Clean Label Backdoor Attack

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  1. Backdoor Purification for LoRA-Tuned LLMs via Null-Space Projection

    Sep 30, 2026Jianwei Li, Jung-Eun KimClean Label Backdoor AttackAttacker Large Language Model

    North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 27606, USA

  2. SpecGuard: Inference-Time Backdoor Detection For Free

    Sep 11, 2026Rui Wen, Ahmed Salem, Andrew Paverd +2Clean Label Backdoor AttackInference-Time Defense

    Institute of Science Tokyo · Microsoft Security Response Center · Microsoft Azure +1

  3. Fine-grained Distributed Backdoor Attacks in Federated Learning

    Sep 7, 2026Jian Wang, Hong Shen, Wei Ke +1Federated LearningClean Label Backdoor Attack

    Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, R. de Luís Gonzaga Gomes, Macao, 999078, China · Faculty of Cyberspace Security, Guangzhou University of Software, No.548 Guangcong South Road, High-tech Industrial Park, Conghua Economic Development Zone, Guangzhou, 501900, China · School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Bruce Highway, Norman Gardens, Rockhampton, Queensland, 4702, Australia +1

  4. Backdoors Leave Structural Traces: FedMAST for Backdoor Detection and Containment in Federated Learning

    Sep 4, 2026Srinivasan Subramanian, Md. Abdullah Al Hafiz Khan, Kazi Aminul IslamFederated LearningClean Label Backdoor Attack

    Department of Computer Science Kennesaw State University Marietta, USA

  5. Beyond Small Patches: Black-Box Detection and Purification of Diverse Backdoor Triggers

    Sep 2, 2026Ahmed Abdelnaby, Mohamed ElmahallawyClean Label Backdoor AttackUnsupervised Detection

    School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354, USA

  6. Understanding Backdoor Vulnerabilities in Vertical Federated Learning: The Gap Between Research and Practice

    Aug 13, 2026Ziqi Zhao, Jialin Lu, Junjie Shan +3Clean Label Backdoor AttackFederated Learning

    School of Computing and Data Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

  7. ElasticBack: Stealthy Conditional Backdoor in LLM-Agent Skills via Coupled Trigger-Rule Optimization

    Aug 10, 2026Hao Sui, Simeng Qin, Jie Liao +3Clean Label Backdoor AttackMalicious Agents

    Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China · Northeastern University, China · Chongqing University, China +1

  8. Diversity Matters: Distributional Feature Coverage Sample Selection for Data-Efficient Backdoor Attacks

    Aug 10, 2026Yi Yang, Xiaoke Chen, Jinyang Huang +6Clean Label Backdoor AttackPoisoning

    School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China · School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China · John Hopcroft Center for Computer Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China +1

  9. Z-PEFT: Zero-shot Backdoor Detection in Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning via Canonical Spectral Signatures

    Aug 3, 2026Nicola Pitzalis, Donald Shenaj, Giacomo Cignoni +3Clean Label Backdoor AttackParameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning Methods

    University of Pisa

  10. Robust Watermarks Meet Backdoored Models: Evading Diffusion Semantic Watermarks via Stealthy Backdoor

    Aug 1, 2026Jinyuan Liu, Tianshuo Cong, Pei Li +4WatermarksWatermarking

    1Tsinghua University · 2Shandong University · 4Shandong Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Security, Shandong University +5

  11. Temporal Poisoning: Clean-Label Backdoors via Event Redistribution in SNNs

    Jul 30, 2026Roberto Riaño, Gorka Abad, Stjepan Picek +1Spiking Neural NetworksClean Label Backdoor Attack

    Radboud University, The Netherlands · Ikerlan Research Centre, Spain · University of Bergen, Norway +1

  12. Lilith: Backdoor Generalization under Training-Inference Trigger Shift

    Jul 28, 2026Zhou Feng, Jiahao Chen, Chunyi Zhou +6Clean Label Backdoor AttackAttack-Success Rate

    Zhejiang University College of Computer Science and Technology Hangzhou, China · Zhejiang University School of Software Technology Hangzhou, China · Chongqing University School of Big Data & Software Engineering Chongqing, China +1

