Electroencephalography

Also known as EEG

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15 papers in the last four weeks, against 2 the four weeks before. 0.1% of all new papers.

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Latest papers 119

May 14, 2026eess.SP

nASR: An End-to-End Trainable Neural Layer for Channel-Level EEG Artifact Subspace Reconstruction in Real-Time BCI

Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals are highly susceptible to artifacts, resulting in a low signal-to-noise ratio which makes extraction of meaningful neural information challenging. Artifact Subspace Reconstruction (ASR) is one of the most widely used artifact filtering techniques in EEG-based BCI applications, owing to its real-time applicability. ASR reconstructs artifact-free signals by operating in Principal Component (PC) space within sliding windows. However, ASR performance is critically sensitive to its threshold parameter - an incorrect threshold risks removing task-relevant neural features alongside artifacts. Furthermore, since PCs are linear combinations of all channels, subspace reconstruction in PC space may alter the underlying data structure, potentially discarding essential neural information. To address these limitations, we propose nASR, a novel end-to-end trainable Keras layer that jointly optimizes artifact rejection and downstream decoding. nASR introduces two trainable threshold parameters: K, which governs artifact detection in PC variance space, and L, which quantifies eigen-spread to pinpoint the primary artifact--contributing channels, enabling selective channel-level reconstruction that preserves clean channel information. An ablation study comprising five model variants (m01 - m05), evaluated across two subjects from the BCI Competition IV Dataset 1, confirms that nASR variants consistently outperform traditional ASR on test classification metrics, while achieving a 6-8x reduction in inference time, making nASR a strong candidate for real-time BCI applications demanding both low latency and high decoding performance.

Shantanu Sarkar, Jose L. Contreras-Vidal

Electrical & Computer Engineering, Univ. of Houston, Houston, TX, USA · Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Univ. of Houston, Houston, TX, USA

Electroencephalography Brain-Computer Interfaces

May 14, 2026cs.LG

NeuroAtlas: Benchmarking Foundation Models for Clinical EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces

Foundation models (FMs) promise to extract unified representations that generalize across downstream tasks. They have emerged across fields, including electroencephalography (EEG), but it is less clear how effective they are in this particular field. Published evaluations differ in datasets, in the EEG-specific preprocessing that might influence reported results, and in the reported metrics, frequently obscuring the clinical relevance in EEG. We introduce NeuroAtlas, the largest EEG benchmark to date: 42 datasets and 260k hours covering clinical EEG (epilepsy, sleep medicine, brain age estimation) and brain-computer interfaces, and include multiple datasets per task along with bespoke clinical evaluation metrics. Besides evaluating EEG-FMs with respect to supervised baselines, we present results from generic time-series FMs. We report three findings. First, EEG-specific FMs do not consistently outperform time-series FMs, which have neither EEG-focused architectures nor been pretrained on EEG. Second, standard machine learning metrics are insufficient to assess clinical utility: thus, we thoroughly evaluate more appropriate measures such as the quality of event-level decision-making, hypnogram-derived features, and the brain-age gap in the domains of epilepsy, sleep, and brain age, respectively. Third, model rankings and performance can vary substantially within domains. We conclude that pretrained models perform largely on par, with only narrow advantages for a few, and that current models do not yet deliver on the promise of an out-of-the-box unified EEG model. NeuroAtlas exposes this gap and provides the datasets and metrics for the next generation of unified EEG FMs.

Konstantinos Kontras, Trui Osselaer, Stylianos G. Mouslech +12

KU Leuven · MIT

Electroencephalography Brain-Computer Interfaces EEG Decoding Time-Series Foundation Models EEG Foundation Models

May 11, 2026cs.AI

CLEF: EEG Foundation Model for Learning Clinical Semantics

Clinical EEG interpretation requires reasoning over full EEG sessions and integrating signal patterns with clinical context. Existing EEG foundation models are largely designed for short-window decoding and do not incorporate clinical context. We introduce CLEF, a clinically grounded long-context EEG foundation model. CLEF represents EEG sessions as 3D multitaper spectrogram tokens, enabling tractable Transformer modeling at session scale, and aligns embeddings with neurologist reports and structured EHR data through contrastive objectives. We evaluate CLEF on a new 234-task benchmark spanning disease phenotypes, medication exposures, and EEG findings, with more than 260k EEG sessions from over 108k patients. CLEF outperforms prior EEG foundation models on 229 of 234 tasks, improving mean AUROC from 0.65 to 0.74. Reconstruction-only pretraining surpasses prior EEG foundation models, while report and EHR alignment yields further gains. Held-out concept and external-cohort experiments suggest that these representations transfer beyond observed alignment targets. These results support session-scale, clinically grounded representation learning as a promising foundation-model paradigm for clinical EEG.

Peng Cao, Ali Mirzazadeh, Jong Woo Lee +2

MIT CSAIL · Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School · Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School

Electroencephalography Long-Context Modeling EEG Foundation Models

May 11, 2026cs.LG

DANCE: Detect and Classify Events in EEG

Event identification in continuous neural recordings is a critical task in neuroscience. Decoding in EEG is dominated by classifying windows aligned to known event onsets. However, while available in controlled experiments, such onsets are absent in continuous real-world monitoring. Here, we introduce DANCE, a deep learning pipeline that frames neural decoding as a set-prediction problem and jointly detects and classifies events directly from raw, unaligned signals. Evaluated separately on ten datasets curated from the literature with a wide variety of event types (ranging from milliseconds to minutes in duration), our model outperforms existing methods on a broad range of cognitive, clinical and BCI tasks. This single architecture establishes a new state of the art in the competitive task of seizure monitoring and matches the accuracy of onset-informed models for BCI tasks. Overall, our method marks a step towards end-to-end asynchronous neural decoding models

