Arbitration

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8 papers in the last four weeks, against 1 the four weeks before. 0.1% of all new papers.

Jul 13Week of Sep 28

Latest papers 39

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CRAFT: Causal Responsibility and Failure Tracing in Medical Vision Language Models
Sep 30, 2026Chunzheng Zhu, Jiaqi Zeng, Hongbo Zhao +3Medical Vision-Language Models Visual Evidence
Hunan University · University of Hong Kong
PolyOCR-Venus: Unified OCR Foundation Models for Text-Centric Visual Intelligence
Sep 29, 2026GuangJian Team, Kaili Huang, Yongshuo Zhang +22Optical Character Recognition Arbitration
Ant Group
VISTA: Value-Informed Event Appraisal for Multimodal Emotion Conflict
Sep 29, 2026Jiale Dai, Liuxian Ma, Xiaoke Niu +5Emotion Recognition Cross-Modal Conflicts
State Key Laboratory of General Artificial Intelligence, School of Intelligence Science and Technology, Peking University · College of Artificial Intelligence, Tsinghua University · China United Network Communications Group Co., Ltd.
UniOPSD: Unifying Outcome and Hindsight Feedback for Agentic Reinforcement Learning
Sep 28, 2026Zenghuang Fu, Zhaoyang Li, Qiuyuan Ai +8Unsupervised On-Policy Self-Distillation Hindsight
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences · Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences · Peking University +3
Capability-Aware Arbitration for Semantic Intent-Based Shared Control
Sep 21, 2026Zhaoda Du, Michael Bowman, Xiaoli ZhangVision-Language-Action Framework Arbitration
Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA. · University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Dissecting Agentic Forensics: The Role of Triage, Prompting, and Evidence Arbitration in Open-World Fake Image Detection
Sep 21, 2026Xianlong Li, Pietro Bongini, Niccoló Pancino +3Multimedia Forensics Digital Forensics
IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Italy · University of Siena, Italy
Taming the Agentic RAN: Stability-Guaranteed Arbitration of Autonomous AI Agents in O-RAN
Sep 16, 2026Seyed Bagher Hashemi Natanzi, Bo TangOpen Radio Access Networks Arbitration
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
Sensory Precision Inference for Multimodal Arbitration under Uncertainty
Sep 14, 2026Tin Mišić, Takato HoriiCross-Modal Conflicts Perception Gap
The University of Osaka, Japan · IRCN, The University of Tokyo, Japan
Evidence, Logic, and Compliance: Multi-Agent Structured Graph Reasoning with Expert Arbitration for Medical Referral
Aug 31, 2026Qi Peng, Yi Cai, Jialin Cui +7Multi-Agent Reasoning Reasoning Graphs
School of Software Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China · School of Computer Science and Network Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou China · Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China +2
The No-Meaning Falsity: The Structural Impossibility of the Arbitrary Sign in Classical Arabic
Aug 7, 2026Elnaserledinellah Mahmoud AbdelwahabArabic Axiom
CARGO-VL: Counterfactual Arbitration with Risk-Constrained Group Optimization for Vision-Language Models
Aug 5, 2026De Jiang, Zhengyang Zhang, Kehong Yuan +1Arbitration Modalities
Character Iconicity vs. Arbitrariness: An Arabic NLP Perspective
Aug 3, 2026Dorieh Alomari, Irfan Ahmad, Maged S. Al-shaibaniArabic Natural Language Processing Arabic
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia · SDAIA–KFUPM JRC for AI, Saudi Arabia
MemArbiter: Decision-Time Memory Arbitration for Long-Horizon LLM Agents
Aug 3, 2026Jiajun Dong, Yutao Hu, Fengrui Fan +3Arbitration
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China · Fudan University, China
GeoArbiter: Verifiability-Guided Grounding for Remote-Sensing Multimodal LLMs
Aug 1, 2026Xuechen LiRemote Sensing Reference-Guided Multimodal In-Context Verification
University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
Adjudicated Captioning: Multi-Agent Alignment Scoring and Consensus-Distilled Beam Arbitration for Strict Zero-Shot Image Captioning
Jul 31, 2026Duy Tran Thanh, Thien-Phuc Doan, Long Nguyen-Vu +1Image Difference Captioning Zero-Shot Composed Image Retrieval
AI Platform OneNexus, OneMount · School of Electronic Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, South Korea · AI Laboratory, MoAdata, Seoul, South Korea +1
Plug, Play, and Comply: A Modular Framework for Online Variable Impedance with Arbitrarily Oriented Compliance Axes
Jul 24, 2026Mihael Simonič, Xiaocong LiImpedance Control Robotic Manipulator
College of Information Science and Technology, Eastern Institute of Technology, Ningbo, Ningbo 315200, China · Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Industrial Intelligence and Digital Twin, Eastern Institute of Technology, Ningbo, Ningbo 315200, China
ArbiGraph: Arbitrarily Scalable Verifiable Task Graphs for Evaluating Context Management
Jul 22, 2026Pavel Golikov, Evgenii Opryshko, Gennady Pekhimenko +1Agentic Benchmarks Agentic Workflow Design
University of Toronto · Vector Institute
Harnessing Disagreement: Detecting Correlated Agreement Blindness in Multi-Agent Triage
Jul 22, 2026Shay Seiya McDonnell, Avantika Singh, Quoc-Viet Pham +2Arbitration Disagreement
School of Computer Science & Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland · ADAPT Centre, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland · CKDelta, 28/29 Sir John Rogerson’s Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland
A Dual-Hypothesis Reasoning Framework for LLM Guardrails
Jul 20, 2026Md Asiful Islam, Mihai SurdeanuLarge Language Model Safety Guardrail
Department of Computer Science University of Arizona, USA