  13. Early Detection of Distributed Backdoors in Multi-Agent LLM Systems: A Characterization Study

    Jul 27, 2026Diego Fernandez Arias, Dev Prashant Mistry, Ren Wang +1Multi-Agent Large Language Model SystemsClean Label Backdoor Attack

    Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago, Illinois, USA

  14. Defense Against LLM Backdoors using Critical Neuron Isolation Pruning

    Jul 22, 2026Yuxi Li, Zhibo Zhang, Kailong Wang +3Attacker Large Language ModelClean Label Backdoor Attack

    Huazhong University of Science and Technology China · Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics China · Nanyang Technological University Singapore

  15. Event Burst Trigger: An Availability Backdoor Attack on Event-Based SNN Object Detection

    Jul 10, 2026Jaesun Baek, Chanwook Lee, Eun-Kyu LeeClean Label Backdoor AttackEdge-Aware

    Dept. of Information and Telecommunication Eng., Incheon National University, Republic of Korea

  16. Beware What You Autocomplete: Forensic Attribution of Backdoored Code Completions

    Jul 9, 2026Anjun Gao, Yueyang Quan, Zhuqing Liu +1Clean Label Backdoor AttackVulnerable Code

    University of Louisville · University of North Texas

  17. ORAN-DEFEND: Subspace Detection and Sanitization of Backdoor DRL xApps in Open RAN

    Jul 7, 2026Md Raihan Uddin, Fatemeh Lotfi, Tolunay Seyfi +1Clean Label Backdoor AttackModel-Agnostic Defense

    Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA

  18. The Power of Backdoor Absorption in Community Training

    Jul 7, 2026Issam Seddik, Sami Souihi, Mohamed Tamaazousti +1Clean Label Backdoor AttackModel-Agnostic Defense

    Université Paris-Saclay, CEA LIST, Palaiseau, France

  19. DRL-CLBA: A Clean Label Backdoor Attack for Speech Classification via DDPG Reinforcement Learning

    Jul 2, 2026Yueming Huang, Wenhan Yao, Fen Xiao +2Clean Label Backdoor AttackSpeaker

    Xiangtan University, Yuhu District Xiangda Road, Xiangtan, 411100, Hunan, China · Peking University, No.5, Summer Palace Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China, Beijing, 100871, Beijing, China

  20. Pmeta-TLA: Backdoor Attacks for Speech Classification Models via Meta-Learning with Timbre Leakage Attack

    Jul 2, 2026Yueming Huang, Wenhan Yao, Fen Xiao +2Clean Label Backdoor AttackSpeaker

    Xiangtan University, Yuhu District Xiangda Road, Xiangtan, 411100, Hunan, China · Peking University, No.5, Summer Palace Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China, Beijing, 100871, Beijing, China

  21. CSO-LLM: Class Subspace Orthogonalization for Post-Training Backdoor Detection and Trigger Inversion in LLMs

    Jun 30, 2026Zhengxing Li, David J. Miller, Guangmingmei Yang +1Attacker Large Language ModelClean Label Backdoor Attack

    Electrical Engineering Dept Penn State University University Park, PA 16802 · Anomalee Inc. · Computer Science & Engineering Dept Penn State University University Park, PA 16802 +1

  22. TooBad: Backdoor Diffusion Models with Ultra-Low Poison Rate and Imperceptible Trigger

    Jun 22, 2026Vu Tuan Truong, Long Bao LeClean Label Backdoor AttackDiffusion Models

    INRS, University of Quebec

  23. CLIP-guided Diffusion Model for Backdoor Generation in Sensor-based Human Activity Recognition

    Jun 22, 2026Toby Briston, Illya Kosyk, Kuniyih SHuman Activity RecognitionClean Label Backdoor Attack

  24. SCRUB-FL: Sanitizing and Cleansing Representations via Unlearning of Backdoors

    Jun 21, 2026Osama Wehbi, Sarhad Arisdakessian, Omar Abdel Wahab +2Clean Label Backdoor AttackFederated Learning

    Department of Computer and Software Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada · Department of Computer Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE

  25. Fusing Backdoors, Machine Learning, and Optimization for Large-Scale Parametric Mixed-Integer Programs

    Jun 19, 2026El Mehdi Er Raqabi, Pascal Van HentenryckMixed-Integer ProgrammingClean Label Backdoor Attack

    Department of Operations and Decision Systems, Université Laval, Québec, Canada · H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA

  26. Mirage: a Clean-Label Backdoor against LiDAR 3D Object Detection

    Jun 18, 2026Ziba Parsons, Ang Li3D Object DetectionClean Label Backdoor Attack

    Computer and Information Science University of Michigan - Dearborn Dearborn, MI 48170

  27. InstantForget: Update-Free Backdoor Unlearning with Inference-Time Feature Reset

    Jun 14, 2026Zhenyu YuClean Label Backdoor AttackInference-Time Defense

    College of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Fudan University

  28. Continual Backdoor Training in IoT/CPS

    Jun 12, 2026Oxana Salish, Kuniyilh SClean Label Backdoor AttackInternet Of Thing

  29. From Parameters to Feature Space: Task Arithmetic for Backdoor Mitigation in Model Merging

    Jun 10, 2026Zhenqian Zhu, Yamin Hu, Yiya Diao +3Continual Model MergingClean Label Backdoor Attack

    Institute of Cyberspace Security, School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China. · Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Media Security, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.

  30. Patcher: Post-Hoc Patching of Backdoored Large Language Models

    Jun 2, 2026Anjun Gao, Yueyang Quan, Yufei Xia +2Large Language Model JailbreaksClean Label Backdoor Attack

    University of Louisville · University of North Texas

  31. Density-aware Sample-specific Attack

    May 27, 2026Qiyuan Wang, Yao Li, Raymond K. W. WongClean Label Backdoor AttackModel-Agnostic Defense

    Texas A&M University · University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

  32. Backdoor Attacks on Fault Detection and Localization in Cyber-Physical Systems

    May 26, 2026Abile Jean, Kuniyilh SCyber-Physical SystemClean Label Backdoor Attack

  33. Your Neighbors Know: Leveraging Local Neighborhoods for Backdoor Detection in Decentralized Learning

    May 19, 2026Sayan Biswas, Antoine Boutet, Davide Frey +7Clean Label Backdoor AttackDecentralized Learning

    1EPFL · 2Inria, INSA Lyon, CITI · 3Univ. Rennes, Inria, CNRS, IRISA

  34. A Survey of Large Audio Language Models: Generalization, Trustworthiness, and Outlook

    May 18, 2026Kaiwen Luo, Zhenhong Zhou, Leo Wang +31Large Audio Language ModelsLarge Language Model Safety

    Nanyang Technological University · Independent Researcher · The University of Melbourne +15

  35. Can Quantum Federated Learning Withstand Circuit-Level Backdoors?

    May 18, 2026Aakar Mathur, Mohammed Ruknuddin, Ashish GuptaFederated LearningVariational Quantum Algorithms

    BITS Pilani Dubai Campus, Dubai, UAE

  36. Fast and Lightweight Backdoor Detection via Head Random Probing

    May 17, 2026Yinbo Yu, Xueyu Yin, Jing Fang +4Clean Label Backdoor AttackUnsupervised Detection

    College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210016, China · School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China · Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China +1

  37. Lightweight and Fast Backdoor Model Detection

    May 17, 2026Yinbo Yu, Jing Fang, Xuewen Zhang +4Clean Label Backdoor AttackFewer Surprising Backdoors

    College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210016, China · Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China · School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710072, P.R. China +2

  38. EntropyScan: Towards Model-level Backdoor Detection in LVLMs via Visual Attention Entropy

    May 15, 2026Xuanyu Ge, Zhongqi Wang, Jie Zhang +2Clean Label Backdoor AttackLarge Language Model Backbones

    China University of Geosciences · University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences · Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

  39. When Emotion Becomes Trigger: Emotion-style dynamic Backdoor Attack Parasitising Large Language Models

    May 12, 2026Ziyu Liu, Tao Li, Tianjie Ni +5Attacker Large Language ModelClean Label Backdoor Attack

    School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China · School of Computer Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China · School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China