Jarod Lévy, Hubert Banville, Jérémy Rapin +3

1Meta AI · 2Inria, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France

Electroencephalography Brain-Computer Interfaces EEG Decoding Set Prediction Classification Structured Prediction

May 7, 2026cs.LG

STDA-Net: Spectrogram-Based Domain Adaptation for cross-dataset Sleep Stage Classification

Accurate sleep stage classification across datasets remains challenging due to variability in EEG channel montages, sampling rates, recording environments, and subject populations. Although deep learning has shown considerable promise for automated sleep staging, most existing cross-dataset methods rely on one-dimensional EEG signal representations, whereas the use of two-dimensional spectrogram-based inputs within an unsupervised domain adaptation framework has remained largely unexplored. Here, we propose STDA-Net (Spectrogram-based Temporal Domain Adaptation Network), a framework that combines a convolutional neural network (CNN) for spectrogram-based feature extraction, a bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) module for temporal modeling of sleep dynamics, and a domain-adversarial neural network (DANN) for source-to-target feature alignment without requiring any labeled target-domain data during training. Experiments are conducted on three publicly available datasets Sleep-EDF, SHHS-1, and SHHS-2 under six cross-dataset transfer settings. Results show that the proposed framework achieves an average accuracy of 89.03% and an average macro F1-score of 87.64%, consistently outperforming existing 1D baseline methods in terms of balanced classification performance, with substantially lower variance across five independent runs, indicating improved stability and reproducibility. Overall, these findings demonstrate that 2D spectrogram-based representations, combined with temporal modeling and adversarial domain adaptation, provide a robust and competitive alternative to conventional 1D EEG inputs for cross-dataset sleep staging.

Unaza Tallal, Shruti Kshirsagar, Ankita Shukla

School of Computing, Wichita State University, 1845 N. Fairmount, Wichita, KS 67260, USA · Computer Science and Engineering Department, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA

Electroencephalography Sleep Stage Classification Unsupervised Domain Adaptation Time Series Classification Cross-Dataset Generalization

May 7, 2026cs.LG

Enabling Unsupervised Training of Deep EEG Denoisers With Intelligent Partitioning

Denoising wearable electroencephalogram (EEG) is inherently challenging since neural activity is not only subtle but also inseparable from spectrally overlapping noise artifacts. Classical signal processing methods, relying on fixed or heuristic rules, cannot handle the time-varying pervasive artifacts in wearable EEGs. Deep learning methods, on the other hand, show promise in decomposition-free EEG denoising using highly expressive neural networks, but the training requires artifact-free EEG, which is inherently unobtainable. To address this, we propose Intelligent Partitioning for Self-supervised Denoising (iPSD). Our method eliminates the need for clean references by learning to partition an input EEG segment into independent noisy realizations with the same underlying signal. This enables self-supervision of deep learning denoisers, even in zero-shot settings where only a single EEG segment to be denoised is available. We validate iPSD through extensive experiments, including validations on wearable EEG from in-ear sensors. The results show that iPSD achieves state-of-the-art performance, most notably under extremely low signal-to-noise ratios (down to -10 dB) and challenging artifacts (e.g., EMG), with spectral fidelity orders of magnitude higher than competitive baselines.

Qiyu Rao, Haozhe Tian, Homayoun Hamedmoghadam +1

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London · Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London

Self-Supervised Image Denoising Electroencephalography Self-Supervised Learning

May 5, 2026eess.SP

Improving TMS EEG Signal Quality for Closed-Loop Neuro Stimulation via Source-Domain Denoising

This research addresses a validated TMS EEG cleaning pipeline and a corresponding benchmark dataset. It evaluates two widely used artifact removal pipelines. A reference dataset of carefully preprocessed EEG signals was established to support future algorithm development and enable systematic comparison of automated artifact removal strategies, despite the absence of a true physiological ground truth. The study evaluates the effectiveness of two widely used source based artifact removal approaches and examines their impact on signal quality improvement and preservation of TMS-evoked potentials. The results support the robustness of the proposed preprocessing workflow and demonstrate its potential for improving data reliability in both research and clinical applications. A key goal is integrating TMS EEG and embedding it within a larger BCI framework. Ultimately, these efforts aim to enhance understanding of cortical dynamics and expand the clinical and research applications of TMS EEG.

Zhen Tang, Ameer Hamoodi, Stevie Foglia +2

Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Canada · Faculty of Engineering, McMaster University

Electroencephalography

May 4, 2026cs.LG

Adaptive Data Compression and Reconstruction for Memory-Bounded EEG Continual Learning

Electroencephalography (EEG) signals provide millisecond-level temporal resolution but their analysis is limited by remarkable noise and inter-subject variability, making robust personalization difficult under limited annotations. Unsupervised Individual Continual Learning (UICL) has been proposed to address this practical challenge, where a model pretrained on a labeled cohort must adapt online to unlabeled subject streams under strict memory constraints. However, existing UICL methods typically store full past samples, which undermine the continual learning goal of avoiding retraining. Observing that EEG signals exhibit well-structured morphologies to be exploited via morphology-aware selection, compression, and reconstruction, here we propose Adaptive Data Compression and Reconstruction (ADaCoRe) for UICL. This is a memory-efficient pipeline composed of saliency-driven keyframe protection, rational polyphase compression, adjoint reconstruction with verbatim overwrite on protected indices, and prototype-confidence selection for adaptive exemplar maintenance. Across three representative benchmarks, ADaCoRe consistently outperforms recent strong baselines under tight buffer regimes (eg., the performance gains are at least +2.7 and +15.3 ACC on ISRUC and FACED datasets, respectively). Ablation studies quantify compression-fidelity trade-offs and highlight the contribution of each design, while visualizations confirm the preservation of key EEG morphology during compression and reconstruction.