The Arbiter Agent: Continually Monitoring Multi-Agent Conversations to Detect Emergent Misalignment
Jun 9, 2026Filippo Tonini, Federico Torrielli, Anton Danholt Lautrup +3Arbitration Misalignment Persona
University of Southern Denmark Odense, Denmark · University of Turin Turin, Italy · University of Southern Denmark Vejle, Denmark
An Agency-Transferring Model-Free Policy Enhancement Technique
Jun 8, 2026Anton Bolychev, Georgiy Malaniya, Sinan Ibrahim +1Arbitration
Center for Engineering Systems and Sciences · Central University; Center for Engineering Systems and Sciences; Sirius University of Science and Technology
Training-Free Generalized Few-Shot Segmentation through Open-Vocabulary Semantic Arbitration
Jun 8, 2026Silas Kwabla Gah, Ebenezer OwusuFew-Shot Segmentation Open-Vocabulary
Department of Computer Science University of Ghana
Beyond Text Following: Repairable Arbitration Reversals in Audio-Language Models
Jun 3, 2026Yichen Gao, Yiqun Zhang, Zijing Wang +7Large Audio Language Models Arbitration
Northeastern University, China · Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, China
VentAgent: When LLMs Learn to Breathe -- Multi-Objective Arbitration for ARDS Ventilation
Jun 3, 2026Teqi Hao, Yuxuan Fu, Xiaoyu Tan +4Intensive Care Unit Arbitration
Tencent Youtu Lab Shanghai, Shanghai, China · Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Incubation Institute, Fudan University Shanghai, Shanghai, China · School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai, Shanghai, China
Answer Self-Consistency with Margin-Triggered Question Re-Arbitration for the CVPR 2026 VidLLMs Challenge
Jun 3, 2026Tomoya Miyazawa, Hiroyasu OkunoCvpr Visual Reasoning
Data Analytics Labo Co.
Weakly Supervised Incremental Segmentation via Semantic Anchors and Spatial Arbitration
Jun 2, 2026Zhonggai Wang, Kai Fang, Guangyu GaoEfficient Semantic Segmentation Class-Incremental Learning
School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
Compliance-Scored Best-of-N Guardrail Orchestration for Multimodal Document Generation in Payments Dispute Defense
Jun 1, 2026Nataraj Agaram Sundar, Tejas MorabiaStreaming Guardrails Guardrail
eBay Inc. San Jose, CA, USA
Support sufficiency as action-sufficient compression: a single-cycle rate-regret formulation
May 28, 2026Mark WalshSufficiency Arbitration
Maat: The Agentic Legal Research Assistant for Competition Protection
May 26, 2026Basant Mounir, Farida Madkour, Amira Abdelaziz +1Agentic Search Competition
Cairo, Egypt
ARBITER: Reasoning Trajectory Basins and Majority Vote Failures in Test-Time Sampling
May 25, 2026Meng Cai, Lars Kulik, Farhana ChoudhuryArbitration Majority Voting
School of Computing and Information Systems University of Melbourne
FruitEnsemble: MLLM-Guided Arbitration for Heterogeneous ensemble in Fine-Grained Fruit Recognition
May 20, 2026Enhui Yu, Junhui Li, Ruitong Lu +2Fruit Fine-Grained Perception
University of Science and Technology Liaoning · Chuzhou University · Yeshiva University
BAT-Nav: Belief-Based Arbitration and Termination via Remaining Discoverability in Multi-Goal Semantic Navigation
May 16, 2026Xi Lin, Kangyi Wu, Jiayi Li +3Object Goal Navigation Arbitration
1LCSR, Johns Hopkins University · 2Xi’an Jiaotong University · 3JD Explore Academy, Beijing, China
Attractor Geometry of Transformer Memory: From Conflict Arbitration to Confident Hallucination
May 7, 2026Qiyao Liang, Risto Miikkulainen, Ila FieteHidden States Large Language Models Fail
Massachusetts Institute of Technology · University of Texas Austin, Cognizant · Cognizant
ArgRE: Formal Argumentation for Conflict Resolution in Multi-Agent Requirements Negotiation
Apr 25, 2026Haowei Cheng, Milhan Kim, Chong Liu +6Argumentation Frameworks Arbitration
Department of Computer Science and Communications Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan · College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai, China · Advanced Institute of So-Go-Chi (Convergence Knowledge) Informatics, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan +1
Durable Evaluation Framework: Adversarial Arbitration for Sycophancy Reduction in Large Language Models
Apr 21, 2026Sam RyanLarge Language Model Evaluation Adversarial Evaluation
Novel Systems Engineering LLC
ArbGraph: Conflict-Aware Evidence Arbitration for Reliable Long-Form Retrieval-Augmented Generation
Apr 20, 2026Qingying Niu, Yuhao Wang, Ruiyang Ren +2Evidence Conflict Arbitration
Gaoling School of Artificial Intelligence, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China, 100872 · Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, 15213
From Craft to Kernel: A Governance-First Execution Architecture and Semantic ISA for Agentic Computers
Apr 20, 2026Xiangyu Wen, Yuang Zhao, Xiaoyu Xu +9Production Agentic Systems Governance
CUHK · Hong Kong SAR, China · Shanghai Jiao Tong University +6
DamageArbiter: A Multimodal Arbitration Framework for Disaster Damage Assessment from Street-View Imagery
Mar 16, 2026Yifan Yang, Lei Zou, Wenjing Gong +6Post-Disaster Damage Assessment Multimodal Model
Department of Geography, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA · Department of Landscape Architecture & Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA · Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA +2
Observational Multiplicity
Jul 30, 2025Erin George, Deanna Needell, Berk UstunMulticlass Classification Logistic Regression
Department of Mathematics University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093, USA · Department of Mathematics University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA · Department of Computer Science & Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093, USA

