LLM Tool Use

LLM: Large Language Model

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30 papers in the last four weeks, up 233% on the four weeks before. 0.3% of all new papers.

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Latest papers 185

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Implicit Hierarchical GRPO: Decoupling Tool Invocation from Execution for Tool-Integrated Mathematical Reasoning
May 18, 2026Li Wang, Xiaohan Wang, Xiaodong Lu +5RL for Language Model Reasoning Hierarchical RL
Meituan · Tsinghua University
Prompts Don't Protect: Architectural Enforcement via MCP Proxy for LLM Tool Access Control
May 18, 2026Rohith UppalaLLM Agent Security AI Control
Independent Researcher
Accelerating AI-Powered Research: The PuppyChatter Framework for Usable and Flexible Tooling
May 18, 2026Chun-Hsiung Tseng, Hao-Chiang Koong Lin, Andrew Chih-Wei Huang +2LLM Tool Use
Dept. of Electrical Engineering, YuanZe Univ., Taoyuan, R.O.C. · Dept. of Information and Learning Technology, National Univ. of Tainan, Tainan, R.O.C. · Dept. of Psychology, Fo Guang Univ., Yilan, R.O.C. +1
Internalizing Tool Knowledge in Small Language Models via QLoRA Fine-Tuning
May 18, 2026Yuval Shemla, Ayal Yakobe, Tanmay Agarwal +2Small Language Models LLM Tool Use
Columbia School of General Studies, Columbia University, NY, USA · Columbia Engineering, Columbia University, NY, USA · IBM Research, NY, USA
Firefly: Illuminating Large-Scale Verified Tool-Call Data Generation from Real APIs
May 17, 2026Yuxuan Lu, Ziyi Wang, Yingzhou Lu +12Tool-Augmented Language Model Agents Synthetic Data Generation
Northeastern University · Independent Researcher
Concurrency without Model Changes: Future-based Asynchronous Function Calling for LLMs
May 14, 2026Guangyu Feng, Huanzhi Mao, Prabal Dutta +1LLM Agent Orchestration LLM Tool Use
University of California, Berkeley
Case-Based Calibration of Adaptive Reasoning and Execution for LLM Tool Use
May 14, 2026Renning Pang, Tian Lan, Leyuan Liu +3Language Model Calibration LLM Tool Use
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
Latency-Quality Routing for Functionally Equivalent Tools in LLM Agents
May 14, 2026Kexin Chu, Dawei Xiang, Wei ZhangTool-Augmented Language Model Agents LLM Tool Use
University of Connecticut
Model-Adaptive Tool Necessity Reveals the Knowing-Doing Gap in LLM Tool Use
May 13, 2026Yize Cheng, Chenrui Fan, Mahdi JafariRaviz +2LLM Tool Use LLM Agent Reliability
University of Maryland, College Park
VectraYX-Nano: A 42M-Parameter Spanish Cybersecurity Language Model with Curriculum Learning and Native Tool Use
May 13, 2026Juan S. SantillanaSmall Language Models LLMs for Cybersecurity
Globant
It's not the Language Model, it's the Tool: Deterministic Mediation for Scientific Workflows
May 13, 2026Marios Adamidis, Danae Katrisioti, Yannis Tzitzikas +1LLM Tool Use Scientific Reproducibility
Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece · Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, FORTH, Heraklion, Greece · Computer Science Department, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece +2
ToolMol: Evolutionary Agentic Framework for Multi-objective Drug Discovery
May 12, 2026Andrew Y. Zhou, Sharvaree Vadgama, Sumanth Varambally +3Molecular Optimization AI Agents for Scientific Discovery
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States · Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California · Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California
Grid-Orch: An LLM-Powered Orchestrator for Distribution Grid Simulation and Analytics
May 12, 2026Boming Liu, Jin Dong, Jamie LianLLM Agent Orchestration LLM Tool Use
Electrification and Energy Infrastructures Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA
The Bicameral Model: Bidirectional Hidden-State Coupling Between Parallel Language Models
May 11, 2026Cedric Flamant, Udaya Ghai, Kanna ShimizuLLM Tool Use Multi-LLM Collaboration
AWS Agentic AI
PruneTIR: Inference-Time Tool Call Pruning for Effective yet Efficient Tool-Integrated Reasoning
May 11, 2026Luan Zhang, Dandan Song, Zhijing Wu +8LLM Inference Efficiency Inference-Time Optimization
School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, China · 3Independent, China · School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
Trajectory Supervision for Continual Tool-Use Learning in LLMs
May 10, 2026Vishnu Vardhan Reddy, Sagnik Chatterjee, Soumik BhattaContinual Learning for LLMs LLM Tool Use
CS 590NN UMass Amherst
LLM Agents Already Know When to Call Tools -- Even Without Reasoning
May 10, 2026Chung-En Sun, Linbo Liu, Ge Yan +2Tool-Augmented Language Model Agents AI Agent Benchmarks
University of California, San Diego
Open Ontologies: Tool-Augmented Ontology Engineering with Stable Matching Alignment
May 9, 2026Fabio RovaiLLM Tool Use Ontology Learning
The Tesseract Academy, London, United Kingdom
SearchSkill: Teaching LLMs to Use Search Tools with Evolving Skill Banks
May 9, 2026Jinchao Hu, Meizhi Zhong, Kehai Chen +1Tool-Augmented Language Model Agents Agentic Search
School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen · Independent Researcher Shenzhen / Beijing, China
MathConstraint: Automated Generation of Verified Combinatorial Reasoning Instances for LLMs
May 8, 2026Viresh Pati, Zhengyu Li, Piyush Jha +3Mathematical Reasoning Benchmarks Synthetic Benchmark Generation
Georgia Institute of Technology, USA · KNOWIDEA Technologies
CoCoDA: Co-evolving Compositional DAG for Tool-Augmented Agents
May 8, 2026Ziyang Yu, Qiyue Li, Liang ZhaoLLM Tool Use LLM Agent Training
1Emory University · 2Beijing Normal-Hong Kong Baptist University
Tool Calling is Linearly Readable and Steerable in Language Models
May 8, 2026Zekun Wu, Ze Wang, Seonglae Cho +4AI Agent Reliability Tool-Augmented Language Model Agents
University College London · Holistic AI · Imperial College London
Can Agents Price a Reaction? Evaluating LLMs on Chemical Cost Reasoning
May 8, 2026Yuyang Wu, Yue Huang, Shuaike Shen +8AI Agents for Scientific Discovery LLM Agent Evaluation
Carnegie Mellon University · University of Notre Dame · University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill +1
Switchcraft: AI Model Router for Agentic Tool Calling
May 8, 2026Sharad Agarwal, Pooria Namyar, Alec Wolman +3Tool-Augmented Language Model Agents Cost-Aware Inference
Microsoft Research · Microsoft · Stanford
ARMOR: An Agentic Framework for Reaction Feasibility Prediction via Adaptive Utility-aware Multi-tool Reasoning
May 8, 2026Ye Liu, Botao Yu, Xinyi Ling +2LLM Tool Use Tool Selection
Department of Biomedical Informatics The Ohio State University · Department of Computer Science and Engineering The Ohio State University · Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy The Ohio State University +1
Eta Given Delta: Defining LLM Tool Efficiency With Marginal Tool Utility
May 7, 2026Nyx Iskandar, Perla GamezTool-Use Evaluation LLM Agent Evaluation
Foam
ReasonSTL: Bridging Natural Language and Signal Temporal Logic via Tool-Augmented Process-Rewarded Learning
May 7, 2026Bowen Ye, Zhijian Li, Junyue Huang +2Signal Temporal Logic LLM Tool Use
Shanghai Jiao Tong University · Alibaba Group, Hangzhou, China
BioTool: A Comprehensive Tool-Calling Dataset for Enhancing Biomedical Capabilities of Large Language Models
May 7, 2026Xin Gao, Ruiyi Zhang, Meixi Du +2LLM Fine-Tuning LLM Tool Use
UC San Diego · MBZUAI
Curated AI beats frontier LLMs at pharma asset discovery
May 6, 2026Łukasz Kidziński, Kevin ThomasLLM Evaluation Healthcare
Gosset Research
LLMs with in-context learning for Algorithmic Theoretical Physics
May 6, 2026Anamaria Hell, Leander ThieleIn-Context Learning LLM Tool Use
Kavli IPMU (WPI), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, and Center for Data-Driven Discovery, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan

May 18, 2026, cs.CLJ/K move · Enter open · S save

Implicit Hierarchical GRPO: Decoupling Tool Invocation from Execution for Tool-Integrated Mathematical Reasoning

Li Wang, Xiaohan Wang, Xiaodong Lu, Zipeng Zhang+4

Meituan · Tsinghua University

RL for Language Model Reasoning Hierarchical RL LLM Tool Use LLM Mathematical Reasoning RL for Tool Use

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Large language models (LLMs) have increasingly leveraged tool invocation to enhance their reasoning capabilities. However, existing approaches typically tightly couple tool invocation with immediate execution. Such immediate tool interaction may disrupt the reasoning coherence of LLMs and constrain their expressivity, ultimately degrading reasoning performance. To this end, for the first time, we propose and formalize the problem of decoupling tool invocation from execution during reasoning, and introduce delayed execution with explicit control to enhance tool-integrated reasoning (TIR). Furthermore, we propose a hierarchical control framework and theoretically derive a surrogate loss that enables an implicitly hierarchical policy to learn behavior equivalent to that of an explicit hierarchical policy, leading to the proposed IH-GRPO algorithm. Extensive experiments on IH-GRPO achieve absolute improvements of 1.87%, 2.16%, and 2.53% on Qwen3-1.7B, Qwen3-4B, and Qwen3-8B across six out-of-domain mathematical reasoning benchmarks over the strongest baseline method, while also yielding consistent performance gains in other domains. Our code is available at https://github.com/Lumina04/IH-GRPO-01.

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Latest papers 185