Teaming

Distributed LLM-agent teams can read the latest shared facts and still act on an obsolete plan. A planner may derive an action from requirement $r_3$, another agent may commit $r_4$, and an executor may receive $r_4$ without replacing the plan derived from $r_3$. We call this \emph{stale-plan execution}: state freshness does not establish that the plan authorizing an action remains valid. We introduce PlanFence, a dependency-scoped action-validation protocol. Plans cite the exact public records they used, and an executor validates only the records that can affect the pending external action, replanning once or blocking when validation is incomplete. In 30 controlled live workflows with a post-plan revision, a freshness-only executor acts on the obsolete plan in every task, whereas PlanFence completes all tasks without an invalid action. Controlled replay reveals two conditional boundaries: proactive synchronization yields lower coordination stall at low churn, while PlanFence avoids repeated update-path coordination as churn grows and avoids validating unrelated state as the shared keyspace grows. These are controlled safety and systems-cost results, not general task-accuracy gains.

We present CogEvol, a family of models trained specifically for Learning Environment Generation: turning a course brief into a finished learning artifact (structured-JSON slides or self-contained interactive HTML pages) in a single pass. Across 220k production requests, CogEvol completes a slide in a median of 17 seconds and an interactive page in 59, replacing minutes-long multi-turn agent scaffolding. Reliability is enforced rather than hoped for: a production-grounded data pipeline turns real failures into 53,687 verified SFT samples, and a hybrid rule-plus-VLM reward drives GRPO-based RL, hardened after we caught and fixed a reward-hacking episode that produced visually convincing but unplayable games. CogEvol-27B scores 83.7 on slide quality and 63.7 on a 500-case interactive-HTML benchmark with 26.9x fewer parameters than flagship coding models, and, in collaboration with the OpenMAIC team, serves their live production traffic. CogEvol-4B is released openly under the Apache 2.0 license at https://github.com/CogEvol/CogEvol-4B; external flagships are measured on the same suites under the identical harness. Scaffold editing cuts interactive-page generation cost by a further ~76%, and the full stack runs on domestic Ascend accelerators at application-level parity with A800 GPUs, lowering the unit cost of AI-native education at scale.

Hierarchical Text Classification (HTC), as a critical text mining task, faces challenges such as complex label hierarchies and class imbalance. Existing methods based on large language models (LLMs) struggle to be efficiently applied to this task due to issues like lengthy prompts and loss of label structural information. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a weakly supervised HTC framework enhanced by LLM-based data augmentation. The framework first enriches the label hierarchy semantically through keyword generation and corpus mining, thereby enhancing the model's understanding of labels. Subsequently, it guides the LLM to generate pseudo-samples to mitigate the long-tail problem, and employs a Gaussian mixture model for confidence-based resampling to optimize the quality of generated data. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively improves the reliability of LLM-generated pseudo-labels and significantly enhances classification performance on fine-grained and imbalanced datasets.

Learning reliable correspondences between images and point clouds is fundamental for 2D-3D matching. Despite recent progress in detection-free methods, existing approaches primarily optimize matching within a single model and often struggle to maintain reliable correspondences under challenging conditions such as noisy inputs, low overlap, and ambiguous structures. In this work, we propose TeaMatch, a novel framework that introduces teachability as a criterion for cross-modal representation learning. We define teachability as the ability of a representation to be effectively recovered by weak learners under degraded inputs, reflecting its structural consistency and robustness. To this end, we construct a set of task-specific weak students that simulate common failure modes and train them to imitate the teacher on a training split while evaluating their recoverability on a disjoint meta split. The teacher is then optimized to improve the students' ability to recover reliable correspondences, guided by correspondence-level and geometry-aware constraints. Our framework can be seamlessly integrated into existing coarse-to-fine matching pipelines without additional inference cost. Extensive experiments demonstrate that TeaMatch improves matching robustness and achieves state-of-the-art performance on challenging 2D-3D matching benchmarks.

