Evolutionary Algorithms

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Evolution

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Self-Evolving Agents

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Evolutionary Search

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Self-Evolution

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Alphaevolve

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Co-Evolution

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Genetic Algorithms

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Evolving

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Multi-Agent Evolution

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807 papers

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Beyond Individual Intelligence: Surveying Collaboration, Failure Attribution, and Self-Evolution in LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems
May 14, 2026Shihao Qi, Jie Ma, Rui Xing +15Multi-Agent Systems Self-Evolving Agents
First Mathematical Runtime Analyses of Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms for Multi-Valued Decision Variables
May 14, 2026Mingfeng Li, Zheng Cheng, Weijie Zheng +1Multi-Objective Optimization Evolutionary Search
Video-Zero: Self-Evolution Video Understanding
May 14, 2026Ruixu Zhang, Deyi Ji, Lanyun Zhu +4Video Understanding Videos
Gradient-Free Training of Spiking Neural Networks via Low-Rank Evolution Strategies
May 14, 2026Dhruv Patankar, Sachit Ramesha GowdaSpiking Neural Networks Neuromorphic Hardware
Evolving Layer-Specific Scalar Functions for Hardware-Aware Transformer Adaptation
May 13, 2026Kieran Carrigg, Sigur de Vries, Amirhossein Sadough +1Vision Transformer Sparse Deep Neural Network Accelerators
Harnessing Agentic Evolution
May 13, 2026Jiayi Zhang, Yongfeng Gu, Jianhao Ruan +10Self-Evolving Agents Evolution
EvoGround: Self-Evolving Video Agents for Video Temporal Grounding
May 13, 2026Minjoon Jung, Byoung-Tak Zhang, Lorenzo TorresaniVideo Temporal Grounding Temporal Grounding
Taming the Long Tail: Rebalancing Adversarial Training via Adaptive Perturbation
May 13, 2026Lilin Zhang, Yimo Guo, Yue Li +2Adversarial Transferability Adversarial Training
The Geno-Synthetic Algorithm: Type-Factored Coevolutionary Optimization for Heterogeneous Genotypes and Assembled Phenotypes
May 13, 2026Alex BogdanGenetic Algorithms Evolutionary Search
TRUST-TAEA: A trustworthiness-guided two-archive evolutionary algorithm with variable-grouping sparse search for large-scale multi-objective optimization
May 13, 2026Junyi Cui, Chao Min, Stanisław Migórski +2Multi-Objective Optimization Evolutionary Search
Genetic algorithm vs. gradient descent for training a neural network architecture dedicated to low data regimes in small medical datasets
May 13, 2026Amine Boukhari, Boglarka Ecsedi, Laszlo Papp +1Neural Architectures Gradient Descent
Effective Harness Engineering for Algorithm Discovery with Coding Agents
May 13, 2026Yoichi Ishibashi, Taro Yano, Masafumi OyamadaAgent Harness Alphaevolve
ToolMol: Evolutionary Agentic Framework for Multi-objective Drug Discovery
May 12, 2026Andrew Y. Zhou, Sharvaree Vadgama, Sumanth Varambally +3Drug Design Drug Discovery
Sparse Mixture-of-Experts Routing in Visual Diffusion Transformers:Diagnosis, Boundary Calibration and Evolutionary Roadmap from Routing Collapse to Selective Deadlock
May 12, 2026Haiying ShaMixture-of-Experts Models Multimodal Diffusion Transformers
SAGE: A Self-Evolving Agentic Graph-Memory Engine for Structure-Aware Associative Memory
May 12, 2026Juntong Wang, Haoyue Zhao, guanghui Pan +4Hierarchical Graph Memory Graph-Based Retrieval Augmented Generation
Chronicles-OCR: A Cross-Temporal Perception Benchmark for the Evolutionary Trajectory of Chinese Characters
May 12, 2026Gengluo Li, Shangpin Peng, Xingyu Wan +16Optical Character Recognition Deepseek-Ocr
On-Policy Self-Evolution via Failure Trajectories for Agentic Safety Alignment
May 12, 2026Bo Yin, Qi Li, Xinchao WangSelf-Evolving Agents Safety Alignment
EvoNav: Evolutionary Reward Function Design for Robot Navigation with Large Language Models
May 12, 2026Zhikai Zhao, Chuanbo Hua, Federico Berto +4Robot Policies Evolution
Evolutionary Task Discovery: Advancing Reasoning Frontiers via Skill Composition and Complexity Scaling
May 12, 2026Liqin Ye, Yanbin Yin, Michael Galarnyk +3Large Language Model Reasoning Curriculum Reinforcement Learning
CVEvolve: Autonomous Algorithm Discovery for Unstructured Scientific Data Processing
May 12, 2026Ming Du, Xiangyu Yin, Yanqi Luo +4Autoresearch Alphaevolve
A Comparative Study of Model Selection Criteria for Symbolic Regression
May 11, 2026Ali Soltani, Gabriel Kronberger, Fabricio Olivetti de Franca +2Symbolic Regression Model Selection
On the Impact of Crossover in Many-Objective Optimization: A Runtime Analysis of NSGA-III
May 11, 2026Andre OprisMulti-Objective Optimization Evolutionary Search
Decomposing Evolutionary Mixture-of-LoRA Architectures: The Routing Lever, the Lifecycle Penalty, and a Substrate-Conditional Boundary
May 11, 2026Ramchand KumaresanEvolution Adaptive Routing
EVOCHAMBER: Test-Time Co-evolution of Multi-Agent System at Individual, Team, and Population Scales
May 11, 2026Yaolun Zhang, Tianyi Xu, Shengyu Dai +3Multi-Agent Evolution Co-Evolution
GRAFT-ATHENA: Self-Improving Agentic Teams for Autonomous Discovery and Evolutionary Numerical Algorithms
May 11, 2026Juan Diego Toscano, Zhaojie Chai, George Em KarniadakisAutoresearch Scientific Discovery
GESR: A Genetic Programming-Based Symbolic Regression Method with Gene Editing
May 11, 2026Yanjie Li, Liping Zhang, Min Wu +6Symbolic Regression Genetic Algorithms
Evolving-RL: End-to-End Optimization of Experience-Driven Self-Evolving Capability within Agents
