Adaptive Model Routing

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Overview

Adaptive model routing studies how to choose, combine, or escalate among models and expert modules for each input instead of relying on one fixed predictor. Common approaches include learned gates and mixture-of-experts, confidence- and uncertainty-based cascades, contextual bandits, and routers using query features or model activations; they are used in settings from LLM serving to edge-cloud inference and time-series forecasting. The goal is to retain strong performance while reducing calls to expensive models, compute, or latency, often under changing budgets and workloads. A central challenge is making reliable, calibrated decisions on unfamiliar inputs and under distribution shift, since routers can learn broad model rankings without predicting which model will succeed on a particular case.

Latest papers

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91 papers12 papers in the last four weeks, up 100% on the four weeks before. 0.1% of all new papers.

  1. EvoRouter: Cost-Efficient Multi-Agent Routing via Insight-Guided On-Policy Distillation

    Oct 26, 2026Yitao Xiao, Xu Zhang, Ye Cheng +6LLM Agent RoutingAdaptive Model Routing

    Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China · Fudan University, Shanghai Innovation Institute, Shanghai, China · Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

  2. Residual Expert Routing for Text-Only Domain Adaptation of Factorized Transducer ASR

    Oct 23, 2026Shashi Kumar, Esaú Villatoro-Tello, Thibault Bañeras-Roux +4Domain Adaptation for ASRDomain Adaptation

    Idiap Research Institute, Martigny, Switzerland · EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland · Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic +1

  3. Know When to Escalate: Critic-Guided Adaptive Execution for Cloud-Local Embodied Agents

    Oct 22, 2026Wei Zhang, Lirong Xiang, Charles FlemingEmbodied AIAdaptive Model Routing

    University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign · Cornell University · Cisco

  4. From Comparison to Selection: Enhancing Cross-Scale Generalization of Pointer Networks Trained with Reinforcement Learning for for Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem

    Oct 20, 2026Sofiene Lassoued, Devara Tertia, Stefan Lier +1Pointer NetworksCombinatorial Optimization

    South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, Automation Technology and Learning Systems Luebecker Ring 2, Soest, 59494, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany · South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, Logistik und Supply Chain Management Lindenstr.53, Meschede, 59872, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

  5. Alliance of Stochastic Routing and Reinforcement Fusion for Multi-Model Reasoning

    Oct 16, 2026Selim Furkan Tekin, Ling LiuMultimodal Model RoutingAdaptive Model Routing

    Georgia Institute of Technology

  6. Handoff Curves: Initial Selection, Later Handoff, and Supervision Targets in Multi-turn LLM Routing

    Oct 11, 2026Daniel Matos, Lu Liu, Yanfeng ZhangAdaptive Model RoutingLLM Routing

    Riemann Lab, Huawei Technologies

  7. Does System One Transfer? Calibrated Typed-Decision Models, Label Budgets, and Translation for Indonesian Regional Languages

    Oct 9, 2026Romi Fadli, Rusdah, Wahyu Ramadani Putri Utami +1Multilingual Language Model EvaluationCross-Lingual Transfer

    Faculty of Information Technology, Universitas Budi Luhur, Jakarta, Indonesia

  8. ROUTEAUDIT: Interaction-Aware Identification for Budgeted Multi-Verifier Routing

    Oct 2, 2026Miaobo Hu, Shuhao Hu, Xiaobo Guo +4Adaptive Model RoutingAlgorithmic Auditing

    School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China · Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

  9. False Floors: LLM Safety Routing Evaluations Break Under Distribution Shift

    Oct 1, 2026Amit Singh Bhatti, Vishal VaddinaLLM Safety BenchmarksDistribution Shift Robustness

    Quantiphi Analytics

  10. FlexRouter: Learning Complementary Model Sets for Flexible LLM Routing

    Sep 29, 2026Wang Wei, Harry Yang, Tiankai Yang +6Adaptive Model RoutingLLM Routing

    Virginia Tech · Independent Researcher · University of Southern California +2

  11. AssayRouter: Historical Utility Priors for Frozen Molecular Predictor Routing

    Sep 29, 2026Dong Xu, Zhangfan Yang, Jiantao Wu +5Adaptive Model RoutingTask Transferability Estimation

    School of Artificial Intelligence, Shenzhen University · EasternDawn · School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham Ningbo

  12. AdaST: Adaptive Coupling for Spatial-Temporal Forecasting

    Sep 28, 2026Zhenyu Lei, Chenghao Liu, Yushun Dong +2Adaptive Model RoutingSpatiotemporal Forecasting

    University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA, USA · Datadog Paris, France · Florida State University Tallahassee, FL, USA +1

  13. CADENCE: A Confidence-Adaptive Dual-Expert Network for Fast and Accurate Time Series Classification

    Sep 28, 2026Onisa MpaundaTime Series ClassificationEnsemble Learning

  14. Contingent Exposure Routing for Financial AI: Outage Risk and the Cost of Indivisible Decisions

    Sep 23, 2026Shivam GuptaAdaptive Model RoutingFinance

    Independent Researcher

  15. Should This Case Be Adapted? Prediction Fragmentation Controls Test-Time Adaptation

    Sep 17, 2026Lili Wang, Jing Li, Xiaowen Sun +5Test-Time AdaptationAdaptive Model Routing