Existing research shows that AI-generated text detection classifiers achieve strong in-distribution (ID) performance but do not maintain the same performance on out-of-distribution (OOD) texts, suggesting overfitting to dataset-specific features. However, combining different training datasets doesn't always improve performance and, in some cases, can even encourage shortcut learning. To address this issue, we fine-tune BERT-tiny models with Bayesian classification heads to select texts across three different datasets to use as a consolidated training set. We trained three different classifiers: fine-tuned DeBERTa-V3-large and ModernBERT-large classifiers via empirical X-risk minimization, and an MCGrad model that calibrates the predictions from the ModernBERT-large classifier. The DeBERTa-V3-large-large classifier achieves a mean score of 0.882 on the PAN 2026 test set across five metrics: AUROC, $F_1$, C@1, Brier score, and $F_{0.5u}$. ModernBERT-large achieves a score of 0.96 while MCGrad achieves the best score of the three with a mean score of 0.974, ranking second on the leaderboard. Our results highlight that careful dataset curation can lead to strong OOD performance. We release our ModernBERT-large and DeBERTa-V3-large models at https://huggingface.co/collections/ShantanuT01/panclef-2026 .

This paper presents the methodologies and results of the NOWJ team's participation across all five tasks of the COLIEE 2026 competition. For Task 1 (Legal Case Retrieval), we propose a four-stage pipeline comprising candidate filtering, dense retrieval with complementary embedding models, cross-encoder reranking via fine-tuned generative rerankers and MLP-based pairwise classification, and adaptive per-query cutoff prediction. For Task 2 (Legal Case Entailment), we combine BM25 filtering, T5-based reranking, and LLM-based entailment verification with consensus ensemble. For Task 3 (Statute Law Retrieval and Entailment), we adopt a retrieval-augmented generation framework with dense retrieval, attention-based reranking, and few-shot-prompted LLM reasoning. For Task 4 (Legal Textual Entailment), we introduce a dynamic routing pipeline that classifies query difficulty and dispatches cases to either a balanced few-shot solver or a structured zero-shot chain-of-thought solver. For the Pilot Task (Legal Judgment Prediction), we combine hierarchical transformers with CRF layers, argument relation mining, and probabilistic argumentation graph reasoning.

Automatic recognition of ambivalence and hesitancy is challenging because these states may be expressed through inconsistent linguistic, acoustic, facial, and contextual patterns, while top-performing systems often rely on computationally expensive ensembles. We present a single text-centered multimodal approach for video-level ambivalence and hesitancy recognition for the 11th Affective & Behavior Analysis in-the-Wild (ABAW) Challenge. The proposed approach combines linguistic, acoustic, facial, and scene features using text-centered multimodal fusion model. Text Residual Fusion treats text as the anchor modality and applies gated residual adjustments based on the other modalities. Experiments on the Behavioural Ambivalence/Hesitancy (BAH) corpus confirm that text is the strongest unimodal modality. The Text Residual Fusion model achieves an average Macro F1-score (MF1) of 75.14% across the Development and Public Test subsets. On the Private Test subset, it reaches an MF1 of 78.24%, outperforming the text model by 4.03%. These results demonstrate that complementary multimodal information can improve recognition performance without requiring a large model ensemble.

Human-AI teaming has received increasing attention in the literature. However, the range of studies conducted in multiple domains make it difficult to understand what types of teams are being studied, and in what ways are they similar/different from one another. In this study, we analyse 53 papers on human-AI teams and categorise them into five main clusters based on psychological taxonomies of teaming; AI Assistant, Ad-hoc Dependency, Ad-hoc Forced Dependency, Paired Equanimity, and Group Equanimity. Each cluster represents a unique combination of holistic team-level characteristics, indicating there are multiple disparate team types studied under the same definition. In turn, this raises the question of whether insights are truly transferable between papers. We conclude with guidance on how to identify the types of human-AI teams studied, a checklist for reporting a human-AI team in research work, and ways in which the field can be further synthesised.

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have motivated their adoption across a wide range of domains, including Artificial Intelligence (AI) for mental health. Given the growing prevalence of mental health disorders worldwide and the limited accessibility of professional care, there is an increasing demand for scalable computational approaches that can assist in early detection and continuous monitoring of psychological well-being. In this area, ongoing efforts have focused on curating domain-specific datasets and leveraging them to develop LLMs capable of supporting holistic mental health analysis. In line with this direction, we propose an LLM-based pipeline for comprehensive mental health analysis over sequentially ordered user posts, as part of the CLPsych shared task. Our pipeline offers a unified framework that jointly enables post-level assessment and user-level temporal modeling.