Chengcheng Xie

Beihang University

Electroencephalography Continual Learning Replay-Based Continual Learning

Apr 30, 2026cs.AI

LLM as Clinical Graph Structure Refiner: Enhancing Representation Learning in EEG Seizure Diagnosis

Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals are vital for automated seizure detection, but their inherent noise makes robust representation learning challenging. Existing graph construction methods, whether correlation-based or learning-based, often generate redundant or irrelevant edges due to the noisy nature of EEG data. This significantly impairs the quality of graph representation and limits downstream task performance. Motivated by the remarkable reasoning and contextual understanding capabilities of large language models (LLMs), we explore the idea of using LLMs as graph edge refiners. Specifically, we propose a two-stage framework: we first verify that LLM-based edge refinement can effectively identify and remove redundant connections, leading to significant improvements in seizure detection accuracy and more meaningful graph structures. Building on this insight, we further develop a robust solution where the initial graph is constructed using a Transformer-based edge predictor and multilayer perceptron, assigning probability scores to potential edges and applying a threshold to determine their existence. The LLM then acts as an edge set refiner, making informed decisions based on both textual and statistical features of node pairs to validate the remaining connections. Extensive experiments on TUSZ dataset demonstrate that our LLM-refined graph learning framework not only enhances task performance but also yields cleaner and more interpretable graph representations.

Lincan Li, Zheng Chen, Yushun Dong

Department of Computer Science, Florida State University · 2SANKEN, The University of Osaka

Graph Structure Learning Electroencephalography EEG Seizure Detection Graph Representation Learning

Apr 29, 2026cs.LG

Interpretable EEG Microstate Discovery via Variational Deep Embedding: A Systematic Architecture Search with Multi-Quadrant Evaluation

EEG microstate analysis segments continuous brain electrical activity into brief, quasi-stable topographic configurations that reflect discrete functional brain states. Conventional approaches such as Modified K-Means operate directly in electrode space with hard assignment, offering no learned latent representation, no generative decoder, and no mechanism to decode latent configurations into verifiable scalp topographies, limiting both model transparency and interpretability. To address this, we present a Convolutional Variational Deep Embedding (Conv-VaDE) model that jointly learns topographic reconstruction and probabilistic soft clustering in a shared latent space. Conv-VaDE enables generative decoding of cluster prototypes into verifiable scalp topographies, replacing opaque hard partitioning with probabilistic soft assignment. A polarity invariance scheme and a four-dimensional grid search over cluster count (K from 3 to 20), latent dimensionality, network depth, and channel width are conducted to systematically reveal how each architectural design choice shapes the quality, stability, and interpretability of learned EEG microstate representations. The model is evaluated on the LEMON resting-state eyes-closed EEG dataset with ten participants using topographic template formation, clustering stability, and global explained variance (GEV). The architecture search reveals that depth L = 4 appears consistently across all 18 best-performing configurations, yielding a best-case GEV of 0.730 and a silhouette of 0.229 at K = 4 across the model sweeps, where moderately deep networks with compact channel widths and small latent dimensionality dominate across the full K range. These results establish that principled architecture search, rather than model scale, is the key to interpretable and stable EEG microstate discovery via variational deep embedding.

Saheed Faremi, Andrea Visentin, Luca Longo

School of Computer Science and Information Technology, University College Cork, Western Road, Cork, T12 XF62, Ireland · Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Load Research Lab, University College Cork, Ireland · Insight RI Research Centre for Data Analytics, University College Cork, Ireland

Variational Autoencoders Electroencephalography Representation Learning

Apr 29, 2026cs.CV

A Multimodal Pre-trained Network for Integrated EEG-Video Seizure Detection

Reliable seizure detection in mouse models is essential for preclinical epilepsy research, yet manual review of synchronized video-EEG recordings is labor-intensive and single-modality systems fail for complementary reasons: video-based methods are easily confounded by benign behaviors, whereas EEG-based methods are vulnerable to ictal motion artifacts. We present EEGVFusion, a multimodal framework that combines self-supervised EEG representation learning, spatio-temporal video encoding, optimal-transport alignment, and bidirectional cross-attention to integrate neural and behavioral evidence. We also curate an expert-annotated dataset of synchronized EEG and video recordings comprising 93 sessions from 15 mice for training and evaluation. In the random-session split, EEGVFusion achieved a Balanced Accuracy of 0.9957 with perfect event sensitivity and an Event FAR of 0.6250 FP/h, indicating strong seizure detection performance with a low false-alarm burden. In a single held-out-subject evaluation with Subject 110 reserved for testing, EEGVFusion achieved a Balanced Accuracy of 0.9718 and reduced Event FAR from 2.7250 FP/h for the EEG-only counterpart to 0.4833 FP/h while preserving perfect event sensitivity. Targeted ablations further showed that EEG pre-training and OT alignment help reduce false alarms while preserving event sensitivity.

Tong Lu, Ke Xu, Zimo Zhang +12

Beijing Institute for Brain Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 102206, China · Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, Beijing, 102206, China · Department of Neurosurgery, SanBo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100018, China +4

Electroencephalography EEG Seizure Detection Multimodal Pretraining Multimodal Classification Multimodal Fusion

Apr 29, 2026cs.CV

ViBE: Visual-to-M/EEG Brain Encoding via Spatio-Temporal VAE and Distribution-Aligned Projection

Brain encoding models not only serve to decipher how visual stimuli are transformed into neural responses, but also represent a critical step toward visual prostheses that restore vision for patients with severe vision disorders. Brain encoding involves two fundamental steps: achieving faithful reconstruction of neural responses and establishing cross-modal alignment between visual stimuli and neural responses. To this end, we propose ViBE, a novel brain encoding framework for generating magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) signals from visual stimuli. Specifically, we first design a spatio-temporal convolutional variational autoencoder (TSC-VAE) that captures the spatio-temporal characteristics of M/EEG signals for effective neural response reconstruction. To bridge the modality gap between visual features and neural representations, we employ Q-Former to map CLIP image embeddings to the TSC-VAE latent space, producing neural proxy embeddings. For comprehensive cross-modal alignment, we combine mean squared error (MSE) loss for point-wise feature matching with sliced Wasserstein distance (SWD) for probability distribution alignment between the neural proxy embeddings and TSC-VAE latent embeddings. We conduct extensive experiments on the THINGS-EEG2 and THINGS-MEG datasets, demonstrating the effectiveness of our approach in generating high-quality M/EEG signals from visual stimuli.