  16. Beyond the Graph: An Adaptive Meta-Learner Fuses Explainability, Weather, and Dynamics for Robust Bus ETA Prediction

    Sep 14, 2026Pratham Payra, JagadishIntelligent Transportation SystemsSpatiotemporal Forecasting

    SQC and OR division, Indian Statistical Unit, BT Road, Kolkata, 700108, West Bengal, India. · SQC and OR unit, Indian Statistical Unit, 8th Mile, Mysore Road, Bangalore, 560059, Karnataka, India.

  17. Beyond the Query: Do Retrieval Signals Improve Adaptive Multimodal RAG Routing?

    Sep 11, 2026Qiaomu Li, Qiuyuan Zhang, Nong MingMultimodal RAGAdaptive Model Routing

    College of Computing and Software Engineering Kennesaw State University Marietta, GA 30060, USA

  18. RouteRelay: Event-Triggered Cross-Layer Route Reuse for Efficient Dynamic Sparse Attention

    Sep 7, 2026Bin Li, Sisi Liu, Chenyang Hu +3Adaptive Model RoutingEfficient Attention

    Department of Computer Science, Xiamen University of Technology · School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Fuzhou University

  19. Revalidation Beats Stateful Routing for Scientific Surrogates Under Distribution Shift

    Aug 31, 2026Harshil LodhiyaSurrogate ModelingDistribution Shift Robustness

    SlicedHealth

  20. Regime-Aware Portfolio Management via Retrieval-Augmented LLM-Guided Expert Switching

    Aug 28, 2026Ahmad Asadi, Reza SafabakhshAdaptive Model RoutingPortfolio Optimization

    Deep Learning Lab, Computer Engineering Department, Amirkabur University of Technology, Hafez Avenue, Tehran, Iran

  21. Knowing When to Ask for Help: Bayesian Self-Escalation in Hierarchical LLM Agents

    Aug 25, 2026Nadeem ShaikhAdaptive Model RoutingLLM Agent Orchestration

    Independent Researcher Melbourne, Australia

  22. MLLM-Routed Heterogeneous Ensembles for Robust Cross-Dataset Image Classification

    Aug 13, 2026Daniel Perkins, John Squires, Janou Milligan +2Adaptive Model RoutingEnsemble Learning

    University of Tennessee, Knoxville · The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education

  23. SCOPE-Router: Cost-Aware Open-Set VLM Routing for Execution-Oriented Tasks

    Aug 12, 2026Tao Yu, Yifei Qu, Zhiqing Cui +14Adaptive Model RoutingCost-Aware Inference

    1CASIA · 3NUS · 2UCAS +1

  24. Pre-Inference Routing for Cost-Efficient Document Field Extraction

    Aug 6, 2026Sreerekha RajendranAdaptive Model RoutingDocument Information Extraction

    Independent Researcher Salt Lake City, Utah, United States

  25. SpecDrop: Parameter-Free Category-Conditioned Routing for Modular Specialization

    Aug 4, 2026Boyao Wang, Zhihan LeiParameter-Free Mixture-of-Experts RoutingAdaptive Model Routing

    Machine Learning Department Carnegie Mellon University

  26. When Efficiency Becomes Fragility: Exploiting Dynamic Routing Vulnerabilities in Adaptive UAV Tracking

    Aug 4, 2026Shaofeng Liang, Runwei Guan, Wenshuo Chen +7Adaptive Model RoutingAdversarial Attacks

    The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou) · Wuhan University · Institute of Deep Perception Technology (JITRI)

  27. Uncertainty Is Not Enough: Value-of-Information Routing for Mixtures of LoRA Experts

    Aug 3, 2026Tom Saliencro, Rohan Desai, Priya Nair +2Adaptive Model RoutingSelective Prediction

    University of California, Irvine · University of Washington

  28. Shared Prefixes, Better Credit: Adaptive Routing for Multi-Agent Reasoning

    Aug 3, 2026Yiqing Liu, Zihao Wang, Hantao Yao +2Adaptive Model RoutingMulti-Agent Collaboration

    University of Science and Technology of China

  29. CARNet: Channel-Adaptive Receiver Network for Robust NextG Communications

    Aug 3, 2026Chao Jiang, Zhuo Xu, Yongli YanAdaptive Model Routing6G Networks

    Department of Electronic Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Space Network and Communications, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

  30. Beyond Routing Saturation: A Long-Horizon Class-Incremental Perspective on Expert Routing in Multimodal Continual Instruction Tuning

    Aug 2, 2026Huiyu Yi, Yongqi Xu, Bogang Zhang +5Class-Incremental LearningAdaptive Model Routing

    School of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, China · National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, China