Production large language-model (LLM) agents are increasingly deployed not as lone problem-solvers but as managers: a main model creates specialized subagents, delegates work, and orchestrates their parallel, asynchronous returns through dynamic workflows. Whether one model can actually run such a team is largely unmeasured: existing benchmarks score a policy's own task-solving or a fixed multi-agent system's emergent behavior, but none isolate the management ability of the single LLM acting as leader. We introduce ClawArena-Team, a benchmark of 41 multi-turn, multimodal, multi-directory scenarios spanning 258 evaluation rounds and 72 staged updates that measures this management ability. The main agent is deliberately constrained: it natively perceives only text and directly accesses only part of the workspace. It commands a fixed, locally served subagent pool, so score differences reflect management skill, not raw capability. All scoring is execution-based with no LLM judge: an overall score -- the Subagent-Management Score (SMS) -- multiplies task correctness by a least-privilege and modality-routing factor. Across twelve proprietary, community-hosted, and self-hosted models, experiments show that the management bottleneck is privilege granting rather than perception (no model exceeds 50% workspace-permission precision); that cost and management quality are decoupled (API cost spans over 100 times while the overall score spans under 4 times, with the cheapest open models on the Pareto frontier); and that most leaderboard scores cluster within a 9.9-point band while orchestration behaviors diverge by more than an order of magnitude. Code is available at https://github.com/aiming-lab/ClawArena.

This paper describes team HSA_CORAL's submission to the FinCausal 2026 shared task on extracting cause-effect relations from financial narratives via extractive question answering in English and Spanish. We compare three modeling families: (i) encoder-only token tagging with multilingual BERT, (ii) encoder-decoder generation with multilingual BART, and (iii) decoder-only LLMs (Llama 3.1 and GPT variants) using prompt refinement, few-shot demonstrations, and supervised fine-tuning. Across settings, prompting and few-shot examples yield competitive performance, while supervised fine-tuning provides the largest gains. Our best system, GPT-4.1 Mini fine-tuned on combined English and Spanish training data, achieves a tied highest score on the English subtask (score 4.8140) and ranks third on Spanish (score 4.7753) under the shared task's LLM-as-a-judge metric. Overall, the results highlight the value of task-specific adaptation and multilingual fine-tuning for cross-lingual transfer in financial causality QA.

The application of multi-agent systems in robotics is a very challenging field. Several competitions involving such systems are proposed to foster research and development of strategies and mechanisms using games as the underlying domain. Among them are the ones from the \textit{IEEE Very Small Soccer (VSSS)} category, which is the case study described in this paper. In VSSS, two teams of three robots each compete in a very dynamic environment of a soccer game. Thus, coordination of robots' behavior during the game is crucial to win it. In this paper, we present a Behavior-Tree-based approach to support multi-robot coordination within the VSSS team of the ThundeRatz robotics team from the Universidade de S$\tilde{a}$o Paulo. Moreover, a comparison between the proposed approach and the previous one, which was based on a Finite State Machine (FSM), was conducted using the FIRASim simulator. Besides that, the performance of this new strategy was further evaluated in an academic robotics competition.

Human-AI collaboration is considered the most promising way to incorporate AI in the workplace. What remains unexplored are the experiential consequences of this teaming. More specifically, in a team with AI, how humans perceive themselves (self-perception) and how they are perceived by their coworkers (peer perception) in terms of work ownership and job meaningfulness. In a 2x2x2 vignette study (n=50), participants rated perceptions of ownership, affect, job meaningfulness and satisfaction, and role dynamics across two levels (low/high) of AI proactivity and AI competency as within-subject factors, with point-of-view (self perception/peer perception) as between-subjects. Our results showed that AI with low competency or low proactivity generally improved feelings related to ownership, meaningfulness, satisfaction, and role dynamics, and also increased positive affect while reducing negative affect. However, these effects were often influenced by point-of-view. For instance, low AI proactivity resulted in higher job satisfaction from self-perception rather than peer perception. Based on our findings, we argue that designing AI for the future of work solely around performance metrics may not be adequate. Highly competent and proactive AI-driven systems can have undesirable impacts on perceptions of ownership, job identity, social image and team dynamics, and consequently, job meaningfulness.

LLM-based multi-agent systems (MAS) have emerged as an effective paradigm for complex and long-horizon tasks. However, in real-world tasks, MAS often exhibit various failures during execution and such failures are difficult to eliminate during design. This motivates experience-driven MAS evolution, where a system improves based on its own execution experience. Yet such evolution is challenging because MAS experience is prolonged and intricate, interleaving multiple agents' execution chains and communication messages, which makes it difficult to identify what should be improved. To address this challenge, we propose Meta-Team, an experience-driven MAS evolution framework based on collaborative self-evolution. Meta-Team preserves the execution context of each agent and coordinates post-task communication, enabling agents to exchange distributed evidence for evolution. Building on this design, Meta-Team conducts multi-scale self-evolution, transforming execution experience into reusable improvements to agent behaviors, inter-agent coordination, and team-level organization. Across six long-horizon agent benchmarks, Meta-Team consistently outperforms single-agent systems, hand-crafted MAS, and prior MAS evolution methods; further analyses demonstrate that Meta-Team enables more reliable and scalable MAS self-evolution.

Capsule endoscopy event detection is challenging because clinically relevant findings are sparse, visually heterogeneous, and evaluated at the event level rather than by frame accuracy. We propose VISTA, a metric-aligned multi-backbone framework for the RAREVISION task. VISTA combines EndoFM-LV for temporal context and DINOv3 ViTL/16 for frame-level visual semantics, followed by a Diverse Head Ensemble (DHE), Validation-Guided Weighted Fusion (VGWF), and Anatomy-Aware Temporal Event Decoding (ATED). The original official submission achieved hidden-test temporal mAP@0.5 of 0.3530 and mAP@0.95 of 0.3235. After the competition, extending local threshold refinement with a global coarse search improved performance to 0.3726 mAP@0.5 and 0.3431 mAP@0.95, ranking Team ACVLab second in the post-competition evaluation.

Multi-agent systems can be extremely efficient when working concurrently and collaboratively, e.g., for delivery, surveillance, search and rescue. Coordination of such teams often involves two aspects: selecting appropriate subteams for different tasks in various areas, and coordinating agents in the subteams to execute the associated subtasks. Existing work often assumes that the tasks are static and known beforehand, where an integer program can be formulated and solved offline. However, in many applications, the team-wise tasks are generated online continually by external requests, and the amount of subtasks within each task is uncertain, e.g., the number of packages to deliver or victims to rescue. The aforementioned offline solution becomes inadequate as it would require constant re-computation for the whole team and global communication to broadcast the results. Thus, this work tackles the large-scale coordination problem under continual and uncertain temporal tasks, specified as temporal logic formulas over collaborative actions. The proposed hierarchical framework, HULK, consists of two interleaved layers: the rolling assignment of currently known tasks to subteams within a certain horizon, and the dynamic coordination within a subteam given the detected subtasks during online execution. Thus, coordination is performed hierarchically at different granularities and triggering conditions, improving computational efficiency and robustness. The method is validated rigorously over large-scale heterogeneous systems under various temporal tasks and environment uncertainties.

Agent systems often decompose a task across multiple roles, but these roles are typically specified by prompts rather than enforced by access controls. Without enforcement, a team pass rate can mask whether agents actually coordinated or whether one role effectively did another role's work. We present TeamBench, a benchmark with 851 task templates and 931 seeded instances for evaluating agent coordination under operating system-enforced role separation. TeamBench separates specification access, workspace editing, and final certification across Planner, Executor, and Verifier roles, so that no role can read the full requirements, modify the workspace, and certify the final answer. Prompt-only and sandbox-enforced teams reach statistically indistinguishable pass rates, but prompt-only runs produce 3.6 times more cases where the verifier attempts to edit the executor's code. Verifiers approve 49% of submissions that fail the deterministic grader, and removing the verifier improves mean partial score in the ablation. Team value is also conditional. Teams benefit when single agents struggle, but hurt when single agents already perform well. A 40-session human study under the same role separation shows that our benchmark exposes interaction patterns that pass rate misses. Solo participants work through the task directly, human participants paired with agents often collapse into quick approval, and human teams spend more effort coordinating missing information across roles.

This paper analyzes the strategic education process aimed at transitioning traditional software development squads into hybrid structures centered on collaborative work between humans and Artificial Intelligence (AI). In a context where human-AI collaboration can significantly increase productivity, this study explores how the upskilling of XPTO professionals, referred to as AI Advocates, acts as a catalyst for cultural and technical transformation. The objective is to present an experience report on the education and enablement process of AI Advocates within a private Brazilian technology company, highlighting key lessons learned and identified challenges.

