Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems

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33 papers in the last four weeks, up 175% on the four weeks before. 0.3% of all new papers.

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Token-Efficient Multi-Agent Collaboration via System One-Guided Computational Division of Labor
Oct 6, 2026Zihan Zhou, Xinzhe Hu, Hanxu Yang +2Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems Model-Based Multi-Agent Systems
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China · Southwestern University of Finance and Economics
Disentangling Models from Personas in Heterogeneous LLM Simulations
Oct 6, 2026Dani Roytburg, Daphne IppolitoMulti-Agent Large Language Model Systems
Carnegie Mellon University
MRPilot: Supervising and Intervening LLM-Based Multi-Robot Teams through Mixed Reality
Oct 5, 2026Xiaoran Yang, Xun Qian, Yang Zhan +3Multi-Robot Systems Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems
North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina, USA · Google San Jose, California, USA · Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
Copies or Sources? Measuring How LLM Aggregators Count Restated Evidence in Multi-Agent Systems
Oct 5, 2026Jianxin Gao, Runze Li, Tianyi Yu +3Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems
China Agricultural University · Jilin University · Tianjin University of Finance and Economics +1
Attention Tax, Handoff Tax: A Stylised Model of When Multi-Agent LLM Systems Help
Oct 5, 2026Akshit Anchan, Nayonika SenMulti-Agent Large Language Model Systems
University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands · Northeastern University Boston, MA, United States of America
A Multi-Agent LLM Framework for Personalized Health Checkup Interpretation and Guidance
Oct 1, 2026HyungJun Kim, Taehan Lee, Soojin CheonMulti-Agent Large Language Model Systems Llm-As-A-Judge
DaNaA Data Co., Ltd.
Understanding Issues, Causes and Solutions in Open-Source LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems
Oct 1, 2026Asad Ur Rehman, Syed Mohammad Kashif, Ruiyin Li +3Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems Open-Source
School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, China · School of Computer Science & Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Smart Learning, Central China Normal University, China · M3S Empirical Software Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland
SEPAL: Separated Expert Pairs with Answer-Level Fusion for Reliable LLM Collaboration
Sep 30, 2026Weijie Ren, Yanwen Zhang, Hao Li +3Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems Question-Answering Benchmarks
Zhejiang University · University of Electronic Science and Technology of China · University of Science and Technology of China
LatCom: Cross-Agent Latent Compression for Efficient Multi-Agent Collaboration
Sep 29, 2026Shinan Zhang, Tao Zhang, Qihui Zhu +7Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems Video Latents
University of Science and Technology of China · Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center
When Upstream Messages Override Correct Answers: A Controlled Study of Multi-Agent LLM Collaboration
Sep 29, 2026Yaxin Gong, Gangyi Zhang, Chongming Gao +7Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems Downstream Reasoning
University of Science and Technology of China · Qwen Business Unit of Alibaba · National University of Singapore
Frontier Autolab: Organizational Memory, Adversarial Dissent and Temporal Leakage in Multi-Agent LLM Firms Across Fifty Years of Technological Change
Sep 29, 2026Bravish GhoshMulti-Agent Large Language Model Systems Foresight
Independent researcher
Lost in Conversation or Lost in Translation? Diagnosing Multi-Turn Degradation in RAG
Sep 29, 2026Pranav Handa, Ariful AzadLarge Language Models Fail Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems
Texas A&M University
Measuring Collapse and Correction in Homogeneous-Panel LLM Debate
Sep 28, 2026Xin Li, Mengbing Liu, Chau YuenDebate Large Language Model Decisions
Nanyang Technological University
Prompted Identity Degrades Cooperation in Multi-Agent LLM Systems
Sep 28, 2026Xavier Del Giudice, Alessio Palma, Matteo Migliarini +2Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems Coalition Formation
Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
M3OS: A Monte Carlo Graph Search-Orchestrated Multi-Agent LLM System for Evidence-Traced Molecular Optimization
Sep 28, 2026Junjie Wang, Yaowei Jin, Ruohui Tang +7Molecular Optimization Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems
Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, 200031, China. · School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China. · Global Institute of Future Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
Population Physics, Population Problems: Safety and Emergence in LLM Societies
Sep 27, 2026Adrian de WynterCollective Behaviors Self-Organization
Microsoft & The University of York
DEALS: Decentralized Expertise-Aware Load Serving for Multi-Agent LLM Systems
Sep 27, 2026Jingjuan Huang, Wenbin Wang, Yanchuan Yin +2Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems Load Balancing
Ohio State University · University of Colorado at Boulder
LLMs Trust Their Own: Identity-Dependent Conformity in Multi-Agent Systems
Sep 27, 2026Liron Soffer, Ravid Shwartz-Ziv, Chen ShaniConformity Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems
Tel-Aviv University · New York University
Learning to Sell: Reinforcement Learning for Strategic Large Language Model Agents in Multi-Product Markets
Sep 27, 2026Shuze Daniel Liu, Claire Chen, Jiuqi Wang +2Negotiation Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA · Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA · California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA +2
Prefill-Free Cross-Family KV Cache Transfer for Heterogeneous Multi-Agent LLMs
