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  1. A Statistical Approach to Estimating Sample Size of Machine Learning Models

    Sep 10, 2026Dat Phan-Trong, Sunil Gupta, Svetha VenkateshSample SizeStatistical Inference

    Deakin Applied Artificial Intelligence Initiative, Deakin University, Australia

  2. A Kernel-Based Modular Discriminant Analysis Framework for Small-Sample Learning

    Sep 9, 2026Lingxiao Qu, Yan PeiKernel MethodPrincipal Component Analysis

    Graduate School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Aizu, 90 Kamiiawase, Tsuruga, Ikki-machi, Aizuwakamatsu, 965-8580, Fukushima, Japan · Computer Science Division, University of Aizu, 90 Kamiiawase, Tsuruga, Ikki-machi, Aizuwakamatsu, 965-8580, Fukushima, Japan

  3. Length Generalization for Transformers via Compression

    Sep 8, 2026Georg Zetzsche, Hongjian Jiang, Andy Yang +4Transformer ArchitecturesGeneralization Bounds

    Max Planck Institute for Software Systems (MPI-SWS) · RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau · University of Notre Dame

  4. The Exceedance Design Effect: Effective Sample Size for Thresholds under Clustering

    Aug 21, 2026Adam NoonanSample SizeClustering

    Independent Researcher

  5. Do AI chatbots find what experts would? Effects of model, user role, and sample size on study retrieval for medical questions

    Aug 13, 2026Qingfang Liu, Qiao Jin, Joe D. Menke +2ChatbotsLarge Language Model Responses

    National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA · National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA · School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA

  6. A Systematic Sample Size Analysis of ML-Based Path Loss Prediction for LPWAN

    Aug 11, 2026Robert Bitterling, Christian Nettersheim, Jörn Hees +1Sample SizePropagation

    Fraunhofer FKIE · Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg Cyber Analysis & Defense Department of Computer Science Wachtberg, Germany

  7. Demographically-Conditioned Synthetic Medical Images for Bias Mitigation and Bias Detection in Disease Classifiers

    Jul 16, 2026Mahmoud Ibrahim, Bart Elen, Chang Sun +2Synthetic Image DetectionFairness Audits

    Institute of Data Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands · Department of Advanced Computing Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands · VITO, Belgium

  8. Heat-Kernel Entropy Profiles and Geometric Effective Sample Size for Weighted Measures on Manifolds

    Jul 7, 2026Kisung YouWasserstein DistanceImportance Weighting

    Baruch College

  9. Applicability of memorization indicators for early spotting of overfitting while recalibrating sEMG-decoders on low sample sizes

    Jun 26, 2026Stephan J. Lehmler, Tobias Glasmachers, Ioannis IossifidisSurface ElectromyographyMemorization

    German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute for AI Safety and Security, Ulm, Germany · Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany · Institute for Neural Computation, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany +1

  10. Estimating Uncertainty in Classifier Performance with Applications to Large Language Models and Nested Data

    Jun 24, 2026Kylie AnglinConfidence IntervalsLarge Language Model Classification

    Department of Educational Psychology, Neag School of Education, University of Connecticut

  11. The price of multi-group transductive learning

    Jun 3, 2026Noah Bergam, Samuel Deng, Daniel HsuTransductive LearningMulticlass Classification

    Columbia University

  12. Sample-Size Scaling of the African Languages NLI Evaluation

    Jun 2, 2026Anuj Tiwari, Oluwapelumi Ogunremu, Terry Oko-odion +2Multilingual Language ModelsLegal Natural Language Processing Benchmarks

    Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology1 · ML Collective1,2,3,4,5

  13. Repetition Mismatch: Why Data Mixture Experiments Don't Scale and How to Fix Them

    May 29, 2026Kevin Zhou, Lisa Alazraki, Kris Cao +1RepetitionMixtures

    Imperial College London · Cohere

  14. The Privacy Price of Tail-Risk Learning: Effective Tail Sample Size in Differentially Private CVaR Optimization

    May 15, 2026El Mustapha MansouriConditional-Value-At-RiskLong-Tailed Distribution

    School of Engineering, Institute of Science Tokyo, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan

  15. Federated Language Models Under Bandwidth Budgets: Distillation Rates and Conformal Coverage

    May 11, 2026Prasanjit Dubey, Xiaoming HuoFederated LearningProbe-Logit Distillation

    H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, U.S.A.

  16. How Much is Brain Data Worth for Machine Learning?

    May 10, 2026Lane Lewis, Zhixin Wang, David Schwab +1Sample SizeRegularization

    Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA · Department of Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA · NSF AI Institute for Artificial and Natural Intelligence (ARNI) +2

  17. Prediction Bottlenecks Don't Discover Causal Structure (But Here's What They Actually Do)

    May 9, 2026Ankit Hemant Lade, Sai Krishna Jasti, Indar Kumar +1Causal ModelingSynthetic Benchmark

  18. Survey-aware Machine Learning: A Guideline for Valid Population Health Inference based on Scoping Review

    May 9, 2026YongKyung Oh, Henry W. Zheng, Jeffrey Feng +1SurveySample Size

    Medical & Imaging Informatics (MII), UCLA

  19. Intrinsic effective sample size for manifold-valued Markov chain Monte Carlo via kernel discrepancy

    May 5, 2026Kisung YouMarkov Chain Monte CarloSample Size

    Department of Mathematics, Baruch College · Department of Mathematics, The Graduate Center, City University of New York

  20. RuC: HDL-Agnostic Rule Completion Benchmark Generation

    Apr 30, 2026Arnau Ayguadé Domingo, Miquel Alberti-Binimelis, Cristian Gutierrez-Gomez +5Code CompletionRegister Transfer Level

    Barcelona Supercomputing Center · Universitat Polit`ecnica de Catalunya

  21. Unstable Rankings in Bayesian Deep Learning Evaluation

    Apr 25, 2026Qishi Zhan, Minxuan Hu, Guansu Wang +2Bayesian Neural NetworksSample Size

    Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences Marquette University, USA · Cornell University, USA · The University of Melbourne, Australia +2

  22. Fast estimation of Gaussian mixture components via centering and singular value thresholding

    Apr 21, 2026Huan QingGaussian Mixture ModelsIntrinsic Dimensionality

    School of Economics and Finance, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, Chongqing, China.

  23. How Much Data is Enough? The Zeta Law of Discoverability in Biomedical Data, featuring the enigmatic Riemann zeta function

    Apr 19, 2026Paul M. ThompsonScaling LawsBiomedical

    Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics · University of Southern California · Los Angeles, CA, USA

  24. Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modeling in Small-Sample Settings with p>np>n

    Apr 18, 2026Hiroki Hasegawa, Aoba Tamura, Yukihiko OkadaLinear Structural Equation ModelsCovariance

    Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan · Institute of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan · Tsukuba Institute for Advanced Research, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan +1

  25. Maximum Mean Discrepancy with Unequal Sample Sizes via Generalized U-Statistics

    Dec 16, 2025Aaron Wei, Milad Jalali, Danica J. SutherlandMaximum Mean DiscrepancyTwo-Sample Testing

    University of British Columbia · Independent researcher, Vancouver, Canada · Alberta Machine Intelligence Institute

  26. Multiple Testing of Linear Forms for Noisy Matrix Completion

    Dec 1, 2023Wanteng Ma, Lilun Du, Dong Xia +1Tensor CompletionFalse Discovery Rate

    Department of Statistics and Data Science, University of Pennsylvania, USA · Department of Decision Analytics and Operations, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong · Department of Mathematics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong +1