Medical LLMs

LLM: Large Language Model

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Overview

Medical large language models are studied for tasks such as diagnosis, clinical coding, note summarization, triage, and patient communication. Common approaches include clinical pretraining and fine-tuning, retrieval-augmented generation with guidelines or knowledge graphs, tool-using agents, and multimodal models that combine text with images or structured records. Evaluation ranges from question-answering benchmarks to realistic consultations, EHR workflows, and clinician studies, with growing attention to calibration, privacy, bias, and evidence grounding. A central challenge is that strong scores on fixed tests do not ensure reliable behavior with incomplete or changing information, misleading patient input, or high-stakes decisions, so human oversight and real-world validation remain important.

Latest papers

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402 papers40 papers in the last four weeks, up 29% on the four weeks before. 0.2% of all new papers.

  1. Multi-Method Validation of Large Language Model Medical Translation Across High- and Low-Resource Languages

    Mar 23, 2026Chukwuebuka Anyaegbuna, Eduardo Juan Perez Guerrero, Jerry Liu +6Machine TranslationMultilingual Language Model Evaluation

  2. Multimodal Survival Analysis with Locally Deployable Large Language Models

    Mar 23, 2026Moritz Gögl, Christopher YauMultimodal Survival AnalysisCancer Survival Prediction

    University of Oxford

  3. Can Large Language Models Reliably Extract Physiology Index Values from Coronary Angiography Reports?

    Mar 21, 2026Sofia Morgado, Filipa Valdeira, Niklas Sander +4Clinical Information ExtractionLLM Information Extraction

    Sofia Morgado is with the Computer Science Department at Nova School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal (FCT-UNL) · Filipa Valdeira is with Center for Computational and Stochastic Mathematics - Department of Mathematics at Instituto Superior Técnico · Niklas Sander is with the Department of Computer Science at FCT-UNL +4

  4. Evaluating Large Language Models on Historical Health Crisis Knowledge in Resource-Limited Settings: A Hybrid Multi-Metric Study

    Mar 20, 2026Mohammed Rakibul HasanLLM ReliabilityLLM Evaluation

    Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

  5. The Validity Gap in Health AI Evaluation: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Benchmark Composition

    Mar 18, 2026Alvin Rajkomar, Pavan Sudarshan, Angela Lai +1Benchmark ValidityClinical Language Model Evaluation

    Apple

  6. Deployment and Evaluation of an EHR-integrated, Large Language Model-Powered Tool to Triage Surgical Patients

    Mar 18, 2026Jane Wang, Timothy Keyes, April S Liang +10Clinical TriageClinical Decision Support

    Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA · Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA · Stanford Health Care, Technology and Digital Solutions, Palo Alto, CA +2

  7. SynDocDis: A Metadata-Driven Framework for Generating Synthetic Physician Discussions Using Large Language Models

    Mar 16, 2026Beny Rubinstein, Sergio MatosSynthetic Data GenerationSynthetic Data Generation for Language Models

    University of Aveiro, Portugal · IEETA, DETI, LASI, University of Aveiro, Portugal

  8. From Documents to Spans: Span-Centric Learning for LLM-based Explainable Medical Coding

    Mar 16, 2026Xu Zhang, Wenxin Ma, Chenxu Wu +5Automated Medical CodingMedical LLMs

    School of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, USTC · MIRACLE Center, Suzhou Institute for Advance Research, USTC · iFlyHealth +2

  9. MedPriv-Bench: Benchmarking the Privacy-Utility Trade-off of Large Language Models in Medical Open-Ended Question Answering

    Mar 15, 2026Shaowei Guan, Yu Zhai, Hin Chi Kwok +5Privacy-Utility TradeoffPrivacy Leakage in Language Models

    Centre for Smart Health, School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University · Department of Language Science and Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University · Centre for Frontier AI Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore +2

  10. Clinician input steers AI toward accurate and harmful recommendations

    Mar 14, 2026Ivan Lopez, Selin S. Everett, Bryan J. Bunning +10Medical LLMsClinical Language Model Evaluation

    Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA · Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA · Quantitative Sciences Unit, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA +14

  11. Faithful or Just Plausible? Evaluating the Faithfulness of Closed-Source LLMs in Medical Reasoning

    Mar 14, 2026Halimat Afolabi, Zainab Afolabi, Elizabeth Friel +13Faithfulness of Language Model ExplanationsMedical LLMs

    Stratified Precision, United Kingdom · Harvard Medical School, United States · Imperial College London, United Kingdom +3

  12. QuarkMedBench: A Real-World Scenario Driven Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models

    Mar 14, 2026Yao Wu, Kangping Yin, Liang Dong +13LLM EvaluationClinical Language Model Evaluation

    Quark Medical Team, Alibaba Group

  13. MedArena: Comparing LLMs for Medicine-in-the-Wild Clinician Preferences

    Mar 13, 2026Eric Wu, Kevin Wu, Jason Hom +11Clinical Language Model EvaluationMedical LLMs

    Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA · Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA · Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA +8

  14. Developing and evaluating a chatbot to support maternal health care

    Mar 13, 2026Smriti Jha, Vidhi Jain, Jianyu Xu +8HealthcareMedical LLMs

    Carnegie Mellon University · Population Council Institute · Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research +1

