Open-Weight Language Models

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Cheap, open agents make LLM pollution harder to mitigate
Sep 25, 2026Raluca Rilla, Anne-Marie Nussberger, Rui Mata +1AI-Generated Text Detection LLM Agent Evaluation
Center for Humans and Machines, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany · International Max Planck Research School on Learning, Institutions, and Future Evolution (LIFE), Berlin, Germany · University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland +2
Evaluating Open-Weight LLMs for Turkish Domain Documents Under Retrieval and Hardware Constraints
Sep 23, 2026Imtiaz Ul Hassan, Öykü Akbulut, Onur Kaya +4Multilingual Language Model Evaluation LLM Evaluation
Edge Hill University, United Kingdom · Ermetal Otomotiv ve E¸sya San. Tic. A.¸S., Türkiye
Misaligned Clinical Risk Classification and Cost Asymmetry in Open-Weight Large Language Models
Sep 21, 2026Star S. D. Liu, Xiyu Ding, Robert B. Barrett +3Cost-Sensitive Learning LLM Interpretability
Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA · Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA · National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
WiC is Not WSD: A Study on LLMs and Lexical Ambiguity Resolution
Sep 17, 2026Yi Zhou, Kiamehr Rezaee, Danushka Bollegala +2Open-Weight Language Models
Cardiff University · University of Liverpool · Amazon
Linguistic Triggers of Gender and Racial Bias in Open-Weight LLMs Applied to Recruitment
Sep 16, 2026Kosuke Kitahara, Nobuhiro YamaguchiGender Bias in Language Models AI-Assisted Decision Making
Recruit Co., Ltd. 1-9-2 Marunouchi Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-6640 Japan
AquiLLM: Evaluating Faithfulness in Open-Weight RAG-LLM Systems for Scientific Research
Sep 15, 2026Bernie Boscoe, Srinath Saikrishnan, Vikram Seenivasan +6AI-Assisted Scientific Research Open-Weight Language Models
Dept. of Computer Science, Southern Oregon University, USA · Dept. of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, USA · Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, USA +1
Manacá-1B: An Open, Reproducible Brazilian-Portuguese Language Model and a Tokenizer-Aware, Paired Evaluation
Aug 31, 2026Bruno Leonardo Santos Menezes, Carlos Leonardo Souza Cardoso, Fabio Andre Machado PortoLanguage Model Pretraining LLM Evaluation
Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica (LNCC), Petrópolis, Brazil
Training Leaves Traces: Centered Residual Signatures for Language Model Lineage Verification
Aug 14, 2026Aman Singh Thakur, Rayan KhouryLanguage Model Fingerprinting Open-Weight Language Models
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
Behavioral Reprogramming of Open-Weights Models: Cognitive Plasticity and Alignment Bounds
Aug 13, 2026Lucia MalíčkováLLM Alignment Language Model Steering
National Supercomputing Centre, Slovakia.
Can Open-Weight Models Compete on Financial Text Comprehension?
Aug 9, 2026Jan SpörerLLM Evaluation Financial QA
University of St. Gallen, Switzerland
Who Built This Model? Tracing LLM Lineage via Spectral Fingerprints in Weight Space
Aug 7, 2026Yiwei Chen, Bingqi Shang, Sijia LiuLanguage Model Fingerprinting Open-Weight Language Models
Michigan State University
K-EXAONE 2.0 Technical Report
Aug 5, 2026Eunbi Choi, Kibong Choi, Sehyun Chun +74Multilingual Language Models Mixture-of-Experts Language Models
Language Equality has a Price: A Systematic Investigation of Multi-turn LLM Performance for EU-24+
Aug 2, 2026Sherzod Hakimov, Karl Osswald, Jelle Psurek +3Multilingual Language Model Evaluation LLM Evaluation
Computational Linguistics, Department of Linguistics University of Potsdam, Germany · 1German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Berlin, Germany
Selecting Open-Weight Language Models for Zero-Shot Intent Classification: A Systematic Evaluation of 41 Models
Jul 29, 2026Parishruthi Ganesh, Gerry Dozier, Cheryl SealsLLM Evaluation Zero-Shot Text Classification
Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering Auburn University Auburn, Alabama, USA
Agentic coding without the cloud: evaluating open-weight large language models on longitudinal data preparation tasks
Jul 23, 2026Mack Nixon, Liam Wright, Yevgeniya Kovalchuk +4AI Agent Benchmarks Open-Weight Language Models
Centre for Advanced Research Computing, University College London, London, UK · Centre for Longitudinal Studies, University College London, London, UK · UK Longitudinal Linkage Collaboration, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Graph Feedback Controls Consensus and Clique Formation in Open-Weight Language-Model Populations
Jul 13, 2026Samer Saab, Chaouki AbdallahOpen-Weight Language Models Multi-Agent Systems
Lebanese American University Byblos, Lebanon · Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Lebanese American University Byblos, Lebanon
modelDNA: Calibrated Lineage Verification and Merge Decomposition from Sampled Weight Fingerprints
Jul 12, 2026Muhammad Awais Bin Adil, Saad AamirLanguage Model Fingerprinting Open-Weight Language Models
Independent
Gemma 4 Technical Report
Jul 2, 2026Gemma Team, Sherif El Abd, Vaibhav Aggarwal +298Efficient Multimodal Inference Unified Multimodal Models
Large Databases Need Small, Open-Weight Language Models
Jun 30, 2026Parker Glenn, Alfy SamuelSmall Language Models Open-Weight Language Models
Capital One
Toward Open Weight Models Without Risks: Separating Public and Private Capabilities in LLMs
Jun 19, 2026Charbel El Feghali, Arkil Patel, Nicholas Meade +3Open-Weight Language Models LLM Security
McGill-NLP/tiered-language-models
An Empirical Study of OpenPangu Quantization on Ascend NPUs
Jun 19, 2026Tong Shi, Jiacheng Wang, Hui Xie +4LLM Quantization AI Accelerator Inference
State Key Laboratory of Complex & Critical Software Environment, Beihang University · School of Artificial Intelligence, Beihang University · School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University
Language Models Learn Constructional Semantics, Not To Mention Syntax: Investigating LM Understanding of Paired-Focus Constructions
May 29, 2026Wesley Scivetti, Ethan Wilcox, Nathan Schneider +2LLM Evaluation Open-Weight Language Models
Georgetown University · The University of Texas at Austin · Leipzig University & ScaDS.AI Dresden/Leipzig
Mellum2 Technical Report
May 29, 2026Marko Kojic, Ivan Bondyrev, Aral de Moor +6Mixture-of-Experts Language Models Open-Weight Language Models
1JetBrains · 2Constructor University, Bremen, Germany
Open-Weight LLM Fine-Tuning Defenses are Susceptible to Simple Attacks
May 26, 2026Kevin Kuo, Virginia Smith, Chhavi YadavLLM Fine-Tuning Adversarial Attacks on LLMs
Carnegie Mellon University · Simons Institute, UC Berkeley
Llamion Technical Report
May 25, 2026Kisu Yang, Yoonna Jang, Hyeonseok Moon +6Open-Weight Language Models Cross-Architecture Knowledge Distillation
1VAIV Company · University of Copenhagen · 4Samsung Electronics +1
SomaliBench Eval: Measuring English-to-Somali Refusal Gaps in Open-Weight Language Models
May 25, 2026Khalid Yusuf DahirLLM Safety Benchmarks Multilingual Language Model Evaluation
Independent researcher
A governance horizon for ethical-use constraints in open-weight AI models
May 23, 2026Weiwei Xu, Hengzhi Ye, Haoran Ye +3AI Accountability Open-Weight Language Models
School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China. · Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China. · School of Intelligence Science and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China. +2
Occupational Prompting Reveals Cultural Bias in Large Language Models
May 19, 2026Maksim E. Eren, Andrea Brennen, Ryan C. Barron +1LLM Prompting Social Bias in Language Models
Computational Intelligence & Modeling, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA. · IQT, USA. · Advanced Research in Cyber Systems, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA.
Toward LLMs Beyond English-Centric Development
May 15, 2026Sho Takase, Ukyo HondaMultilingual Language Models Continual Learning for LLMs
CyberAgent
HEBATRON: A Hebrew-Specialized Open-Weight Mixture-of-Experts Language Model
May 11, 2026Noam Kayzer, Dan Revital, Ori Bar Joseph +10Mixture-of-Experts Language Models Open-Weight Language Models
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Cheap, open agents make LLM pollution harder to mitigate

Raluca Rilla, Anne-Marie Nussberger, Rui Mata, Dirk U. Wulff

Center for Humans and Machines, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany · International Max Planck Research School on Learning, Institutions, and Future Evolution (LIFE), Berlin, Germany · University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland+2

AI-Generated Text Detection LLM Agent Evaluation Open-Weight Language Models

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Large Language Model (LLM) pollution occurs when synthetic responses contaminate data intended to capture human behavior. High deployment costs have so far limited the risk posed by autonomous survey agents. However, open-weight models paired with open-source agentic frameworks may have removed this barrier. We compared the performance and detectability of nine agent configurations, ranging from fully open variants to closed commercial ones. Each agent autonomously completed a survey containing multiple response types yielding various detection checks. Fully open agents ran locally without usage fees and performed competitively with commercial alternatives. Open and commercial agents failed different sets of checks, and no single check reliably detected all agents, but open-text responses discriminated best between agents and humans. These findings identify fully open agents as a distinct risk for LLM pollution and support multilayered detection strategies emphasizing open-text analysis.

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