Sep 26, 2026Vincent-Daniel Yun, Woosang Lim, Haneul Yoo +3Prefill Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems
University of Southern California, USA · Seoul National University, Republic of Korea · New York University, USA
Epistemic-Probabilistic Model for Guarded Multi-Agent LLM Coordination
Sep 24, 2026Mehdi Nasiri, Mohammad Saeed Arvenaghi, Sadegh Vaezi +1Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems Neuro-Symbolic Framework
Pasargad Institute for Advanced Innovative Solutions · Iran University of Science and Technology
COMED: The Missing Middle Between Routing and Collaboration in Multi-LLM Inference
Sep 22, 2026Norah Alballa, Wenxuan Zhang, Salma Kharrat +4Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems Heterogeneous Modeling Tools
KAUST · LUMS
Behavior is Not Enough: A Mechanism-Based Evaluation of Social Norm Emergence in LLM Societies
Sep 22, 2026Rasika Muralidharan, Haewoon Kwak, Jisun AnSocial Dynamics Social Norms
Indiana Univeristy Bloomington
Total Cost of Agency: Exact Attribution of Memory Injection Cost in Multi-Agent LLM Workflows
Sep 20, 2026Vivek Kumar Singh, Preeti Priyam, Gautam BhowmickLarge Language Model Workflows Multi-Agent Workflows
Independent Researcher McKinney, TX, USA · Independent Researcher Chicago, IL, USA
Toward Personalized Sleep Guidance from Wearable Data Using Language Models
Sep 18, 2026Yusheng Tan, Running Zhao, Sofia Angel +14Sleep Large Language Model Personalization
The University of Chicago · Baylor College of Medicine · Georgetown University School of Medicine
Contagion on the Trading Floor: How Adversarial Signals Spread in Multi-Agent Trading Systems
Sep 17, 2026Qi Rong Sua, Junhao Dong, Nguyen Duc Thai +3Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems Trading
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore · Centre for Frontier AI Research, IHPC, A*STAR, Singapore · National University of Singapore, Singapore
Bias Amplification in Multi-Agent Network: How Biased Agents Shape Opinions and Rhetoric
Sep 16, 2026Omran Berjawi, Giuseppe Fenza, Rida KhatounMulti-Agent Large Language Model Systems Multi-Agent Communication
Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Télécom Paris, Palaiseau, France · University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
ToMAS: A Pilot Failure-Grounded Theory-of-Mind Benchmark from Multi-Agent LLM Failures
Sep 15, 2026Muhammad Ashar Ishfaq, Glaucia MeloMulti-Agent Large Language Model Systems Large Language Models Fail
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan · Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
HypoEvolve: Genetic Algorithms Enable Multi-Agent LLMs to Discover Scientific Hypotheses
Sep 14, 2026Jieyuan Liu, Mengzhou Hu, Jefferson Chen +10Hypothesis-Driven Model Expansion Multi-Agent Evolution
University of California San Diego · 2Texas A&M University · 3Carnegie Mellon University +1
Assembling the CREW: A Collaborative Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning Framework for Automated Related Work Generation
Sep 14, 2026Hai-Dang Dang, Bao-Yen Pham, Bao Nguyen +2Data Generation Pipelines Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems
Hanoi University of Science and Technology · The Chinese University of Hong Kong · Hanoi University of Industry
The Universe of Universes: Benefit Yield Functions, Implosion Thresholds, and Infrastructure-Aware Optimization in Multi-LLM Systems
Sep 14, 2026Danielle Franklin, Vasu Raj JainMulti-Agent Large Language Model Systems
Humanity + AI, Inc.
AIM: A Privacy-Aware Interoperable Memory Framework for Multi-Agent Multi-User LLM Systems
Sep 14, 2026Zachary Johnson, Nigel Boachie Kumankumah, Somya Chatterjee +8Agentic Memory Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems
Microsoft
Loop-Back Authority in LLM Agent Teams: A Paired Experiment on Flat and Hierarchical Coordination
Sep 13, 2026Burak Agachan, Max van Duijn, Amirhossein ZohrehvandMulti-Agent Large Language Model Systems Organizational Research
Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
Disentangling Topology and Diversity in Multi-Agent LLMs for Multilingual Low-Resource Emotion Detection
Sep 13, 2026Ulugbek Shernazarov, Charitha Ruwansiri Weerakon Basnayake, Abdelkhaleq El Jarjini +2Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems Diversity
Télécom SudParis, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Évry-Courcouronnes, France · Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom · Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
Evaluating Scaffolding-Oriented Multi-Agent Large Language Model System for Clinical Interview Training
Sep 12, 2026Luming Yang, Haoxian Liu, Siqing Li +4Simulated Patients Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA · Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China · Department of Statistics and Data Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China +3
How AI Coders Discuss, Disagree, and Reach Consensus: Challenges and Opportunities for LLM-Based Qualitative Coding
Sep 12, 2026Jeongyeon Kim, John MitchellQualitative Research Coding Agents
Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
SRPO: Setwise Relative Policy Optimization for Multi-Agent Systems
Sep 8, 2026Shengtian Yang, Ziyu Xiong, Yu Li +3Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems Co-Evolution
Southeast University, Nanjing, China · Kuaishou Technology, Beijing, China
Audit Without Verification: When LLM Accountability Layers Relay Rather Than Check
Sep 7, 2026Paul-Peter ArslanAccountability Model Auditing
Institute For Future Technologies
EDGE: Error Dependency Graph-Guided Multi-Error Attribution in Multi-Agent LLM Systems
Sep 1, 2026Jun Hou, Priya Pitre, Yi Fang +1Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems Large Language Models Fail
Virginia Tech
Control-Data Flow Separation: Stable Prompt Optimization in Multi-Agent LLMs
Sep 1, 2026Wentao Zhang, Syed Shariyar Murtaza, Junaid Ahmad Bhatti +4Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems Automatic Prompt Optimization