  40. Beyond the False Trade-off: Adaptive EWC for Stealthy and Generalizable T2I Backdoors

    May 8, 2026Lu Bowen, Xinyu Tang, Yin Yin Low +1Clean Label Backdoor AttackAttention-Guided Training

    Monash University

  41. Activation Differences Reveal Backdoors: A Comparison of SAE Architectures

    May 8, 2026Sachin KumarClean Label Backdoor AttackSparse Autoencoder Features

    LexisNexis* · Raleigh, USA

  42. Backdoor Mitigation in Object Detection via Adversarial Fine-Tuning

    May 7, 2026Kealan Dunnett, Reza Arablouei, Dimity Miller +2Clean Label Backdoor AttackObject Detection

    Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane Australia · CSIRO, Pullenvale QLD, Australia

  43. Undetectable Backdoors in Model Parameters: Hiding Sparse Secrets in High Dimensions

    May 5, 2026Sarthak Choudhary, Atharv Singh Patlan, Nils Palumbo +3Clean Label Backdoor AttackUnsupervised Detection

    University of Wisconsin–Madison · Princeton University

  44. CBV: Clean-label Backdoor Attacks on Vision Language Models via Diffusion Models

    May 4, 2026Ji Guo, Xiaolong Qin, Cencen Liu +3Clean Label Backdoor AttackDiffusion Models

    Laboratory of Intelligent Collaborative Computing, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China · School of Software Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, China · The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China

  45. Checkerboard: A Simple, Effective, Efficient and Learning-free Clean Label Backdoor Attack with Low Poisoning Budget

    May 2, 2026Yi Yang, Jinyang Huang, Binbin Liu +5Clean Label Backdoor AttackBlack-Box Adversarial Attacks

    School of Computer Science and Information Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei, Anhui, China · School of Information Science and Technology University of Science and Technology of China Hefei, Anhui, China · Faculty of Business Data Science Kansai University Japan +3

  46. Stealthy Backdoor Attacks against LLMs Based on Natural Style Triggers

    Apr 23, 2026Jiali Wei, Ming Fan, Guoheng Sun +3Attacker Large Language ModelClean Label Backdoor Attack

    School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China · Ministry of Education Key Lab for Intelligent Networks and Network Security, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China

  47. CSC: Turning the Adversary's Poison against Itself

    Apr 23, 2026Yuchen Shi, Xin Guo, Huajie Chen +3Clean Label Backdoor AttackModel-Agnostic Defense

    Faculty of Data Science, City University of Macau, Taipa, Macau. · Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

  48. PASTA: A Patch-Agnostic Twofold-Stealthy Backdoor Attack on Vision Transformers

    Apr 21, 2026Dazhuang Liu, Yanqi Qiao, Rui Wang +2Clean Label Backdoor AttackVision Transformer

    Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands. · University of Turku, Turku, Finland

  49. Mechanistic Anomaly Detection via Functional Attribution

    Apr 21, 2026Hugo Lyons Keenan, Christopher Leckie, Sarah ErfaniInterpretable Anomaly DetectionClean Label Backdoor Attack

    School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

  50. Unveiling Hidden Threats: Using Fractal Triggers to Boost Stealthiness of Distributed Backdoor Attacks in Federated Learning

    Nov 12, 2025Jian Wang, Hong Shen, Chan-Tong LamClean Label Backdoor AttackFederated Learning

    Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao SAR, China · School of Cyberspace Security, Guangzhou University of Software, Guangzhou, China · School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Australia

  51. FLAT: Revealing Hidden Latent-Conditioned Backdoor Failures in Federated Learning

    Aug 6, 2025Tuan Nguyen, Sze Jue Yang, Khoa D. Doan +2Federated LearningClean Label Backdoor Attack

    College of Engineering and Computer Science, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam · VinUni-Illinois Smart Health Center, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam · Siebel School of Computing and Data Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA +1

  52. SynGhost: Invisible and Universal Task-agnostic Backdoor Attack via Syntactic Transfer

    Feb 29, 2024Pengzhou Cheng, Wei Du, Zongru Wu +4Clean Label Backdoor AttackAttacker Large Language Model

    School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University · Department of Computer Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology