Adaptive Sampling

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Overview

Adaptive sampling studies how to choose which examples, measurements, or computational steps to spend a limited budget on. Common approaches use uncertainty, prediction error, information gain, or difficulty to guide active learning, Bayesian experimental design, bandit allocation, and adaptive numerical solvers; learned policies, including reinforcement learning, are also used. Applications range from scientific experiments and sensor acquisition to diffusion-model sampling and test-time reasoning with language models. A central challenge is ensuring that the signals used to prioritize samples reliably improve the final task without sacrificing coverage, introducing bias, or costing more to compute than they save.

Latest papers

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202 papers37 papers in the last four weeks, up 106% on the four weeks before. 0.2% of all new papers.

  1. Scale-invariant Optimal Sampling for Rare-events Data with Sparse Models

    Aug 23, 2026Jing Wang, HaiYing Wang, Qiang Zhang +1Rare-Event EstimationAdaptive Sampling

    Department of Statistics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA · Vickie and Jack Farber Vision Research Center, Wills Eye Hospital Thomas Jefferson University, 840 Walnut St, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA · Department of Mathematics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA

  2. Spending Scarce Confirmatory PET Measurements: Target-Aligned Validation in A4/LEARN

    Aug 23, 2026Eliuvish Han Cui, Qiang Yang, Meredith Mengmeng ZhangAdaptive SamplingUncertainty Sampling

    Clinical Functional Service Provider (cFSP) Department, Kuntuo, an IQVIA company · Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles · Department of Biometrics, Hengrui Pharmaceuticals

  3. Adaptive surrogate modeling for high-dimensional spatio-temporal output

    Aug 18, 2026Berkcan Kapusuzoglu, Shunsaku Matsumoto, Yoshitomo Miyagi +2Surrogate ModelingAdaptive Sampling

    Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA · Strength Research Department, Research and Innovation Center, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Nagasaki, 851-0392, Japan · Strength Research Department, Research and Innovation Center, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Takasago, 676-8686, Japan

  4. Knowing When to Stop: Bayesian Optimal Stopping for LLM Evaluations

    Aug 14, 2026Toby D. PilditchLLM EvaluationOptimal Stopping

    UK AI Security Institute, London, UK

  5. More Correct Mass, Worse Answers: Why Power Sampling Can Fail and How to Fix It

    Aug 14, 2026Haohui Yang, Jiaxing Sun, Xiujun MaEfficient Language Model ReasoningAdaptive Sampling

    State Key Laboratory of General Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China

  6. Coverage Aware Active Evaluation for Failure Discovery with Paired Systems

    Aug 13, 2026Anjali Parashar, Rachel Luo, Apoorva Sharma +6Robot Failure DetectionAdaptive Sampling

    Laboratory of Information & Decision Systems (LIDS), MIT, USA · NVIDIA Research, USA

  7. Forward Trajectory Steering for Hamilton-Jacobi Reachability Analysis

    Aug 11, 2026Sungje Park, Stephen TuReachability AnalysisNeural PDE Solvers

    with the Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

  8. Interpretable Adaptive Sampling for LLM Test-Time Scaling

    Aug 4, 2026Mobina Kashaniyan, Ali JannesariLLM Inference EfficiencyTest-Time Scaling

    Iowa State University Ames, IA, USA

  9. Adaptive Sampling for Automated Post-Disaster Rapid Damage Assessment via Level-Set Cost-Aware Bayesian Optimization

    Aug 3, 2026Boyang Xu, Mostafa Reisi Gahrooei, Mohammad Ilbeigi +1Disaster Damage AssessmentBuilding Damage Assessment

    School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University · Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Florida · Department of Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology

  10. Stochastic Sequential Search in Very-High-Dimensional Feature Selection

    Aug 2, 2026Petr Somol, Jiří GrimAdaptive SamplingFeature Selection

    Institute of Information Theory and Automation, The Czech Academy of Sciences Prague, Czech Republic

  11. Extended KAFR: A kinematic-adaptive paradigm for the efficient analysis of surgical video

    Aug 2, 2026Huu Phong Nguyen, Shekhar Madhav Khairnar, Ganesh SankaranarayananSurgical Video UnderstandingAdaptive Sampling

    Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, 75390, Texas, USA.

  12. Adaptive Quantum Physics-Informed Neural Networks for Differential Equations with Applications to Fluid Dynamics

    Aug 1, 2026Fabio Pereira dos Santos, Renato Portugal, Júlio de Castro Vargas Fernandes +1PDE SolvingHybrid Quantum-Classical ML

    Coordination of Mathematical and Computational Methods National Laboratory of Scientific Computing Av. Getúlio Vargas, 333 - Quitandinha, Petrópolis - RJ, 25651-075 · Center for Computation and Technology - Louisiana State University, 888 S. Stadium Dr., Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA

  13. Held-out evidence resolves follow-up measurement decisions in biological screens

    Jul 30, 2026Jia Bi, Samuel Pinilla, Chenyang ZhuAdaptive Sampling

    Scientific Computing Department, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK · Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK · School of Electronics and ComputerSouthampton,Science,UK University of Southampton

  14. BayesAME: Bayesian Active Model Evaluation

    Jul 29, 2026Paula Cordero Encinar, Taylan Cemgil, Arnaud Doucet +2LLM EvaluationAdaptive Sampling

    Imperial College London (work conducted while at Google DeepMind) · Google DeepMind

  15. Denoising growth complexity: Data geometry and certified schedules for diffusion sampling

    Jul 28, 2026Martin J. WainwrightSample ComplexityDiffusion Sampling

    Lab for Information and Decision Systems Statistics and Data Science Center EECS and Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

  16. Data Quality Profiling at Scale with Progressive Sampling: A Benchmark for Data-Centric AI Pipelines

    Jul 28, 2026Laure Berti-EquilleImportance SamplingAdaptive Sampling

    IRD, ESPACE-DEV, 500, rue Jean-François Breton, 34093 Montpellier, France

  17. Adaptive Data Admission and Retention for Streaming Federated Learning

    Jul 27, 2026Zhuoyi Zhao, Ben LiangAdaptive SamplingFederated Learning

    University of Toronto · Toronto, ON, Canada

  18. From Perturbation Correction to Geometry-Aware Sampling: Sharpness-Guided Equilibrium Sampling for Balanced Flat Minima in Long-Tailed Learning

    Jul 24, 2026Jiaxin Deng, Junbiao PangSharpness-Aware MinimizationLong-Tail Learning

    School of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China

  19. Deep Adaptive Bayesian Screening

    Jul 18, 2026Jade Lejeune Herman, Arno Strouwen, Johan A. K. Suykens +1Amortized InferenceAdaptive Sampling

    Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS) · KU Leuven · Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven (Heverlee) +3

  20. DRIFT: Difficulty-aware Rectified Flows for Through-plane MRI Super-Resolution

    Jul 18, 2026Yoonseok Choi, Eun-Gyu Ha, Daniel Kim +3Rectified FlowMedical Image Super-Resolution

    Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea · Department of Bioengineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia · Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California at Merced, Merced, USA

  21. Confidence-based Ranking with Adaptive Sampling for Noisy Black-Box Optimisation

    Jul 16, 2026Enrico Halim, Hemant Kumar Singh, Tapabrata RayEvolutionary OptimizationBlack-Box Optimization

    The University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australia

  22. Efficient Online Proportional Sampling with Applications to Smoothed Online Learning

    Jul 13, 2026Amirmahdi Mirfakhar, Maria-Florina Balcan, Hedyeh BeyhaghiAdaptive SamplingRegret Minimization

    University of Massachusetts Amherst · Carnegie Mellon University

  23. How much Data do We Need? Sequential Data Collection for Stochastic Programming

    Jul 11, 2026Xin Li, Juergen Branke, Xuan Vinh DoanStochastic OptimizationSequential Decision Making

    University of Warwick

  24. Prior-aware and Context-guided Group Sampling for Active Probabilistic Subsampling

    Jul 8, 2026Beomgu Kang, Hyunseok SeoAdaptive Sampling

    Department of Artificial Intelligence, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

  25. Determinantal point process sampling for bioacoustic active learning

    Jul 7, 2026Hugo Magaldi, Gabriel DubusActive LearningAdaptive Sampling

    Eco-Anthropologie, Mus´eum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR7206, CNRS, Paris, France

  26. K-ABENA: K-Adaptive Backpropagation with Error-based N-exclusion Algorithm : (Compensated Loss-Based Sample Exclusion with Unbiased Gradient Estimation)

    Jul 7, 2026Jean-Francois BonbhelBackpropagationNeural Network Optimization

    NeuroSoft IA, Qu´ebec City, Canada · YekoElite University, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo

  27. Graph Sparse Sampling: Breaking the Curse of the Horizon in Continuous MDP Planning

    Jul 6, 2026Idan Lev-Yehudi, Vadim IndelmanAdaptive SamplingGraph-Based Planning

    Technion Autonomous Systems Program (TASP), Technion – Israel Institute of Technology · Stephen B. Klein Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology · Faculty of Data and Decision Sciences, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology

  28. Adaptive Diversity-Uncertainty Active Learning with Redundancy Control for Bioacoustic Event Classification

    Jul 6, 2026Gabriel Dubus, Hugo Magaldi, Anatole Gros-MartialMulti-Label ClassificationActive Learning

    Eco-Anthropologie, Mus´eum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR7206, CNRS, Paris, France · Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chiz´e, UMR 7372, CNRS, La Rochelle Universit´e, France

  29. SAVER: Stochastic Adaptive Variance-Driven Exploration and Reconstruction for Low-Dose Computed Tomography

    Jul 4, 2026Shunta Nonaga, Koji Tabata, Junya Honda +3Sparse-View CT ReconstructionAdaptive Sampling

    Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan. · Research Center of Mathematics for Social Creativity, Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan · Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan. +7

  30. CuBAS: Information Geometric Curvature-Based Adaptive Sampling for Supervised Classification

    Jul 3, 2026Alexandre L. M. LevadaInformation GeometryAdaptive Sampling

    Federal University of São Carlos 13565-905, São Carlos-SP, Brazil