Clinical Decision-Making

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Overview

Clinical decision-making is the process of choosing tests, diagnoses, treatments, and care plans from evidence that may be incomplete or uncertain, with consequences for patient outcomes and resource use. Approaches include clinical prediction models, causal and individualized treatment-effect methods, decision-focused optimization, and sequential policies that balance gathering more information against acting or deferring. Large language models and multi-agent systems are increasingly evaluated for interactive tasks such as history-taking, triage, longitudinal record review, and treatment planning, often with retrieval, uncertainty estimates, or clinician oversight. A central challenge is that strong diagnostic or benchmark scores do not ensure safe, stable, fair decisions in real workflows, especially when evidence is missing, patient context shifts, or the costs of errors differ.

Latest papers

CardsList

130 papers21 papers in the last four weeks, up 50% on the four weeks before. 0.1% of all new papers.

  1. TCM-DiagCommit: A TCM-SD-Derived Benchmark for Evidence-Conditioned Syndrome Selection and Commitment

    Oct 27, 2026Erwei Hou, Yue HuClinical Language Model EvaluationClinical Decision-Making

    Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China

  2. Patient-specific rubric-based evaluation of large language models across longitudinal cancer care

    Oct 26, 2026Wei-Wei Zhang, Pengkai Wang, Yan Li +13Clinical Language Model EvaluationMedical LLMs

    Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. · Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China. · Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. +2

  3. The Patient Is Always Right? Evaluating Sycophancy in Medical Diagnosis with Graded Patient Beliefs

    Oct 25, 2026Viswonathan Manoranjan, Andrea Mock, Myra Cheng +4LLM SycophancyClinical Language Model Evaluation

    University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill · Vals AI · Stanford University +2

  4. Consistent but Biased: Chair Personas Trade Noise for Bias in Multi-Agent Clinical Decisions

    Oct 22, 2026Yitong Bai, Chengyi Zhang, Ziyang WangLLM AgentsClinical Decision-Making

    Columbia University · Swansea University · Aston University

  5. RetiJev: Fast and Source-Grounded Ophthalmic Decision Models

    Oct 22, 2026Bo Liu, Lianyu Wang, Meng Wang +2OphthalmologyClinical Decision Support

    Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore. · Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore. · University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. +3

  6. Evaluating Type-1 Diabetes Digital Twins by Decision Quality

    Oct 22, 2026Victor Li, Owen Tucker, Michael S. Hughes +2Digital TwinsClinical Decision-Making

    Department of Computer Science, Emory University · School of Medicine, Emory University

  7. ClinSDT: LLM-Encoded Clinical Semantic Guidance for Sepsis Treatment via Decision Transformer

    Oct 18, 2026Yanyan Wu, Guanyu Zhu, Changbin Zhao +7HealthcareClinical Decision-Making

    South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China · The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States

  8. Native Probability Outputs for Clinical Triage: An Evaluation of Calibration and Decision Accuracy

    Oct 17, 2026Liang You, Zhiyin Zhou, Dawei Tang +2Clinical Language Model EvaluationClinical Triage

    University of Pittsburgh · Pratt Institute · Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai +2

  9. From Prediction to Action: Population Health World Model for Digital Medicine

    Oct 17, 2026Xike Xie, Yu Li, Weizhong Yang +2Action-Conditioned World ModelsClinical Decision-Making

    School of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China · Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of Group Health Technology - MIRACLE Lab, USTC Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China · Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Multimodal Digital Twin Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China +6

  10. EGIP: An Evidence-Grounded Interaction Protocol for Clinical Agents

    Oct 17, 2026Zecheng Ren, Ruichen Cong, Yi Min Chen +8Evidence-Grounded ReasoningClinical Decision-Making

    Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan · Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

  11. Indirect Influences of Artificial Intelligence Advice on Complex Sepsis Treatment Decisions

    Oct 16, 2026Venkatesh Sivaraman, Joel Levin, Eric P. Mason +6AI-Assisted Decision MakingHuman-AI Decision Making

    Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States · Rady School of Management, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States · Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States +3

  12. Learning Who Benefits Most: Multi-Treatment Causal Ranking for Population Health Stratification

    Oct 14, 2026Rocco Zaccagnino, Martina Girolamo, Alberto Lombardi +3Clinical Decision-MakingCausal Inference

    University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy · Local Health Authority of Benevento, Benevento, Italy · University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA

  13. How Reliable Are System-One Decisions in Medicine? A Comparative Study of Jev, Jev-like Models, and LLMs

    Oct 13, 2026Yanrui Du, Danyang Zhao, Sendong Zhao +6Clinical Decision-MakingLLM Reliability

    Harbin Institute of Technology · Ant Group

  14. Reinforcement Learning In Partially Verifiable Environments for Colon Cancer Treatment Planning

    Oct 12, 2026Li-Ching Chen, Andrés Franco Valiente, Yuta Ishiyama +7Clinical Decision-MakingRL for Language Models