Ganxi Xu, Zhao-Rong Lai, Yuting Tang +6

Jinan University, Guangzhou, China · The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China · Tsinghua University, Beijing, China +2

Electroencephalography Cross-Modal Alignment Neuroimaging

Apr 28, 2026cs.LG

Towards Unified Multi-task EEG Analysis with Low-Rank Adaptation

Recent self-supervised pre-training methods for electroencephalogram (EEG) have shown promising results. However, the pre-trained models typically require full fine-tuning on each downstream task individually to achieve good performance. In practical applications involving multiple tasks, utilizing a separate model for each task is not ideal regarding computational and spatial cost. In this study, we go one step further and explore the simultaneous adaptation of a pre-trained model to multiple different tasks. The EEG signals exhibit significant heterogeneity due to their collection from various subjects using diverse devices and experimental setups, resulting in potential conflicts among different tasks that impede joint optimization. To tackle this challenge, we propose MTEEG, a multi-task EEG analysis framework which incorporates task-specific low-rank adaptation (LoRA) modules to disentangle the parameter space and alleviate task conflicts. To investigate the trade-off between task specification and interaction, we propose three variants of MTEEG that integrate the LoRA modules in different ways and evaluate them on six downstream tasks, demonstrating that MTEEG can surpass state-of-the-art single-task methods on the majority of metrics. MTEEG shows the potential of multi-task EEG analysis and promotes the development of general-purpose brain-computer interfaces in the future.

Sicheng Dai, Kai Chen, Hongwang Xiao +2

Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences · School of Artifcial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences · State Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Brain-inspired Intelligence Technology +2

Electroencephalography Multi-Task Learning Low-Rank Adaptation EEG Foundation Models

Apr 27, 2026eess.SP

BandRouteNet: An Adaptive Band Routing Neural Network for EEG Artifact Removal

Electroencephalography (EEG) is highly susceptible to artifact contamination, such as electrooculographic (EOG) and electromyographic (EMG) interference, which severely degrades signal quality and hinders reliable interpretation in applications including neurological diagnosis, brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), etc. Effective EEG denoising remains challenging because different artifact sources exhibit diverse and temporally varying distributions, together with distinct spectral characteristics across frequency bands. To address these issues, we propose BandRouteNet, an adaptive frequency-aware neural network for EEG denoising that jointly exploits band-specific processing and full-band contextual modeling. The proposed model performs band-wise denoising to explicitly capture frequency-dependent artifact patterns. Within this framework, we introduce a routing mechanism that adaptively determines where and to what extent denoising should be applied across temporal locations within each frequency band. In parallel, a full-band conditioner directly processes the original noisy EEG to extract global temporal context, producing both conditional parameters for modulating the band-wise pathway and a coarse-grained signal-level refinement to supplement the final reconstruction. Extensive experiments on the EEGDenoiseNet benchmark dataset demonstrate that BandRouteNet outperforms other methods under EOG, EMG, and mixed-artifact conditions in terms of Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE) and Signal-to-Noise Ratio Improvement (SNR

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) under unified experimental settings, while remaining highly parameter-efficient with only 0.2M trainable parameters. These results highlight its strong potential for high-performance EEG artifact removal in resource-constrained applications.

Phat Lam

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Vietnam

Electroencephalography

Apr 27, 2026cs.LG

Task-guided Spatiotemporal Network with Diffusion Augmentation for EEG-based Dementia Diagnosis and MMSE Prediction

Patients with dementia typically exhibit cognitive impairment, which is routinely assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Concurrently, their underlying neurophysiological abnormalities are reflected in Electroencephalography (EEG), providing a basis for joint modeling. However, traditional multi-task approaches suffer from feature entanglement, which leads to inter-task interference when handling heterogeneous objectives.To address this challenge, we propose a task-guided spatiotemporal network (TGSN) with diffusion augmentation for EEG-based dementia diagnosis and MMSE prediction. Specifically, TGSN integrates a multi-band feature fusion module to capture complementary spectral information from EEG. Meanwhile, a pre-trained data augmentation module utilizing a diffusion process is introduced toincrease sample diversity. To model the complex spatiotemporal patterns of EEG, we propose a gated spatiotemporal attention module that captures long-range spatial dependencies and temporal dynamics. Moreover, we design a task-guided query module to achieve task-specific feature extraction, thereby mitigating task interference. The effectiveness of TGSN is evaluated on the XY02 dataset. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed network outperforms several state-of-the-art methods, achieving classification accuracies of 97.78% for Alzheimer's Disease (AD)/Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) and 83.93% for AD/FTD/Vascular Cognitive Impairment (VCI), which exceed the best baselines by 16.39% and 8.28%, respectively. In parallel, it reduces the RMSE for MMSE prediction to 1.93 and 2.38, achieving significant error reductions of 1.44 and 1.43 compared to the best baselines. Additionally, validation on the DS004504 dataset demonstrates strong cross-dataset generalization...