May 11, 2026Zhiyuan Fan, Wenwei Jin, Feng Zhang +4Self-Evolving Agents Experience
Teacher-Aware Evolution of Heuristic Programs from Learned Optimization Policies
May 11, 2026Minyu Chen, Song Qin, Ling-I Wu +2Heuristics Evolutionary Search
Metis: Learning to Jailbreak LLMs via Self-Evolving Metacognitive Policy Optimization
May 11, 2026Huilin Zhou, Jian Zhao, Yilu Zhong +7Large Language Model Jailbreaks Metacognition
MAGE: Multi-Agent Self-Evolution with Co-Evolutionary Knowledge Graphs
May 11, 2026Ruiyi Yang, Zechen Li, Hao Xue +2Multi-Agent Evolution Self-Evolution
Swarm Skills: A Portable, Self-Evolving Multi-Agent System Specification for Coordination Engineering
May 11, 2026Xinyu Zhang, Zhicheng Dou, Deyang Li +10Multi-Agent Coordination Multi-Agent Systems
HAGE: Harnessing Agentic Memory via RL-Driven Weighted Graph Evolution
May 11, 2026Dongming Jiang, Yi Li, Guanpeng Li +2Agent Memory Agentic Retrieval
EvoPref: Multi-Objective Evolutionary Optimization Discovers Diverse LLM Alignments Beyond Gradient Descent
May 10, 2026Dongxin Guo, Jikun Wu, Siu Ming YiuLarge Language Model Alignment Evolutionary Search
LEVI: Stronger Search Architectures Can Substitute for Larger LLMs in Evolutionary Search
May 10, 2026Temoor TanveerEvolutionary Search Alphaevolve
TacoMAS: Test-Time Co-Evolution of Topology and Capability in LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems
May 10, 2026Chen Xu, Yicheng Hu, Ruizi Wang +4Multi-Agent Evolution Multi-Agent Systems
SkillMAS: Skill Co-Evolution with LLM-based Multi-Agent System
May 10, 2026Shuai Pan, Yixiang Liu, Jiaye Gao +7Skill Evolution Multi-Agent Systems
Do Self-Evolving Agents Forget? Capability Degradation and Preservation in Lifelong LLM Agent Adaptation
May 10, 2026Ye Yu, Xiaopeng Yuan, Haibo Jin +3Self-Evolving Agents Unseen-Task Adaptation
Lost in Translation? Exploring the Shift in Grammatical Gender from Latin to Occitan
May 9, 2026Ahan Chatterjee, Matthias Schöffel, Matthias Aßenmacher +2Grammaticality Latin
Internal vs. External: Comparing Deliberation and Evolution for Multi-Agent Constitutional Design
May 9, 2026Hershraj Niranjani, Ujwal Kumar, Phan Xuan TanDeliberation Multi-Agent Systems
ARES-LSHADE: Autoresearch-Enhanced LSHADE with Memetic Polish for the GNBG Benchmark
May 9, 2026Abdullah Naeem, Md Wasi Ul kabir, Manish Bhatt +3Evolutionary Search Cryptographically Authorized Mutation
Breaking the Impasse: Dual-Scale Evolutionary Policy Training for Social Language Agents
May 9, 2026Minzheng Wang, Run Luo, Yanbo Wang +6Evolution
FlashEvolve: Accelerating Agent Self-Evolution with Asynchronous Stage Orchestration
May 8, 2026Zhengding Hu, Mingge Lu, Zhen Wang +8Self-Evolving Agents Alphaevolve
CoCoDA: Co-evolving Compositional DAG for Tool-Augmented Agents
May 8, 2026Ziyang Yu, Qiyue Li, Liang ZhaoMulti-Turn Tool-Use Agent Co-Evolution
SEIF: Self-Evolving Reinforcement Learning for Instruction Following
May 8, 2026Qingyu Ren, Qianyu He, Jiajie Zhu +7Instruction Instruction-Tuned Models
Convex Optimization with Nested Evolving Feasible Sets
May 8, 2026Karthick Krishna M., Haricharan Balasundaram, Rahul VazeConvex Optimization O(T^Β)$ Simultaneous Regret
HMACE: Heterogeneous Multi-Agent Collaborative Evolution for Combinatorial Optimization
May 8, 2026Yuping Yan, Jirui Han, Fei Ming +2Multi-Agent Evolution Combinatorial Optimization
Kernel Foundry: A Diagnosis-driven Evolutionary Kernel Optimizer with Multi-Experts
May 8, 2026Zixuan Huang, Da Chen, Kecheng Huang +5Graphics Processing Unit Kernels Code Optimization
Rethinking Experience Utilization in Self-Evolving Language Model Agents
May 8, 2026Weixiang Zhao, Yingshuo Wang, Yichen Zhang +6Self-Evolving Agents Experience
PACEvolve++: Improving Test-time Learning for Evolutionary Search Agents
May 7, 2026Minghao Yan, Bo Peng, Benjamin Coleman +11Evolutionary Search Multi-Objective Policy Optimization
Uneven Evolution of Cognition Across Generations of Generative AI Models
May 7, 2026Isaac Galatzer-Levy, Daniel McDuff, Xin Liu +1Generative Artificial Intelligence Cognitive Science
Algospeak, Hiding in the Open: The Trade-off Between Legible Meaning and Detection Avoidance
May 7, 2026Jan Fillies, Ronald E. Robertson, Jeffrey HancockLinguistics Deception
SkillOS: Learning Skill Curation for Self-Evolving Agents
May 7, 2026Siru Ouyang, Jun Yan, Yanfei Chen +13Skill Evolution Self-Evolving Agents
CoupleEvo: Evolving Heuristics for Coupled Optimization Problems Using Large Language Models
May 7, 2026Thomas Bömer, Bastian Amberg, Max Disselnmeyer +1Evolutionary Search Multi-Objective Optimization
Skill1: Unified Evolution of Skill-Augmented Agents via Reinforcement Learning
May 7, 2026Yaorui Shi, Yuxin Chen, Zhengxi Lu +6Skill Evolution Agentic Reinforcement-Learning Framework
Navigating by Old Maps: The Pitfalls of Static Mechanistic Localization in LLM Post-Training
May 7, 2026Hang Chen, Jiaying Zhu, Hongyang Chen +3Large Language Model Post-Training Catastrophic Forgetting
Do Melody and Rhythm Coevolve?
May 7, 2026Harin Lee, Rainer Polak, Manuel Anglada-Tort +3Cross-Cultural Study Co-Evolution
SafeHarbor: Hierarchical Memory-Augmented Guardrail for LLM Agent Safety
May 7, 2026Zhe Liu, Zonghao Ying, Wenxin Zhang +5Large Language Model Safety Large Language Model Agents
Knowledge-Graph Paths as Intermediate Supervision for Self-Evolving Search Agents
May 7, 2026Huyu Wu, Jun Liu, Xiaochi Wei +3Self-Evolving Agents Search Agents
From Storage to Experience: A Survey on the Evolution of LLM Agent Memory Mechanisms
May 7, 2026Jinghao Luo, Yuchen Tian, Chuxue Cao +6Agent Memory Experience
Direct From Darwin: Deriving Advanced Optimizers From Evolutionary First Principles
May 6, 2026Daniel GrimmerEvolutionary Search Evolution

May 14, 2026 · cs.AIJ/K move · Enter open · S save

Beyond Individual Intelligence: Surveying Collaboration, Failure Attribution, and Self-Evolution in LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems

Shihao Qi, Jie Ma, Rui Xing, Wei Guo+14

MOE KLINNS Lab · School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University · School of Software Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University · School of Control Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University · School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University

LLM-based autonomous agents have demonstrated strong capabilities in reasoning, planning, and tool use, yet remain limited when tasks require sustained coordination across roles, tools, and environments. Multi-agent systems address this through structured collaboration among specialized agents, but tighter coordination also amplifies a less explored risk: errors can propagate across agents and interaction rounds, producing failures that are difficult to diagnose and rarely translate into structural self-improvement. Existing surveys cover individual agent capabilities, multi-agent collaboration, or agent self-evolution separately, leaving the causal dependencies among them unexamined. This survey provides a unified review organized around four causally linked stages, which we term the LIFE progression: Lay the capability foundation, Integrate agents through collaboration, Find faults through attribution, and Evolve through autonomous self-improvement. For each stage, we provide systematic taxonomies and formally characterize the dependencies between adjacent stages, revealing how each stage both depends on and constrains the next. Beyond synthesizing existing work, we identify open challenges at stage boundaries and propose a cross-stage research agenda for closed-loop multi-agent systems capable of continuously diagnosing failures, reorganizing structures, and refining agent behaviors, extending current coordination frameworks toward more self-organizing forms of collective intelligence. By bridging these previously fragmented research threads, this survey aims to offer both a systematic reference and a conceptual roadmap toward autonomous, self-improving multi-agent intelligence.

Multi-Agent Systems Self-Evolving Agents Collaboration Self-Evolution

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