Virtual Sensing

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Overview

Virtual sensing infers hidden states or missing measurements from available signals, improving monitoring and control when physical sensors are sparse, costly, or impractical. Common approaches include soft sensors and latent-variable models, physics-informed neural networks and digital twins, graph neural operators for spatial systems, and Kalman-style filters for online estimation. Applications span structures, energy networks, batteries, traffic, fluid flows, and robot interaction. Benchmarks show no single model works best everywhere, while robustness to sensor failures and changing conditions, reliable uncertainty estimates, and the trade-off between accuracy and computational energy remain open challenges.

Latest papers

CardsList

23 papers3 papers in the last four weeks, level with the four weeks before. 0.0% of all new papers.

  1. Leveraging Distributed Sensing and Hyperdimensional Computing for Non-Line-of-Sight Passive Object Sensing

    Oct 27, 2026Placido Mursia, Marco Rossanese, Francesco Devoti +4Robotic PerceptionVirtual Sensing

    NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany. · Univeristy of Bedfordshire, Luton, United Kingdom. · NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany, i2CAT Foundation, Barcelona, Spain, and ICREA Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.

  2. AgentSoV: Virtual Sensing for LLM Multi-Agent Systems via Stream of Variation

    Oct 17, 2026Congjing Zhang, Siyuan Xu, Yunfei Bai +3Multi-Agent LLM SystemsMulti-Agent Systems

    Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, University of Washington · Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University · Amazon

  3. Towards a GraphNARX model for structural dynamics

    Oct 16, 2026George Tsialiamanis, Keith WordenNonlinear System IdentificationTime Series Modeling

    Dynamics Research Group, School of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Civil Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, Mappin St, Sheffield, United Kingdom

  4. Probabilistic Sensing, Deterministic Authority: Admitting Model-Produced Observations into Sufficiency-Checked Governance Contracts

    Oct 7, 2026Gaston BesansonAI GovernanceDecision-Making under Uncertainty

    Universidad Torcuato Di Tella

  5. Energy-efficient operation of neural operators for virtual sensing

    Sep 24, 2026Jason Yoo, Samrendra Roy, Souvik Chakraborty +1Energy-Efficient MLEfficient Neural Network Inference

    Nuclear, Plasma & Radiological Engineering Department, Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA · Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India · Yardi School of Artificial Intelligence, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India +1

  6. Underwater Navigation in Unsteady Flows Using Measurement Histories from a Single Sensing Unit

    Sep 22, 2026Linhao Jin, Qimin Feng, Peter Gunnarson +1Autonomous Underwater NavigationVirtual Sensing

    School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

  7. Reliable Virtual Sensing: A Multi-Domain Benchmark for Robustness Under Sensor Failures

    Sep 16, 2026Jens U. Brandt, Noah C. Puetz, Alexander Windmann +4Cyber-Physical SystemsVirtual Sensing

    TH Köln · Leiden University · Helmut Schmidt University +1

  8. MoRF-AST: Calibrated Probabilistic Virtual Sensing for Structural Monitoring under Changing Operating Conditions

    Aug 25, 2026Wingho Feng, Quanwang Li, Ming Zhong +2Virtual SensingStructural Health Monitoring

    Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China · Xiandai Investment Co., Ltd., Changsha 410004, China

  9. Low-Latency Activation-Regularized Sparse Neural Operators with Distillation Assistance Towards Real-Time Neuromorphic Virtual Sensing

    Aug 25, 2026William Howes, Farid Ahmed, Syed Bahauddin AlamActivation SparsityNeuromorphic Computing

    Grainger College of Engineering, Nuclear, Plasma & Radiological Engineering Department, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA · National Center for Supercomputing Applications, Urbana, IL, USA

  10. Simulation-Driven Vehicular Traffic Data Augmentation: Extending Sensor Coverage Through Virtual Sensing

    Aug 14, 2026Davide Andrea Guastella, Eladio Montero Porras, Evangelos Pournaras +1Data AugmentationSynthetic Data Augmentation

    Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, LIS, Marseille, France · Machine Learning Group, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium · WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium +1

  11. Virtual Temperature Sensors in Power Transformers Using Neural Ordinary Differential Equations

    Aug 13, 2026Berk Hadzhamolla, Alexander Johannes Stasik, Signe Riemer-SørensenPhysics-Informed MLNeural ODEs

    University of Oslo, Oslo, 0316, Norway · 2,3 SINTEF AS, Department of Mathematics and Cybernetics, Oslo, Norway · Department of Data Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, ˚As, Norway

