Moral Reasoning in Language Models

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Justice After Identity: Large Language Models and the View from Everywhere
Oct 6, 2026W. Russell NeumanMoral Reasoning in Language Models Moral Reasoning
Principled Under Pressure: Post-Training Decides Whether LLMs Act on Their Own Moral Judgment
Oct 6, 2026Orion Reblitz-RichardsonMoral Reasoning in Language Models Language Model Post-Training
Distiller Labs
OMIT the Action: Measuring Framing-Invariant Omission Bias under Philosophical Disagreement
Oct 6, 2026Sihyeon Lee, Jihun Song, Chanwoo Kim +2Moral Reasoning in Language Models Framing Effects in Language Models
Soongsil University
Echoes of Deeds: Moral History Can Shape and Steer LLM Behavioral Choices
Sep 28, 2026Lucio La Cava, Andrea TagarelliMoral Reasoning in Language Models LLM Auditing
DIMES Dept., University of Calabria, Italy
Refusal Reads Only a Slice of What the Model Knows: Harm-Keyed Routing and Its Exceptions Across Model Families
Sep 13, 2026Orion Reblitz-RichardsonLLM Alignment Moral Reasoning in Language Models
Distiller Labs.
Human-like moral judgments conceal divergent motive attributions in large language models
Sep 7, 2026Xiaoyan Wu, Jean-Claude DreherLLM Evaluation Moral Reasoning in Language Models
Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland · Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS UMR 5229, Lyon, France
HarvestBench: Measuring Whether LLM Agents Will Pay to Avoid Killing Animals
Sep 3, 2026Jasmine Brazilek, Miles Tidmarsh, Matthias Endres +2Moral Reasoning in Language Models LLM Safety Alignment
Compassion Aligned Machine Learning (CaML) · Department of Economics, University of Warwick
Representational alignment yields generalizable safety in language models
Sep 3, 2026Lingyu Li, Yan Teng, Yingchun Wang +1Moral Reasoning in Language Models LLM Safety Alignment
Shanghai Artiﬁcial Intelligence Laboratory, Shanghai, China
Caught in the Story: Narrative Captivity in Multi-turn LLMs Conversation
Sep 3, 2026Yuhe Wu, Guangyu Wang, Yujie Chen +7Moral Reasoning in Language Models LLM Reliability
1The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou) · 2The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen · 3Dongbei University of Finance and Economics
Synthetic Persona Pretraining: Alignment from Token Zero
Aug 13, 2026Julian Minder, Viktor Moskvoretskii, Raghav Singhal +12Synthetic Data Pretraining LLM Alignment
EPFL · SJTU · Northeastern University +8
Follow the Norm: Accounting for Fine-Tuning and Prompt Effects on Model Rationales
Aug 13, 2026Long Hoang Nguyen, Brice Valentin Kok-Shun, Guangyu Du +1Moral Reasoning in Language Models Normative Conformity in Language Models
1Technical University of Munich · University of Auckland
Toward Human Rights Benchmarking for LLMs: A Pilot Methodology
Aug 10, 2026Savannah Thais, Wm. Matthew Kennedy, Abhigyan Acherjee +3LLM Evaluation Moral Reasoning in Language Models
Hunter College, New York, USA · Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, UK · King’s College London, UK +2
CORDA: A Benchmark for Hierarchical Harm-Centric Moral Reasoning in Large Language Models
Aug 8, 2026Siddarth Singh, Victoria Williams, Simon Rosen +6LLM Evaluation Moral Reasoning in Language Models
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Contextual Value Alignment via Multilayer Combinatorial Fusion
Aug 7, 2026Yuanhong Wu, Djallel Bouneffouf, D. Frank HsuLLM Alignment Moral Reasoning in Language Models
Dept. of Computer and Information Science, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA · T. J. Watson Research Center, IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA
The Judgment-Consequence Gap: LLM Moral Reasoning in Healthcare Decisions
Aug 6, 2026Hadi Hosseini, Samarth Khanna, Leona PierceMoral Reasoning in Language Models Clinical Decision-Making
Pennsylvania State University
Beyond Sycophancy: Structured Resistance and Compliance in LLM Moral Reasoning
Jul 23, 2026Baihui Wang, Bernard KochLLM Sycophancy Moral Reasoning in Language Models
University of Chicago · 2Yale School of Management
A Unified Moral-Value Dataset for Instruction Tuning
Jul 23, 2026Zhaohui Zeng, Florian MaiLLM Alignment Moral Reasoning in Language Models
1RWTH Aachen · University of Bonn · 3Lamarr Institute for Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence
Which Values Do LLMs Confuse? A Schwartz-Based Recognition Study
Jul 22, 2026Andrei Chetvergov, Stepan Ukolov, Timofei Sivoraksha +5LLM Evaluation Moral Reasoning in Language Models
Ivannikov Institute for System Programming of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia · Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia
Don't Want Your LLM to Recommend Nuclear Strike? Try Asking It in Japanese
Jul 21, 2026Rian TouchentMoral Reasoning in Language Models Language Model Safety Evaluation
ALMAnaCH · Sorbonne Université / INRIA Paris ALMAnaCH Team
Pancasila-Dilemmas: Evaluating Large Language Models on Indonesian Human Value Dilemmas Grounded in Pancasila
Jul 20, 2026Supryadi, Irfan, Julianti +4LLM Evaluation LLM Alignment
TJUNLP Lab, School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University, China · Universitas Universal, Indonesia · Beijing Language and Culture University, Beijing, China +2
A Geometric Perspective on Stabilizing Value Conflict Resolution
Jul 20, 2026Saket Reddy, Andy LiuLLM Alignment Moral Reasoning in Language Models
Supervised Program for Alignment Research (SPAR) · University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign · Carnegie Mellon University
MET: Theory-Grounded and Culture-Aware Multilingual Moral Reasoning
Jul 13, 2026Ayoung Lee, Ryan Kwon, Yunxiang Zhang +3Multilingual Language Model Evaluation Moral Reasoning in Language Models
Department of Computer Science and Engineering · Department of Philosophy
Toward Contemplative LLM: A Modular Framework for Evaluating and Enhancing LLM Alignment in Mental Health
Jul 12, 2026Asher Sprigler, Yang-Yang Feng, Iftach Amir +5LLM Alignment Moral Reasoning in Language Models
Electrical and Computer Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA · Biomedical Engineering Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis, MO, USA · Psychological & Brain Sciences Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis, MO, USA +3
Two Confounds in Cross-Model Value Comparison: Response Determinism and the Access Harness
Jul 11, 2026Hong-In Won, Jinseok Jang, Hyoseop KimLLM Evaluation Moral Reasoning in Language Models
KITECH, Incheon, Republic of Korea · National Research Council of Science and Technology (NST), Sejong, Republic of Korea · KITECH, Daegu, Republic of Korea
Validity of LLMs as data annotators: AMALIA on authority
Jul 9, 2026Manuel PitaMultilingual Language Model Evaluation Moral Reasoning in Language Models
Artificial Intelligence, Social Interaction and Complexity Laboratory · CICANT, Universidade Lusófona
The yes-no bias of large language models reflects answer order and wording, not shifts in moral judgment
Jul 6, 2026Haonan HuangMoral Reasoning in Language Models Framing Effects in Language Models
Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
NormWorlds-CF: Solver-Verified Counterfactual Normative Reasoning with Metamorphic-Relation GRPO
Jul 4, 2026Xinqi ZhangCounterfactual Evaluation Moral Reasoning in Language Models
Tsinghua University
Can LLMs Imagine Moral Alternatives Beyond Binary Dilemmas?
Jun 30, 2026Jongchan Choi, Nari Yang, Sung Soo Park +4LLM Evaluation Moral Reasoning in Language Models
1Korea University · 2XenoStep AI · 3Hankuk University of Foreign Studies
Aristotelian Virtue Profiling of LLMs through Ethical Dilemmas
Jun 27, 2026Ioannis Tzachristas, John PavlopoulosLLM Evaluation Moral Reasoning in Language Models
1Technical University of Munich, Germany · 2Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece · 3Archimedes, Athena Research Center, Greece
Narration-of-Thought: Inference-Time Scaffolding for Defeasible Ethical Reasoning in Large Language Models
Jun 24, 2026Patrick Cooper, Alvaro VelasquezStructured Prompting Moral Reasoning in Language Models
Department of Computer Science University of Colorado Boulder