University of Waterloo · Manulife
SoK: When Safe Agents Fail Together: The Security of Multi Agent LLM Systems
Sep 1, 2026Rui Yang, Junjie Xu, Zhengyu Liu +4Model-Based Multi-Agent Systems Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems
Johns Hopkins University · Nanyang Technological University
Delegation Without Trust: An Empirical Gap Analysis of Identity, Authorization, and Runtime Governance in Multi-Agent LLM Systems
Aug 31, 2026Panduranga Sai Varma Dantuluri, Jyotirmoy SundiAgentic Deployments Delegation
VotalAI
SwarmBench: Can Large Language Models Act as Agent Swarm Orchestrators?
Aug 31, 2026Jinshan Gao, Zhuoran Jin, Tianyi Men +2Multi-Agent Orchestration Agentic Benchmarks
The Key Laboratory of Cognition and Decision Intelligence for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China · School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
ProgRouter: Online Progress-Guided Orchestration for Multi-Agent LLM Workflows under Quality-Cost Tradeoffs
Aug 26, 2026Songyuan Li, Ahmed M. Abdelmoniem, Shiqiang WangLarge Language Model Workflows Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems
Aston University, UK · Queen Mary University of London, UK · University of Exeter, UK
Candidate supply and answer selection shape the value of LLM judging in multi-agent systems
Aug 26, 2026Jia-Hao Ji, Sijie Li, Jiabei Cheng +3Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems Multi-Agent Reasoning
Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China. · Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China. · Shanghai Academy of Artificial Intelligence for Science, Shanghai 200003, China. +1
The Collaboration Tax: How Much LLM Multi-Agent Systems Pay to Coordinate
Aug 23, 2026Weixiang Sun, Zehong Wang, Hong Huang +3Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems Collaboration
University of Notre Dame · Meta Superintelligence Labs · Simon Fraser University
AaLLM: An End-to-End Analog Circuit Design Framework from Topology Generation to Sizing Using Large Language Models
Aug 13, 2026Mohammed Ayman Habib, Rylan Hart, Morteza FayaziAnalog Design Circuits
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
StateBridge: Training-free Hidden-state Alignment for Latent Communication in LLM Multi-Agent Systems
Aug 13, 2026Yanwen Peng, Delvin Ce Zhang, Xi Wang +1Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems
School of Computer Science, University of Sheffield Sheffield, United Kingdom
Do LLMs Beat Nash? Testing Decentralized Coordination in Self-Play Multi-Agent Games
Aug 12, 2026Deborah Sinishaw, Qile Zhu, Edwin Meriaux +1Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems Multi-Agent Coordination
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University · School of Computer Science, McGill University · Centre for Intelligent Machines (CIM), McGill University
XBridge: Entity-Grounded Latent Bridge for Heterogeneous LLM Communication
Aug 12, 2026Wooseong Yang, Wei-Chieh Huang, Weizhi Zhang +3Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems Cross-Architecture Generalization
University of Illinois Chicago · Capital One AI Foundations · Hankuk University of Foreign Studies +1
IDRAAK: From Multi-Agent NLP to Few-Shot Prompting for Semantic Drift Detection in Technical Requirements
Aug 9, 2026Shiva AhirSemantic Gap Engineering
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Stony Brook University New York, United States of America
LatticeMind: A Conflict-Aware Memory Primitive for Multi-Agent Systems
Aug 8, 2026Heng Zhou, Lian Zhang, Yutao Fan +5Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems Peak Memory
University of Science and Technology of China · University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign · Shanghai AI Laboratory +2
Verication-driven closed-loop multi-agent large language modelframework for code-compliant structural design
Aug 8, 2026Jianbin Luo, Weibin Lin, Yiran Lin +2Code Quality Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems
College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
When Coordination Becomes a Threat: Communication Attacks in LLM-Controlled Multi-Robot Systems
Aug 7, 2026Zhen Huang, Zhihuang Liu, Weijia Shi +3Multi-Robot Systems Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems
College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
A Two-Tier Perspective on Inference-Time Parallelism in Multi-Agent LLM Systems
Aug 6, 2026Zihan Xu, Haolin Tian, Hai JiangMulti-Agent Large Language Model Systems Agentic Inference
Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications.
When Does Latent Communication Pay? A Causal Audit of Relayed KV Caches in Multi-Agent LLMs
Aug 5, 2026Jiaming Cheng, Subhransu Das, Rajiv RamnathMulti-Agent Large Language Model Systems Large Language Model Memory
Independent Researcher · The Ohio State University
RouteGuard: Certifying Routing Gain in LLM Multi-Agent Systems When Complementarity Is Not Enough
Aug 5, 2026Anchen Sun, Kaiqi YangLarge Language Model Routing Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146 USA · Department of Mathematics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146 USA
An Actionable Diagnosis of Multilingual, Multi-Agent Planning Failures
Aug 4, 2026Vikas Pahuja, Jonathan Brokman, Omer Hofman +6Multilingual Agents Large Language Model Planning
Fujitsu Research of Europe · Cohere · Fujitsu Research
Relational Priors as Convergence Pressure in LLM-Based Multi-Agent Systems
Aug 4, 2026Ming Shen, Chao Shang, Sadat Shahriar +4Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems Multi-Agent Debate
Arizona State University · Amazon Web Services
Adversarial Attacks in Multi-Agent LLM Pipelines: Unveiling Structural Vulnerabilities in Agentic AI Architectures
Aug 1, 2026Faisal Haque Bappy, Tahrim Hossain, Tarannum Shaila Zaman +3Attacker Large Language Model Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems
University of Maryland Baltimore County, MD, USA · Kent State University, OH, USA · Tennessee State University, TN, USA