  12. Bridging battery design and health assessment through virtual sensing and physics-informed learning

    Jul 18, 2026Wendi Guo, Søren Byg Vilsen, Daniel Ioan Stroe +4RUL EstimationMaterials Science

    Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Sweden · Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, Denmark · Department of Energy, Aalborg University, Denmark +2

  13. Information Density as a Quantitative Measure for AI-enabled Virtual Sensing: Feasibility and Limits

    May 5, 2026Hrishikesh Dutta, Roberto Minerva, Reza Farahbakhsh +1Virtual Sensing

    Data Intelligence and Communication Engineering Lab, Telecom SudParis, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, France

  14. Equation-Free Digital Twins for Nonlinear Structural Dynamics

    May 1, 2026Mohammad Mahdi Abaei, Ahmad BahooToroody, Arttu Polojärvi +4Koopman Operator LearningNonlinear System Identification

    Department of Mechanical Engineering, Marine Technology and Arctic Group, Aalto University, Finland · Independent Expert, Digital Twin Technology, Ribe, Denmark · Institute for Risk and Reliability, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany

  15. PiGGO: Physics-Guided Learnable Graph Kalman Filters for Virtual Sensing of Nonlinear Dynamic Structures under Uncertainty

    Apr 29, 2026Marcus Haywood-Alexander, Gregory Duthé, Eleni ChatziPhysics-Informed MLVirtual Sensing

    aDepartment of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli Strasse 5, 8049, Zürich, Switzerland · bFuture Resilient Systems, Singapore-ETH Centre, Singapore, Singapore

  16. Neuroscience Inspired Graph Operators Towards Edge-Deployable Virtual Sensing for Irregular Geometries

    Apr 17, 2026William Howes, Farid Ahmed, Kazuma Kobayashi +2Edge ComputingGraph Neural Operators

    Grainger College of Engineering, Nuclear, Plasma & Radiological Engineering Department, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA · Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India · Yardi School of Artificial Intelligence, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi +1

  17. Enhancing the interpretability of spatially variable N2O model predictions with soft sensors during wastewater treatment

    Apr 15, 2026Mohammad Raeisi Gahrouei, Pedram Ramin, Vincenzo A. Riggio +1Virtual SensingInterpretable ML

    Infrastructure and Environment, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom · DIATI, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Torino, Italy · PROSYS, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark

  18. Virtual Smart Metering in District Heating Networks via Heterogeneous Spatial-Temporal Graph Neural Networks

    Apr 11, 2026Keivan Faghih Niresi, Christian Møller Jensen, Carsten Skovmose Kallesøe +2Virtual SensingSpatiotemporal GNNs

    Intelligent Maintenance and Operations Systems Lab., EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland · Department of Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark · Grundfos Holding A/S, Denmark

  19. Real-Time Sensing of Inaccessible Physical Fields via an Edge-Deployable Hardware-Portable Graph Neural Operator

    Apr 2, 2026William Howes, Jason Yoo, Kazuma Kobayashi +4Graph Neural OperatorsNeural Operators

    Grainger College of Engineering, Nuclear, Plasma & Radiological Engineering Department, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA · Yardi School of Artificial Intelligence, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi · Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India +1

  20. A Multi-Modal Sensor Fusion Instrument for Measuring Regional Human Mobility: The Distributed Human Data Engine (DHDE)

    Mar 23, 2026Amil Khanzada, Takuji TakemotoMultimodal Sensor FusionVirtual Sensing

    Specially Appointed Assistant Professor, Headquarters for Regional Revitalization, University of Fukui, Japan. · Professor, Headquarters for Regional Revitalization, University of Fukui, Japan.

  21. MuViS: Multimodal Virtual Sensing Benchmark

    Mar 13, 2026Jens U. Brandt, Noah C. Puetz, Jobel Jose George +5Virtual SensingMultimodal Model Evaluation

    TH Köln, Germany. · Leiden University, Netherlands. · Toyota Racing, Germany.

  22. Slack More, Predict Better: Proximal Relaxation for Probabilistic Latent Variable Model-based Soft Sensors

    Mar 12, 2026Zehua Zou, Yiran Ma, Yulong Zhang +5Latent Variable ModelsVariational Inference

    the Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou 311115, China · the State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, College of Control science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China · the College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China +4

  23. Minimalist Compliance Control

    Mar 1, 2026Haochen Shi, Songbo Hu, Yifan Hou +3Compliant Robot ControlVirtual Sensing

    Stanford University