Project-based learning improves student engagement and learning outcomes, yet allocating students to appropriately challenging projects while forming cognitively diverse teams remains difficult at scale. Traditional allocation methods (manual spreadsheets, preference surveys) can't construct the cognitively diverse teams that that collaborate cognitively. This mismatch perpetuates equity issues: high-performing students self-select visible projects while under-represented students face reduced access to opportunity. We propose TeamUp, a lightweight, embedding-based team-forming system designed to improve learning outcomes and equity in large-scale project-based courses. TeamUp uses semantic embeddings from pretrained language models to match students to projects aligned with their skill level. The system employs a hybrid ranking algorithm combining cosine similarity with pedagogical constraints (difficulty alignment, domain preferences, and demand balancing) to generate personalised and transparent recommendations. Beyond individual matching, TeamUp constructs cognitively diverse teams by modelling skill complementarity through embedding variance, ensuring teams possess well-distributed capabilities rather than homogeneous strengths. We evaluated TeamUp through a virtual experiment using 250 student profiles and 60 project descriptions. Results show: (1) substantially higher match quality (mean cosine similarity of 0.74 vs. 0.43); (2) better difficulty alignment (83% placed within one level vs. 34%); (3) more diverse teams (82% covering three or more technical areas vs. 41%); and (4) sub-second recommendation latency at operational costs under $0.10 per student.

Multi-agent LLM systems have shown promise for complex reasoning, yet recent evaluations reveal they often underperform single-model baselines. We identify a structural failure mode in sequential fine-tuning of shared-context teams: updating one agent shifts the team's context distribution, and when subsequent updates are evaluated on cached rollouts, this mismatch compounds. We formalize this as the compounding occupancy shift and prove that stale-occupancy evaluation incurs a penalty that scales quadratically with the number of agents. In contrast, intermediate-occupancy evaluation reduces this to linear scaling. We propose TeamTR, a trust-region framework that resamples trajectories after each component update and enforces per-agent divergence control, yielding rigorous per-update and per-stage improvement lower bounds. Experiments show that TeamTR outperforms single-agent and sequential baselines with 7.1% on average, mitigates coordination regressions, and supports plug-and-play component replacement. Code is available at https://github.com/Yydc/TeamTR.

Patient portals now give individuals direct access to their electronic health records (EHRs), yet access alone does not ensure patients understand or act on the complex clinical information contained in these records. The ArchEHR-QA 2026 shared task addresses this challenge by focusing on grounded question answering over EHRs, and this paper presents the system developed by the HealthNLP_Retrievers team for this task. The proposed approach uses a multi-stage cascaded pipeline powered by the Gemini 2.5 Pro large language model to interpret patient-authored questions and retrieve relevant evidence from lengthy clinical notes. Our architecture comprises four integrated modules: (1) a few-shot query reformulation unit which summarizes verbose patient queries; (2) a heuristic-based evidence scorer which ranks clinical sentences to prioritize recall; (3) a grounded response generator which synthesizes professional-caliber answers restricted strictly to identified evidence; and (4) a high-precision many-to-many alignment framework which links generated answers to supporting clinical sentences. This cascaded approach achieved competitive results. Across the individual tracks, the system ranked 1st in question interpretation, 5th in answer generation, 7th in evidence identification, and 9th in answer-evidence alignment. These results show that integrating large language models within a structured multi-stage pipeline improves grounding, precision, and the professional quality of patient-oriented health communication. To support reproducibility, our source code is publicly available in our GitHub repository

Large language models (LLMs) and medical AI tools are routinely used by physicians and patients for medical advice, yet their clinical safety profiles remain poorly characterized. We present NOHARM (Numerous Options Harm Assessment for Risk in Medicine), a 1,100-task benchmark of primary care-to-specialist consultation cases to measure the frequency and severity of potentially harmful errors from LLM-generated medical consultation recommendations. NOHARM covers 10 specialties, with 12,747 expert annotations for 4,249 clinical management options. Across 20 notable LLMs and 4 widely used retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) clinical AI tools, direct application of recommendations carried potential for severe harm in up to 24.6% of cases, with errors of omission accounting for more than 80% of severe errors. Harm potential was not uniform across systems, with clinical AI tools outperforming generalist LLMs, and multi-agent AI teaming further improving performance in generalist models. In a randomized study of 101 U.S.-licensed generalist physicians, AI assistance improved physician performance compared to conventional resources. However, AI-assisted physicians frequently omitted valuable AI-generated recommendations and still scored lower than many AI systems alone. Had those recommendations been incorporated, combined human-AI responses would have outperformed both the human and AI system as used, suggesting complementary strengths and unrealized potential in human-AI teaming. Collectively, these results show that despite strong performance on medical knowledge benchmarks, widely used AI tools can produce medical consultation advice with the potential for severe harm, and highlight the need for explicit measurement of clinical safety. The benchmark and leaderboard are publicly available to support ongoing evaluation and improvement of AI systems used for clinical care.