Sep 13, 2026 · cs.AIJ/K move · Enter open · S save
Constantinos Papantoniou, Brian Hilton
The emergence of large language models (LLMs) and large multimodal models (LMMs) has enabled a new class of agentic systems capable of integrating natural language understanding with tool-based execution. In geographic information systems (GIS), this shift is transforming traditional, expert-driven workflows into semiautonomous systems that can interpret user intent, construct spatial workflows, and execute geospatial analysis tasks. However, existing approaches remain limited by fragmented integration of reasoning, execution, and evaluation, particularly in complex, real-world environments. This study synthesizes recent advances in agentic GIS frameworks, benchmarks, and surveys to identify limitations in spatial reasoning, execution robustness, validation, governance, and evaluation. Building on these insights, it introduces ANASSA (Autonomous Neural Agents for Spatial Systems Architecture), an agentic AI orchestration framework that integrates structured spatial reasoning, multi-agent workflow orchestration, execution feedback, authoritative spatial validation, provenance, uncertainty handling, and human decision authority within a unified system design. The contribution is an architecture-level specification: eleven components across four layers, a six-step Geospatial AI Cognitive Loop, cross-component contracts, and governance mechanisms intended to make agentic geospatial workflows traceable, reproducible, and accountable. Empirical performance evaluation is reserved for implementation and deployment studies.