Oct 6, 2026, cs.MAJ/K move · Enter open · S save

Token-Efficient Multi-Agent Collaboration via System One-Guided Computational Division of Labor

Zihan Zhou, Xinzhe Hu, Hanxu Yang, Liangjian Wen+1

University of Electronic Science and Technology of China · Southwestern University of Finance and Economics

Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems Model-Based Multi-Agent Systems

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Large language model (LLM)-based multi-agent systems (MAS) have become a promising paradigm for complex information-seeking and reasoning tasks by enabling collaborative problem solving among specialized agents. However, existing MAS frameworks tightly couple task reasoning with coordination operations, including task selection, role assignment, message routing, and context management. As interactions grow, using powerful LLMs for these bounded control decisions introduces substantial token overhead and latency, limiting the scalability of agentic Web services. In this paper, we investigate whether coordination can be decoupled from expensive reasoning without compromising collaborative performance. We propose S1-MAS, a token-efficient multi-agent framework based on System One-guided computational division of labor. S1-MAS assigns bounded coordination decisions to lightweight System One models while reserving open-ended reasoning for capable LLM workers. Specifically, a lightweight controller selects inspection conditions, chooses subsequent tasks, and determines termination, while a compact reader retrieves condition-relevant evidence from authorized sources to support these decisions. Through a decision-evidence loop, selected tasks dynamically determine worker roles and source access, enabling adaptive collaboration without task-specific training. Extensive experiments on seven diverse benchmarks demonstrate that S1-MAS achieves superior accuracy while substantially reducing the inference cost. Across individual comparisons with AgentVerse, DyLAN, and SelfOrg on seven benchmarks, S1-MAS reduces GPT-4o token consumption by 44.9%-97.2% and measured end-to-end latency by 37.8%-93.0%. These results highlight its potential for scalable and cost-effective agentic Web applications.

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