Jul 21, 2026 · math.NAJ/K move · Enter open · S save
Davide Murari, Marta Ghirardelli, Ben Adcock, Elena Celledoni+2
Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge · Department of Mathematical Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) · Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University
Controlling the Lipschitz constant of a neural network is a standard way to promote robustness and stability. Most existing constraining strategies are designed for Euclidean spaces. In this work, we construct and analyze a class of 1-Lipschitz neural networks on Hadamard manifolds. Our layers are of gradient-descent type,
1-Lipschitz, and quasi-
α-firmly nonexpansive. The core building blocks of the proposed architecture are Busemann functions, and we exploit the properties of Busemann gradient flows to design
1-Lipschitz geometry-preserving layers. We provide explicit constructions and examples for hyperbolic manifolds and the manifold of symmetric positive definite (SPD) matrices. We test the proposed architecture in two numerical experiments: robust classification on the Poincaré disk and masked-Wishart covariance reconstruction. On the Poincaré disk, the proposed networks yield robust classifiers under hyperbolic perturbations. On the SPD manifold, we train SPD-valued denoisers and adopt them as a Plug-and-Play prior for a masked-Wishart covariance reconstruction problem. We show improved results from the nonexpansive denoiser over static, data-only, and Log-Euclidean denoising baselines, and empirically test its convergence properties.