    University of California, San Francisco · Weill Cancer Hub West · Vokram Inc. +1

  15. Online Individualized Treatment Selection under Partial Feedback: False Discovery Control and Minimax Optimality

    Oct 12, 2026Runzhe Gu, Zinan Zhao, Wenguang Sun +1FDR ControlMinimax Regret

    Center for Data Science, Zhejiang University · Department of Statistics, University of Michigan

  16. Is a 9B Decision Foundation Model Needed for Symptom-to-Disease Classification? Fine-Tuning Clef-Flash Against TF-IDF Baselines

    Oct 10, 2026S. M. Mahbub Uddin AhmedMedical DiagnosisClinical Decision-Making

    Department of Computer Science and Engineering, United International University

  17. Decide, Ask, or Defer: Clinical LLMs under Incomplete Evidence

    Oct 3, 2026Mingzhan Yang, Weili WuClinical Decision-MakingClinical Language Model Evaluation

    Department of Computer Science University of Texas at Dallas Richardson, TX 75080

  18. TrustMed-RL: Long-Horizon Reinforcement Learning for Evidence-Grounded Clinical Diagnosis

    Oct 3, 2026Wenxin Zhan, Yizheng Jiao, Haifeng Song +4Medical DiagnosisClinical Decision-Making

    Department of Information Systems and Statistics, Baruch College · Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill · Tsinghua University +2

  19. Counterfactual Auditing of Bias in Open-Source Large Language Models for Clinical Triage

    Oct 1, 2026Manar Aljohani, Brandon Ho, Kenneth McKinley +2Clinical Decision-MakingLanguage Model Bias Evaluation

    Department of Computer Science Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, US · Division of Emergency Medicine University of Washington and Seattle Children’s Hospital Seattle, WA, USA · Children’s National Hospital Washington DC, USA

  20. Patient-Centered Treatment Planning for Chronic Multimorbidity: A Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning Framework for Preference Modeling

    Sep 30, 2026Nafiseh Payani, Soham Das, G. Anthony Wilson +1HealthcareHierarchical RL

    Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA · Department of Industrial Engineering at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA

  21. Sense and Sensitivity: Benchmarking LLM Clinical Triage Recommendations with Physician Experts

    Sep 29, 2026Abinitha Gourabathina, Haoran Zhang, Yuexing Hao +2Clinical TriageClinical Decision-Making

    Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science · Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Computer Science

  22. KlinikeBench: Evaluating Language Models Beyond Diagnostic Accuracy

    Sep 29, 2026Xueting Fang, Zehui Li, Yang Yang +5Clinical Decision-MakingMulti-Turn Dialogue Evaluation

    Zhejiang University · Imperial College London · Nanchang University +2

  23. Can LLMs Value the Right Evidence? Evidence-Value Misalignment in Dynamic Medical Diagnosis

    Sep 28, 2026Kehua Feng, Yunsheng Lu, Yitong Qiao +5LLM EvaluationEvidence-Grounded Reasoning

    Zhejiang University · Ant Healthcare, Ant Group

  24. DynamicDx: Evaluating Evidence Acquisition in Video-Based Diagnosis

    Sep 26, 2026Jiahui Li, Yutong Guo, Nan Yang +3Medical DiagnosisMedical VLMs

    University of Georgia, Athens, USA · Beijing Luhe Hospital, Beijing, China

  25. OpenTumorBoard: A Real-World Benchmark of Multidisciplinary Tumor Board Discussion Trajectories

    Sep 26, 2026Anqi Li, Zhixuan Ge, Yixuan Duan +9Clinical Decision-MakingOncology

    Rice University · University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign · University of Washington +3

  26. AnesTRACE: Benchmarking Intraoperative Anesthesia from Multimodal Perception to Multi-step Decision-Making

    Sep 26, 2026Ziwei Huang, Qi Gao, Zhe Ji +5HealthcareClinical Decision Support

    School of Software Technology, Zhejiang University · Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine · School of Software, Central South University +1

  27. ConsultMind:Towards Automated Diagnostic Consultation via Uncertainty-Aware Reasoning

    Sep 25, 2026Xiao Sun, Yuming Yang, Yun Chen +9Medical DiagnosisClinical Decision-Making

    College of Computer Science, Chongqing University · College of Computer Science, Hunan University · Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences +5

  28. An auditable conditional-strategy framework for open-ended decision-making in complex lung cancer

    Sep 24, 2026Daoyun Wang, Zhicheng Huang, Huaiyuan Sun +39Clinical Decision SupportClinical Decision-Making

  29. Misaligned Clinical Risk Classification and Cost Asymmetry in Open-Weight Large Language Models

    Sep 21, 2026Star S. D. Liu, Xiyu Ding, Robert B. Barrett +3Cost-Sensitive LearningLLM Interpretability

    Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA · Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA · National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

  30. Japanese Stroke LLM Evaluation: A Conversational Benchmark for Safe Stroke Care in Japanese Using Large Language Models

    Sep 15, 2026Keisuke Masuda, Kazutaka Yatsushiro, Hirohumi Iwamoto +2LLM Safety BenchmarksHealthcare

    Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan · Department of Neurology, Imamura General Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan · Iwamoto Neurosurgery, Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan +1