apr 24, 2026Pruthvinath Jeripity VenkataLLM Evaluation Cross-Cultural Language Model Evaluation
Independent Researcher
The GaoYao Benchmark: A Comprehensive Framework for Evaluating Multilingual and Multicultural Abilities of Large Language Models
Apr 22, 2026Yilun Liu, Chunguang Zhao, Mengyao Piao +14Multilingual Language Model Evaluation LLM Evaluation
Huawei, China · Fudan University, China
CulturALL: Benchmarking Multilingual and Multicultural Competence of LLMs on Grounded Tasks
Apr 21, 2026Peiqin Lin, Chenyang Lyu, Wenjiang Luo +22Multilingual Language Model Evaluation LLM Evaluation
Alibaba Group · Beijing Language and Culture University · LMU Munich +6
AlignCultura: Towards Culturally Aligned Large Language Models?
Apr 21, 2026Gautam Siddharth Kashyap, Mark Dras, Usman NaseemCross-Cultural Language Model Evaluation Cultural Alignment
School of Computing, Macquarie University, Australia
Culturally Grounded Personas in Large Language Models: Characterization and Alignment with Socio-Psychological Value Frameworks
Jan 29, 2026Candida M. Greco, Lucio La Cava, Andrea TagarelliCultural Alignment Cross-Cultural Language Model Evaluation
DIMES, University of Calabria, Italy
One Model, Many Morals: Uncovering Cross-Linguistic Misalignments in Computational Moral Reasoning
Sep 25, 2025Sualeha Farid, Jayden Lin, Zean Chen +2Multilingual Language Model Evaluation Moral Reasoning in Language Models
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

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Language Unalignability: Why Some Concepts Resist Cross-Cultural Benchmark Evaluation

Shu-Kai Hsieh, Da-Chen Lian

National Taiwan University

Multilingual Language Model Evaluation LLM Evaluation Cross-Cultural Language Model Evaluation Cross-Lingual Representation Alignment Cultural Knowledge in Language Models

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Current evaluation of multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs) rests on an implicit Translation-Isomorphism Assumption (TIA): that semantic structures across languages are congruent and mutually mappable without loss of information. We argue that this assumption is not merely violated in practice, but ill-posed in principle for a typologically identifiable class of concepts, including pragmatic markers, honorifics, and diachronically stratified terms. We formalize this failure using a usage-cloud framework, representing concepts as point sets of contextualized embeddings. We define

α

-unalignability as the impossibility of any mapping that simultaneously preserves lexical faithfulness (centroid correspondence) and structural faithfulness (local neighborhood topology). We provide three layers of evidence. Behaviorally, we show that FLORES-200 translation failures are predicted by language family and resource class but not by script, and that LOBSTER reasoning scores vary by family. Mechanistically, we report a Representation-Intervention Gap (RIG) in a nine-model case study on Yami: the models' activations encode a regularity along which Yami groups with other low-resource and Austronesian languages, yet interventions on language-specific neurons show no demonstrated advantage over random masks: the regularity is visible but not usable by this intervention. Finally, we operationalize these findings into a multidimensional diagnostic profile: Cycle-Consistency, Pragmatic-Load Disagreement, Manifold-Curvature Mismatch, and RIG. We argue that collapsing cultural competence into a single scalar incentivizes "probabilistic flattening," and that recognizing the unalignable class is a precondition for AI that respects, rather than erases, cultural divergence. This suggests that multilingual alignment is not a single well-defined objective, but a set of mutually incompatible projections.

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