Open-Set Recognition

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Open-set recognition studies how models can classify known categories without forcing unfamiliar inputs into those categories, a need in settings such as medical diagnosis, security, and ecological monitoring. Common approaches use calibrated confidence, energy or distance scores, metric learning and prototypes; newer systems also use vision-language models, retrieval, and explicit negative examples. Work spans images, video, audio, text, biometrics, and object detection, with methods for rejecting unknowns as well as discovering and learning new classes. A central challenge is balancing accurate known-class predictions with reliable rejection under domain shift, while calibrating thresholds and evaluating them without access to representative unknown data.

Latest papers

69 papers9 papers in the last four weeks, up 50% on the four weeks before. 0.1% of all new papers.

CITADEL: CSI-Based Jamming Detection and Open-Set Classification for IIoT Networks
Jun 22, 2026Aymen Bouferroum, Ildi Alla, Valeria Loscri +2Adversarial Robustness Internet of Things
FUN · Inria Lille-Nord Europe, Lille, France · uni.lu +3
PHOEBI: An Open-World Benchmark for Multi-Label Bacterial Identification in Phase-Contrast Microscopy
Jun 22, 2026Aaditya Baranwal, Md Jahid Hasan, Shruti VyasPrototype-Based Classification Multi-Label Classification
Institute of Artificial Intelligence, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
Toward Open-Set Speaker Attribute Prediction with Keyword-Appended LLM Embeddings
Jun 20, 2026Byoungjun So, Jaejun Lee, Kyogu LeeAudio Representation Learning Speech Processing
Department of Intelligence and Information, Seoul National University · Interdisciplinary Program in Artificial Intelligence, Seoul National University · Artificial Intelligence Institute, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
Out-of-Distribution (OOD) Detectors for Open-Set RF Fingerprinting
Jun 10, 2026Sudeepta Mondal, Ganesh SundaramoorthiOpen-Set Recognition OOD Detection
RTX Technology Research Center (RTRC).
Dual-Branch Gated Fusion for Open-Set Audio Deepfake Source Tracing
Jun 8, 2026Awais Khan, Kutub Uddin, Khalid MalikAudio Representation Learning Audio Deepfake Detection
College of Innovation and Technology, University of Michigan, Flint, MI, USA · ProbeTruth Inc., MI, USA
SafeECGMatch: Calibration-Aware Joint Frequency and Time Space Semi-Supervised Learning for Open-Set ECG Classification
Jun 6, 2026Hongkyu Koh, Ikbeom JangProbability Calibration Open-Set Recognition
Hankuk University of Foreign Studies · Yongin, Republic of Korea
A Closer Look at In-Distribution vs. Out-of-Distribution Accuracy for Open-Set Test-time Adaptation
Jun 1, 2026Zefeng Li, Evan ShelhamerTest-Time Adaptation Open-Set Recognition
University of British Columbia and Vector Institute
Beyond the Simplex: Balanced Prototype Geometry for Scorer-Agnostic Open-Set Recognition
Jun 1, 2026Mayank Sharma, Rohit Kumar MouryaPrototype-Based Classification Neural Representation Geometry
Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur
HOLA: Holistic Multi-Modal Alignment for Open-Set 3D Recognition
May 31, 2026Koby Aharonov, Oren Shrout, Ayellet TalContrastive Learning Open-Set Recognition
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Immuno-VLM: Immunizing Large Vision-Language Models via Generative Semantic Antibodies for Open-World Trustworthiness
May 29, 2026Xiang Fang, Wanlong Fang, Wei JiVLM Robustness Large Vision-Language Models
School of Software Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology · Nanyang Technological University, Singapore · Nanjing University
Open World Autoencoding Drift Detection with Novel Class Recognition in Tabular Non-stationary Data Streams
May 28, 2026Joanna KomorniczakConcept Drift Autoencoders
Department of Systems and Computer Networks, Wrocław University of Science and Technology
Not All Inputs Are Valid: Towards Open-Set Video Moment Retrieval Using Language
May 28, 2026Xiang Fang, Wanlong Fang, Daizong Liu +8Temporal Video Grounding Open-Set Recognition
Huazhong University of Science and Technology · Peking University · Zhejiang Gongshang University +4
DualMem: Bypassing the Objectness Bottleneck for Calibrated Unknown-Stream Filtering in Open-World Object Detection
May 22, 2026Yingjun Xiao, Xi Chen, Gang Fang +1Open-Vocabulary Object Detection Open-Set Recognition
a · School of Artificial Intelligence, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China · b +3
A Systematic Failure Analysis of Vision Foundation Models for Open Set Iris Presentation Attack Detection
May 18, 2026Rahul Anand, Siddharth Singh, Dileep A D +2Vision Foundation Models Open-Set Recognition
Indian Institute of Technology, Dharwad, India. · SAFE Center, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway. · Indian Institute of Information Technology Dharwad, India.
Evidence-Guided Unknown Rejection for High-Confidence Near-Known Unknowns
May 18, 2026Xi Chen, Yingjun Xiao, Gang FangOpen-Set Recognition Classification
School of Computer Science and Cyber Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China · School of Computer Science and Cyber Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China · School of Artificial Intelligence, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China +3
WOW-Seg: A Word-free Open World Segmentation Model
May 16, 2026Danyang Li, Tianhao Wu, Bin Li +5Image Segmentation Open-Set Recognition
2VCIP, CS, Nankai University · 1NKIARI, Shenzhen Futian · 3AAIS, Nankai University +2
Community-aware evaluation and threshold calibration for open-set plankton image recognition
May 15, 2026Xi Chen, Eryuan Huang, Yingjun Xiao +1Open-Set Recognition OOD Detection
School of Computer Science and Cyber Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China · School of Computer Science and Cyber Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China · School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China +5
ICDAR 2026 Competition on Writer Identification and Pen Classification from Hand-Drawn Circles
May 8, 2026Thomas Gorges, Janne van der Loop, Lukas Hüttner +4Biometric Identification OOD Generalization
Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany · Buchwissenschaft, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany
Hyp2Former: Hierarchy-Aware Hyperbolic Embeddings for Open-Set Panoptic Segmentation
May 4, 2026Yao Lu, Rohit Mohan, Florian Drews +2Image Segmentation Panoptic Segmentation
Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, Germany · Bosch Research, Robert Bosch GmbH, Germany
Beyond Known Objects: A Novel Framework for Open-Set Object Detection using Negative-Aware Norm
May 4, 2026Yuchen Zhang, Yao Lu, Johannes BetzAutonomous Driving Perception Open-Set Recognition
TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; Munich Institute of Robotics and Machine Intelligence (MIRMI)
DMDSC: A Dynamic-Margin Deep Simplex Classifier for Open-Set Recognition on Medical Image Datasets
May 1, 2026Vishal, Arnav Aditya, Nitin Kumar +1Class-Imbalanced Learning Open-Set Recognition
Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Delhi NCR, India
DeepTaxon: An Interpretable Retrieval-Augmented Multimodal Framework for Unified Species Identification and Discovery
Apr 27, 2026Jiawei Wang, Ming Lei, Yaning Yang +8Retrieval-Augmented Classification AI-Assisted Scientific Research
National University of Singapore · Hunan University · Xiangtan University +4
Energy-Based Open-Set Active Learning for Object Classification
Apr 22, 2026Zongyao Lyu, William J. BeksiActive Learning Open-Set Recognition
The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington TX 76019, USA
DINO Eats CLIP: Adapting Beyond Knowns for Open-set 3D Object Retrieval
Apr 21, 2026Xinwei He, Yansong Zheng, Qianru Han +7Multi-View Learning Vision Foundation Model Adaptation
Huazhong Agricultural University · Huazhong University of Science and Technology · Shenzhen University
IncreFA: Breaking the Static Wall of Generative Model Attribution
Apr 20, 2026Haotian Qin, Dongliang Chang, Yueying Gao +3Continual Learning Open-Set Recognition
School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China · Tsinghua University, China
Layout-Aware Representation Learning for Open-Set ID Fraud Discovery
Apr 17, 2026Jinxing Li, Nicholas Ren, Cathy Chang +2Image Forgery Detection Visual Representation Learning
Persona Identities
CXR-LT 2026 Challenge: Multi-Center Long-Tailed and Zero Shot Chest X-ray Classification
Apr 16, 2026Hexin Dong, Yi Lin, Pengyu Zhou +25Zero-Shot Learning Long-Tailed Classification
Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA · Department of Radiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China · Department of Radiology, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Sichuan University Affiliated Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China +20
Open-Set Vein Biometric Recognition with Deep Metric Learning
Apr 16, 2026Paweł Pilarek, Marcel Musiałek, Anna GórskaBiometric Identification Domain Generalization
Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
Rapid LoRA Aggregation for Wireless Channel Adaptation in Open-Set Radio Frequency Fingerprinting
Apr 14, 2026Mingxi Zhang, Renjie Xie, Jincheng Wang +2RF Fingerprint Identification Open-Set Recognition
School of Internet of Things, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China · School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China · National Mobile Communications Research Lab, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
RPM-Net Reciprocal Point MLP Network for Unknown Network Security Threat Detection
Apr 8, 2026Jiachen Zhang, Yueming Lu, Fan Feng +3Network Intrusion Detection OOD Detection
School of Cyberspace Security, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications · Guangxi Key Laboratory of Digital Infrastructure, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Information Center