Xiaoyu Zheng, Xu Tian, Bin Jiao +4

Alzheimer's Disease Electroencephalography EEG Decoding Multi-Task Learning Alzheimer's Disease Classification

Apr 27, 2026cs.LG

Robust and Clinically Reliable EEG Biomarkers: A Cross Population Framework for Generalizable Parkinson's Disease Detection

Developing robust and clinically reliable EEG biomarkers requires evaluation frameworks that explicitly address cross population generalization in multi site settings such as Parkinsons disease (PD) detection. Models trained under i.i.d. assumptions often capture population specific artifacts rather than disease relevant neural structure, leading to poor generalization across clinical cohorts. EEG further amplifies this challenge due to low signal to noise ratio and heterogeneous acquisition conditions. We propose a population aware evaluation framework to assess the robustness and clinical reliability of EEG biomarkers under distribution shift. Using an n gram expansion strategy, we enumerate all cross population train test configurations across five independent cohorts, resulting in 75 directional evaluations. A nested cross validation design with integrated channel selection ensures prospective biomarker identification without population leakage. Results show that cross population transfer is asymmetric and that both accuracy and biomarker stability improve with increasing training population diversity, achieving up to 94.1% accuracy on held out cohorts. A theoretical analysis based on mixture risk optimization and hypothesis space contraction explains these trends, showing that multi population training promotes population robust representations. This work establishes a principled framework for learning robust, generalizable, and clinically reliable EEG biomarkers for multi site biomedical applications.

Nicholas R. Rasmussen, Longwei Wang, Rodrigue Rizk +5

USD AI Research, Department of Computer Science, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA · Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA · Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom +1

Distribution Shift Robustness Electroencephalography Parkinson's Disease Cross-Dataset Generalization

Apr 24, 2026eess.SP

NAKUL-Med: Spectral-Graph State Space Models with Dynamics Kernels for Medical Signals

State space models (SSMs) achieve linear-time complexity but struggle with multi-channel physiological signals due to three limitations: fixed kernels cannot capture multi-scale temporal dynamics (motor preparation over hundreds of milliseconds vs. execution transients in tens of milliseconds), Markovian state updates restrict global context for periodic oscillations, and channel-independent processing ignores spatial electrode topology. We introduce NAKUL, extending SSMs for medical signal analysis through three contributions: (1) Dynamic Kernel Generation-parallel SSM branches with varying kernel sizes (3, 5, 7, 11 timesteps) are weighted by a meta-network that analyzes input statistics, enabling adaptive temporal scale selection; (2) Spectral Context Modeling-FFT-based operations with learnable Gaussian frequency band filters capture global periodic patterns in

O(N \log N)

complexity; (3) Graph-Guided Spatial Attention-fixed electrode topology provides spatial biases to multi-head attention for principled cross-channel interaction. On BCI Competition IV-2a motor imagery (our primary benchmark), NAKUL achieves 91.7

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0.6% accuracy, matching EEG-Conformer (92.1

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0.7%) while using 28% fewer parameters (2.5M vs 3.5M) and 2.0

\times

faster inference (4.3ms vs 8.7ms). The model generalizes to EEG emotion recognition (83.6%), multimodal EEG-fMRI (91.4%), and medical imaging (92.8% on ultrasound), demonstrating architectural versatility. Ablations show dynamic kernels contribute +2.6% and exhibit interpretable scale selection patterns correlated with known neural dynamics.

Badri N. Patro, Vijay S. Agneeswaran

Microsoft

Electroencephalography Neural Decoding EEG Decoding Frequency-Domain Feature Learning State Space Models

Apr 22, 2026eess.SP

Leakage-Audited Benchmarking Reveals Limited Evidence for Cross-Subject Auditory-Evoked EEG Vowel Perception Decoding

We tested whether auditory-evoked EEG supports subject-independent five-vowel perception decoding when trial identity, model identity, prediction provenance, and participant-level inference are controlled within a single benchmark. We reconstructed Study 2 event tables from OpenNeuro ds006104 version 1.0.1 and analysed the consonant-vowel pair task. One-to-one marker-stimulus pairing yielded 3,840 independent trials; control-condition selection and artifact rejection retained 1,094 epochs from 16 participants and 61 EEG channels. Thirteen unique implementations were evaluated using leave-one-subject-out testing, with participant metrics reconstructed from 36,102 trial predictions across 33 complete prediction replicas. Random Forest was numerically highest at 21.474% balanced accuracy (95% participant-bootstrap interval, 19.526-23.482%; chance, 20%), but neither its participant-level tests nor any implementation survived correction across the 13-model family. Deep-model performance was close to chance, and several architectures showed substantial seed-dependent variation and low trial-label agreement. An exploratory MDM analysis comprising 9,616 genuine refits across training cohorts of 3-15 participants showed no monotonic performance gain. Within this dataset and protocol, evidence for reliable cross-subject five-vowel decoding is limited. The benchmark provides a reproducible chain from source rows to retained epochs, predictions, participant-level metrics, multiplicity-adjusted inference, and bounded diagnostic analyses.

Xiaoyang Li, Zeyan Tao

College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110016, China

Cross-Subject EEG Decoding Electroencephalography Neural Decoding EEG Decoding

Apr 21, 2026cs.CV

Mind2Drive: Predicting Driver Intentions from EEG in Real-world On-Road Driving

Predicting driver intention from neurophysiological signals offers a promising pathway for enhancing proactive safety in advanced driver assistance systems, yet remains challenging in real-world driving due to EEG signal non-stationarity and the complexity of cognitive-motor preparation. This study proposes and evaluates an EEG-based driver intention prediction framework using a synchronised multi-sensor platform integrated into a real electric vehicle. A real-world on-road dataset was collected across 32 driving sessions, and 12 deep learning architectures were evaluated under consistent experimental conditions. Among the evaluated architectures, TSCeption achieved the highest average accuracy (0.907) and Macro-F1 score (0.901). The proposed framework demonstrates strong temporal stability, maintaining robust decoding performance up to 1000 ms before manoeuvre execution with minimal degradation. Furthermore, additional analyses reveal that minimal EEG preprocessing outperforms artefact-handling pipelines, and prediction performance peaks within a 400-600 ms interval, corresponding to a critical neural preparatory phase preceding driving manoeuvres. Overall, these findings support the feasibility of early and stable EEG-based driver intention decoding under real-world on-road conditions. Code: https://github.com/galosaimi/Mind2Drive.