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CRAFT: Causal Responsibility and Failure Tracing in Medical Vision Language Models

Chunzheng Zhu, Jiaqi Zeng, Hongbo Zhao, Yihang Chen+2

Hunan University · University of Hong Kong

Medical Vision-Language Models Visual Evidence Arbitration Traces

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As vision language models are increasingly deployed in clinical diagnosis, understanding how they internally resolve competing visual and textual signals becomes a safety imperative. Existing mechanistic analyses remain confined to unimodal text and offer no explanation for why a single misleading sentence can override a correct image based diagnosis, or why a model commits to a confident answer despite insufficient visual evidence. We find that these two safety risks, arbitration failure where textual context overrides visual grounding and brake failure where the model commits without adequate evidence, are mediated by spatially disjoint attention head populations: arbitration heads form a mid-to-deep wideband reflecting cross-layer evidence competition, while brake heads concentrate in a narrow middle-to-late layer band that regulates evidence sufficiency and abstention behavior. To ground these observations in causal circuitry, we introduce CRAFT, which localizes each failure mode to a minimal causal head set via dual criteria and verifies necessity and sufficiency through temporal probes and Tuned Lens trajectory analysis. Excising arbitration heads sharply reduces conflict following with negligible degradation on clean inputs, while excising brake heads restores appropriate abstention under degraded visual evidence. The two interventions target spatially disjoint head sets and produce distinct corrective effects, underscoring the mechanistic separability of the failure modes. Experiments across multiple medical VQA benchmarks and VLM architectures validate both the localization and interventions, demonstrating that the identified heads causally drive each failure mode and that targeted modulation generalises without retraining. The code is available at GitHub repository.

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