Jun 22, 2026J/K move · Enter open · S save

CITADEL: CSI-Based Jamming Detection and Open-Set Classification for IIoT Networks

Aymen Bouferroum, Ildi Alla, Valeria Loscri, Abderrahim Benslimane+1

FUN · Inria Lille-Nord Europe, Lille, France · uni.lu+3

Adversarial Robustness Internet of Things Open-Set Recognition Wireless Communications Industrial Internet of Things

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Radio frequency jamming poses a critical threat to the availability of wireless Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) networks. Existing detection and classification techniques are poorly suited to this setting: coarse signal-strength and cross-layer features lack information richness, while raw I/Q baseband approaches require hardware and throughput that is impractical at the scale of hundred-node IIoT deployments. This paper presents CITADEL, a lightweight two-stage hierarchical pipeline that uses only Channel State Information (CSI) measurements, which are natively available on commodity IIoT devices, to detect and classify jamming attacks including previously unseen ones. While prior work has shown that jamming leaves observable CSI signatures, CITADEL is the first system to translate this insight into an end-to-end pipeline that jointly achieves closed-set classification of known attacks, open-set detection of zero-day attacks, and resistance to adversarial evasion. Evaluated across 6 known attack types and 15 zero-day scenarios, CITADEL achieves 100% known-attack detection and 97.1% zero-day detection at a 0.4% end-to-end false positive rate. Under adversarial evaluation spanning white-box and black-box threat models, gradient-based evasion remains below 2% across all tested perturbation budgets and the strongest published CSI attack generator achieves less than 5% average evasion. A systematic comparison against eight baselines confirms that no existing method achieves comparable performance on CSI data across all three axes: detection, generalization, and robustness. The full pipeline completes inference in 14.2 ms at 95.9 mJ on an edge GPU, establishing CITADEL as a practical solution for large-scale IIoT network security.