Ghadah Alosaimi, Hanadi Alhamdan, Wenke E +3

Department of Computer Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Saudi Arabia · Department of {2Computer Science, 3Engineering}, Durham University, UK · Department of Computer Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Saudi Arabia

Electroencephalography EEG Decoding Autonomous Driving

Apr 18, 2026cs.LG

Test-Time Adaptation for EEG Foundation Models: A Systematic Study under Real-World Distribution Shifts

Electroencephalography (EEG) foundation models have shown strong potential for learning generalizable representations from large-scale neural data, yet their clinical deployment is hindered by distribution shifts across clinical settings, devices, and populations. Test-time adaptation (TTA) offers a promising solution by enabling models to adapt to unlabeled target data during inference without access to source data, a valuable property in healthcare settings constrained by privacy regulations and limited labeled data. However, its effectiveness for EEG remains largely underexplored. In this work, we introduce NeuroAdapt-Bench, a systematic benchmark for evaluating test-time adaptation methods on EEG foundation models under realistic distribution shifts. We evaluate representative TTA approaches from other domains across multiple pretrained foundation models, diverse downstream tasks, and heterogeneous datasets spanning in-distribution, out-of-distribution, and extreme modality shifts (e.g., Ear-EEG). Our results show that standard TTA methods yield inconsistent gains and often degrade performance, with gradient-based approaches particularly prone to heavy degradation. In contrast, optimization-free methods demonstrate greater stability and more reliable improvements. These findings highlight the limitations of existing TTA techniques in EEG, provide guidance for future development, and underscore the need for domain-specific adaptation strategies.

Gabriel Jason Lee, Jathurshan Pradeepkumar, Jimeng Sun

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA

Distribution Shift Robustness Electroencephalography Test-Time Adaptation EEG Foundation Models

Apr 17, 2026eess.SP

MedMamba: Recasting Mamba for Medical Time Series Classification

Medical time series, such as electrocardiograms (ECG) and electroencephalograms (EEG), exhibit complex temporal dynamics and structured cross-channel dependencies, posing fundamental challenges for automated analysis. Conventional convolutional and recurrent models struggle to capture long-range dependencies, while Transformer-based approaches incur quadratic complexity and often introduce redundant interactions that are misaligned with the intrinsic structure of physiological signals. To address these limitations, we propose MedMamba, a principle-driven multi-scale bidirectional state space architecture tailored for medical time series classification. Our design is guided by three key inductive biases of physiological signals: spatial centralization, multi-timescale temporal composition, and non-causal contextual dependency. These principles are instantiated through a lightweight channel-mixing module for cross-channel reparameterization, multi-scale convolutional tokenization for temporal decomposition, and bidirectional Mamba blocks for efficient global context modeling with linear complexity. Extensive experiments on six benchmark datasets spanning EEG, ECG, and human activity signals demonstrate that MedMamba consistently outperforms state-of-the-art methods across diverse modalities. Notably, it achieves 85.97% accuracy on PTB and establishes new state-of-the-art performance on the challenging ADFTD dataset (54.72% accuracy and 52.01% F1-score). Strong results on long-sequence benchmarks, such as SleepEDF, further validate its capability in modeling long-range dependencies. Moreover, MedMamba achieves a speedup of 4.6x in inference, highlighting its practicality for real-time clinical deployment. These results suggest that principle-guided state space modeling offers an effective and scalable alternative to Transformer-based approaches for medical time series analysis.

ZhengXiao He, Huayu Li, Xiwen Chen +4

Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering at the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

Mamba Electroencephalography Time Series Classification Electrocardiogram Classification Multiscale Time-Series Modeling

Mar 11, 2026cs.LG

Group Resonance Network: Learnable Prototypes and Multi-Subject Resonance for EEG Emotion Recognition

Electroencephalography (EEG)-based emotion recognition remains challenging in cross-subject settings due to severe inter-subject variability. Existing methods mainly learn subject-invariant features, but often under-exploit stimulus-locked group regularities shared across subjects. To address this issue, we propose the Group Resonance Network (GRN), which integrates individual EEG dynamics with offline group resonance modeling. GRN contains three components: an individual encoder for band-wise EEG features, a set of learnable group prototypes for prototype-induced resonance, and a multi-subject resonance branch that encodes PLV/coherence-based synchrony with a small reference set. A resonance-aware fusion module combines individual and group-level representations for final classification. Experiments on SEED and DEAP under both subject-dependent and leave-one-subject-out protocols show that GRN consistently outperforms competitive baselines, while additional analyses confirm the effects of prototype learning, PLV/coherence resonance, and leakage-safe reference construction.