  15. Performance Evaluation of Open-Source Large Language Models for Assisting Pathology Report Writing in Japanese

    Mar 12, 2026Masataka Kawai, Singo Sakashita, Shumpei Ishikawa +8Medical Report GenerationMedical LLMs

    Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan · Department of Pathology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan · Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan +3

  16. Parameter-Efficient Token Embedding Editing for Clinical Class-Level Unlearning

    Mar 11, 2026Iyad Ait Hou, Shrenik Borad, Harsh Sharma +3Machine UnlearningLanguage Model Editing

    Department of Computer Science, The George Washington University, Washington, DC · Center for Speech and Language Processing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD

  17. PET-F2I: A Comprehensive Benchmark and Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning of LLMs for PET/CT Report Impression Generation

    Mar 11, 2026Yuchen Liu, Wenbo Zhang, Liling Peng +6Radiology Report GenerationMedical LLMs

    Fudan University · Shanghai Academy of Artificial Intelligence for Science · Shanghai Universal Medical Imaging Diagnostic Center +1

  18. Human-AI Co-reasoning for Clinical Diagnosis with Evidence-Integrated Language Agent

    Mar 11, 2026Zhongzhen Huang, Yan Ling, Hong Chen +7Medical DiagnosisClinical Decision Support

    Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China · Department of Endocrinology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China · Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China +3

  19. Tracking Cancer Through Text: Longitudinal Extraction From Radiology Reports Using Open-Source Large Language Models

    Mar 10, 2026Luc Builtjes, Alessa HeringClinical Information ExtractionLLM Information Extraction

    Department of Medical Imaging, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

  20. Investigating Gender Stereotypes in Large Language Models via Social Determinants of Health

    Mar 10, 2026Trung Hieu Ngo, Adrien Bazoge, Solen Quiniou +2Intersectional Bias in Language ModelsSocial Bias in Language Models

    Nantes Université, École Centrale Nantes, CNRS, LS2N, UMR 6004, F-44000 Nantes, France · Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Clinique des données, INSERM, CIC 1413, Nantes, France

  21. Meissa: Multi-modal Medical Agentic Intelligence

    Mar 9, 2026Yixiong Chen, Xinyi Bai, Yue Pan +2Medical AI AgentsMedical LLMs

    Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA · Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

  22. MAPLE: Elevating Medical Reasoning from Statistical Consensus to Process-Led Alignment

    Mar 9, 2026Kailong Fan, Anqi Pu, Yichen Wu +7Medical LLMsRL for Language Models

    Zhejiang University · Harvard Medical School · Harvard University

  23. A prospective clinical feasibility study of a conversational diagnostic AI in an ambulatory primary care clinic

    Mar 9, 2026Peter Brodeur, Jacob M. Koshy, Anil Palepu +45HealthcareMedical LLMs

  24. COACH meets QUORUM: A Framework and Pipeline for Aligning User, Expert and Developer Perspectives in LLM-generated Health Counselling

    Mar 9, 2026Yee Man Ng, Bram van Dijk, Pieter Beynen +5Clinical Language Model EvaluationMedical LLMs

    Leiden University · Leiden University Medical Center · Healthy Chronos

  25. MedInjection-FR: Exploring the Role of Native, Synthetic, and Translated Data in Biomedical Instruction Tuning

    Mar 6, 2026Ikram Belmadani, Oumaima El Khettari, Pacôme Constant dit Beaufils +2Instruction TuningMedical LLMs

    Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, LIS UMR 7020, 13000 Marseille, France · Nantes Univ., École Centrale Nantes, CNRS, LS2N, UMR 6004, 44000 Nantes, France · Nantes Univ., CHU Nantes, PHU 11: Santé Publique, Clinique des données, INSERM, CIC 1413, 44000 Nantes, France +2

  26. Empowering Locally Deployable Medical Agent via State Enhanced Logical Skills for FHIR-based Clinical Tasks

    Mar 6, 2026Wanrong Yang, Zhengliang Liu, Yuan Li +6Memory-Augmented Language Model AgentsMedical LLMs

    Department of Computer Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK · School of Computing, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA · Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China +2

  27. From Physician Expertise to Clinical Agents: Preserving, Standardizing, and Scaling Physicians' Medical Expertise with Lightweight LLM

    Mar 6, 2026Chanyong Luo, Jirui Dai, Zhendong Wang +14Traditional Chinese MedicineMedical LLMs

    the Infectious disease department, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China · the Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA · the Gulou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing，Beijing, China +8

  28. Training a Large Language Model for Medical Coding Using Privacy-Preserving Synthetic Clinical Data

    Mar 6, 2026John Cook, Michael Wyatt, Peng Wei +11Automated Medical CodingMedical LLMs

    Veradigm · Snowflake

  29. PVminerLLM: Structured Extraction of Patient Voice from Patient-Generated Text using Large Language Models

    Mar 6, 2026Samah Fodeh, Linhai Ma, Ganesh Puthiaraju +5Clinical Information ExtractionHealthcare

    Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. · Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA.

  30. Med-V1: Small Language Models for Zero-shot and Scalable Biomedical Evidence Attribution

    Mar 5, 2026Qiao Jin, Yin Fang, Lauren He +12LLM Answer VerificationHealthcare

    Division of Intramural Research, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health · Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia · Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health +3