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Justice After Identity: Large Language Models and the View from Everywhere

W. Russell Neuman

Moral Reasoning in Language Models Moral Reasoning Human-AI Decision Making Algorithmic Fairness

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The search for a common view of justice and fairness has challenged human collective activity, as our diverging judgments are unavoidably shaped by the self-interests of social position, personal benefit, cultural inheritance, and historical circumstance. John Rawls famously attempted to overcome this limitation through popularizing a philosophical tradition known by the phrase "the original position" - a thought experiment by which people select principles of justice without knowing the identities or advantages they will possess. Critics, however, have long questioned whether people can meaningfully suspend their social identities and suppress morally relevant forms of lived experience. Artificial intelligence engaged to calculate algorithmic and agentic fairness introduces a novel possibility. LLMs have no singular class, race, gender, nationality, or biography, yet their parameters encode linguistic representations of a vast range of human identities and moral traditions. Perhaps the ethical judgments of LLMs could approximate an integrative original position - a "view from everywhere" generated not by excluding social identities but by computationally incorporating their diversity.It is unlikely that humankind will "hand over the keys" to computational systems by simply delegating complete agentic control of distributive and procedural collective processes. But AI may play a role, perhaps a positive one, interacting with individual and collective human judgment as we often confront increasingly polarized views on what is fair and just. We present data comparing human, base model, and frontier/fine-tuned model judgments about classic moral dilemmas while systematically varying identity relationships and Rawlsian constraints on identity. We conclude by speculating whether, if advanced AI systems provide humans with thoughtful advice, humans would actually be likely to accept it.

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