Renwei Meng

Anhui University, Hefei, China

Cross-Subject EEG Decoding Electroencephalography Prototype Learning EEG Emotion Recognition

Feb 27, 2026cs.SD

SHINE: Sequential Hierarchical Integration Network for EEG and MEG

How natural speech is represented in the brain constitutes a major challenge for cognitive neuroscience. Reconstructing the speech envelope and Mel spectrogram from EEG and MEG provides a time-resolved way to study its temporal and spectral structure. Speech-related neural activity spans sensors and temporal scales; extracting these representations while adapting the use of context to each acoustic target is a central problem in speech reconstruction. We propose SHINE, a Sequential Hierarchical Integration Network for EEG and MEG. A residual sensor adapter unifies input dimensions, intermediate dilated-block states retain temporal depth, and a target- and time-dependent gate fuses local hierarchical and attention-enhanced context predictions. Across two EEG and two MEG datasets, SHINE has the highest mean envelope and mean-Mel Pearson correlations among nine local baseline implementations on all eight dataset-metric combinations. SHINE also placed second in the speech-detection Extended Track of the NeurIPS 2025 PNPL Competition. Code will be released at https://github.com/xuxiran/SHINE.

Xiran Xu, Yujie Yan, Songyi Li +4

Speech and Hearing Research Center, School of Intelligence Science and Technology, Peking University, China · National Key Laboratory of General Artificial Intelligence, China · Center for BioMed-X Research, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, China

Electroencephalography Neural Processes Neural Decoding EEG Decoding Attention Mechanisms Neuroimaging

Dec 16, 2025cs.LG

AnySleep: a channel-agnostic deep learning system for high-resolution sleep staging in multi-center cohorts

Sleep is essential for health, yet studying its dynamics requires manual sleep staging, a labor-intensive step in research and clinical care. Across centers, polysomnography (PSG) recordings are traditionally scored in 30-s epochs for pragmatic, not physiological, reasons and vary in electrode count, montage, and subject characteristics. These constraints challenge harmonized multi-center studies and the discovery of robust biomarkers on shorter timescales. We present AnySleep, a deep neural network that scores sleep from any electroencephalography (EEG) or electrooculography (EOG) data at adjustable temporal resolutions. We trained and validated the model on over 20,000 overnight recordings (> 200,000 hours of EEG and EOG) from 28 datasets across multiple clinics to promote robust generalization across sites. The model attains state-of-the-art performance and surpasses or equals established baselines at 30-s epochs. Performance improves with more channels, yet remains strong when EOG is absent or only EOG or single EEG derivations (frontal, central, or occipital) are available. On sub-30-s timescales, the model captures short wake intrusions consistent with arousals and improves prediction of pathophysiological conditions (obstructive sleep apnea, narcolepsy type 1, insomnia) over 30-s scoring. We make the model publicly available to facilitate large-scale studies with heterogeneous electrode setups and accelerate biomarker discovery in sleep.

Niklas Grieger, Jannik Raskob, Siamak Mehrkanoon +1

Department of Medical Engineering and Technomathematics, FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52428 Jülich, Germany · Department of Information and Computing Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands · Institute for Data-Driven Technologies, FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52428 Jülich, Germany

Electroencephalography Sleep Stage Classification EEG Decoding Domain Generalization

Oct 13, 2025cs.LG

Variational Mixture of Graph Neural Experts for Alzheimer's Disease Recognition across Frequency Bands in EEG Brain Networks

Dementia disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) exhibit overlapping electrophysiological signatures in EEG that challenge accurate diagnosis. Existing EEG-based methods are limited by full-band frequency analysis, which hinders the precise differentiation of dementia subtypes and severity stages. To address this limitation, we propose a Variational Mixture of Graph Neural Experts (VMoGE) framework that integrates multi-band EEG analysis with variational graph neural networks and a mixture-of-experts architecture. Each expert specializes in a specific EEG frequency band and models brain connectivity using a Gaussian Markov random field prior, while a variational gating mechanism adaptively integrates the expert outputs. This design enables the model to learn frequency-specific brain network representations while modeling latent uncertainty through variational inference. Experimental results on two EEG dementia datasets show that VMoGE achieves strong performance, with an AUC of 0.89 for HC vs. AD classification in the main comparison and competitive results across dementia subtyping and CDR staging tasks. Clinically, VMoGE offers three key translational values: the expert gating weights correlate with MMSE scores and CDR severity; slow-wave

δ

- and

θ

-band contributions are associated with AD-related EEG slowing and disease progression; and spatially localized activation maps reveal posterior

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- and

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-band alterations and region-specific

β

-band changes, providing neurophysiologically interpretable markers aligned with known AD neuropathology.

Jun-En Ding, Anna Zilverstand, Shihao Yang +2

Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA · Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA · Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City, Taiwan

Alzheimer's Disease Electroencephalography Graph Neural Networks Frequency-Domain Feature Learning Alzheimer's Disease Classification Mixture-of-Experts Models

Oct 6, 2025cs.NE

What your brain activity says about you: A review of neuropsychiatric disorders identified in resting-state and sleep EEG data

Electroencephalogram monitoring devices and online data repositories hold large amounts of data from individuals participating in research and medical studies without direct reference to personal identifiers. This paper explores what types of personal and health information have been detected and classified within task-free EEG data. Additionally, we investigate key characteristics of the collected resting-state and sleep data, in order to determine the privacy risks involved with openly available EEG data. We used Google Scholar, Web of Science and searched relevant journals to find studies which classified or detected the presence of various disorders and personal information in resting state and sleep EEG. Only English full-text peer-reviewed journal articles or conference papers about classifying the presence of medical disorders between individuals were included. A quality analysis carried out by 3 reviewers determined general paper quality based on specified evaluation criteria. In resting state EEG, various disorders including Autism Spectrum Disorder, Parkinson's disease, and alcohol use disorder have been classified with high classification accuracy, often requiring only 5 mins of data or less. Sleep EEG tends to hold classifiable information about sleep disorders such as sleep apnea, insomnia, and REM sleep disorder, but usually involve longer recordings or data from multiple sleep stages. Many classification methods are still developing but even today, access to a person's EEG can reveal sensitive personal health information. With an increasing ability of machine learning methods to re-identify individuals from their EEG data, this review demonstrates the importance of anonymization, and the development of improved tools for keeping study participants and medical EEG users' privacy safe.

J. E. M. Scanlon, A. Pelzer, M. Gharleghi +6

Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Media Technology, Branch Hearing, Speech and Audio Technology, Oldenburg, Germany · Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Media Technology, Ilmenau, Germany · Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel, Germany +1

Electroencephalography EEG Decoding

Aug 28, 2025cs.LG

EEGDM: Learning EEG Representation with Latent Diffusion Model

Recent advances in self-supervised learning for EEG representation have largely relied on masked reconstruction, where models are trained to recover randomly masked signal segments. While effective at modeling local dependencies, the training objective of masked reconstruction does not compel the model to capture global generative constraints essential for characterizing neural activity. To address this limitation, we propose EEGDM, a novel self-supervised framework that leverages latent diffusion models to generate EEG signals as an objective. Unlike masked reconstruction, diffusion-based generation progressively denoises signals from noise to realism, compelling the model to capture holistic temporal patterns and cross-channel relationships. Specifically, EEGDM incorporates an EEG encoder that distills raw signals and their channel augmentations into a compact representation, which serves as conditional information to guide the diffusion denoising process, thereby enabling the encoder and diffusion model to be jointly optimized through the generative objective. This design endows EEGDM with a compact latent space, which not only offers ample control over the generative process but also can be leveraged for downstream tasks. Experimental results show that EEGDM (1) reconstructs high-quality EEG signals, (2) learns robust representations, and (3) achieves competitive performance across diverse downstream tasks, thus exploring a new direction for self-supervised EEG representation learning.

Shaocong Wang, Tong Liu, Yihan Li +6

Tsinghua University · Tianjin University

Electroencephalography Latent Diffusion Models Self-Supervised Time Series Representation Learning Time Series Generation

Aug 13, 2025cs.LG

EEGDM: Label-Efficient EEG Representation Learning with Generative Diffusion Model

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a critical tool for monitoring brain activity and diagnosing neurological disorders such as epilepsy. However, learning meaningful representations from raw EEG signals remains challenging due to limited annotations, substantial inter-subject variability, and complex temporal dynamics. Recent EEG foundation models (FMs) have demonstrated promising performance through transformer-based architectures and large-scale self-supervised pretraining, yet they often incur substantial computational costs and exhibit diminishing returns with increasing model and dataset scale, limiting their practicality in clinical settings. To address these challenges, we propose EEGDM, a diffusion-based EEG representation learning framework. Specifically, EEGDM introduces a Structured State-Space Model for Diffusion Pretraining (SSMDP) that effectively captures long-range temporal dependencies through generative diffusion training on unlabeled EEG data. The representations are subsequently leveraged for downstream tasks via our Latent Fusion Module (LFM), which integrates multi-layer latent features of SSMDP. We evaluate EEGDM on three EEG benchmarks spanning EEG event classification (TUEV), seizure detection (CHB-MIT), and seizure classification (IIIC). Compared with existing state-of-the-art methods, including EEG FMs, EEGDM achieves competitive performance across diverse tasks and datasets, exceeding existing methods in most cases while requiring substantially fewer samples for both pretraining and downstream adaptation. These results demonstrate that diffusion-based learning can unlock more discriminative EEG representations, with direct implications for epilepsy diagnosis and management. Our source code and pretrained checkpoints are publicly available at: https://github.com/jhpuah/EEGDM.

Jia Hong Puah, Sim Kuan Goh, Ziwei Zhang +6

School of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Xiamen University Malaysia · School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia · Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universiti Malaya +3

Electroencephalography EEG Seizure Detection Representation Learning Self-Supervised Time Series Representation Learning Diffusion Models Data-Efficient Learning+1

Jun 25, 2025cs.LG

A foundation model with multi-variate parallel attention to generate neuronal activity

Learning from multi-variate time-series with heterogeneous channel configurations remains a fundamental challenge for deep neural networks, particularly in clinical domains such as intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG), where channel setups vary widely across subjects. In this work, we introduce multi-variate parallel attention (MVPA), a novel self-attention mechanism that disentangles content, temporal, and spatial attention, enabling flexible, generalizable, and efficient modeling of time-series data with varying channel counts and configurations. We use MVPA to build MVPFormer, a generative foundation model for human electrophysiology, trained to predict the evolution of iEEG signals across subjects. To support this and future efforts by the community, we release the SWEC iEEG dataset, the largest publicly available iEEG dataset to date, comprising nearly 10,000 hours of recordings from heterogeneous clinical sources. MVPFormer leverages MVPA to achieve strong generalization across subjects, demonstrating expert-level performance in several iEEG tasks. MVPFormer surpasses state-of-the-art (SOTA) Transformer baselines in seizure detection across the SWEC, the MAYO, and the FNUSA datasets, while also achieving SOTA performance on four Brain TreeBank iEEG decoding tasks (volume, pitch, onset, and speech). We further validate MVPA on standard time-series forecasting and classification tasks, where it matches or exceeds the performance of existing attention-based models. Together, our contributions establish MVPA as a general-purpose attention mechanism for heterogeneous time-series and MVPFormer as the first open-source, open-weights, and open-data iEEG foundation model with SOTA clinical performance. The code is available at https://github.com/IBM/multi-variate-parallel-transformer. The SWEC iEEG dataset is available at https://huggingface.co/datasets/NeuroTec/SWEC_iEEG_Dataset.

Francesco Carzaniga, Michael Hersche, Abu Sebastian +2

IBM Research – Zurich, Rüschlikon, Switzerland · Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Sleep-Wake-Epilepsy-Center, Bern University Hospital, Bern University, Bern, Switzerland

Electroencephalography EEG Decoding Transformer Attention EEG Foundation Models