LLM Agent Orchestration

LLM: Large Language Model

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26 papers in the last four weeks, up 53% on the four weeks before. 0.3% of all new papers.

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Compiling Agentic Workflows into LLM Weights: Near-Frontier Quality at Two Orders of Magnitude Less Cost
May 21, 2026Simon Dennis, Rivaan Patil, Kevin Shabahang +1LLM Agent Orchestration Agentic Workflows
i14, University of Melbourne · i14
$E^3$ -Agent: An Executable and Evolving Agent for Resource Management of Edge Generative Inference
May 21, 2026Rui Bao, Yaping Sun, Zhiyong Chen +4LLM Inference Efficiency Edge Inference
Cooperative Medianet Innovation Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China · Department of Broadband Communication, Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518000, China · China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing 100053, China
Maestro: Reinforcement Learning to Orchestrate Hierarchical Model-Skill Ensembles
May 21, 2026Jinyang Wu, Guocheng Zhai, Ruihan Jin +7LLM Agent Orchestration Language Model Ensembles
1Tsinghua University · 2Zhejiang University · 3The Chinese University of Hong Kong +2
Energy per Successful Goal: Goal-Level Energy Accounting for Agentic AI Systems
May 20, 2026Deepak Panigrahy, Aakash TyagiLLM Agent Orchestration Agentic Workflows
Independent Researcher, USA · Texas A&M University, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, USA
Agent JIT Compilation for Latency-Optimizing Web Agent Planning and Scheduling
May 20, 2026Caleb Winston, Ron Yifeng Wang, Azalia Mirhoseini +1Computer-Use Agents LLM Agent Orchestration
Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Beyond Text-to-SQL: An Agentic LLM System for Governed Enterprise Analytics APIs
May 20, 2026Gundeep Singh, Parsa Kavehzadeh, Jing Xia +5LLM Agent Orchestration AI Agent Security
Dialpad Inc.
Causal Past Logic for Runtime Verification of Distributed LLM Agent Workflows
May 20, 2026Benedikt BolligLLM Agent Orchestration Agentic Workflows
Universit´e Paris-Saclay, CNRS, ENS Paris-Saclay, LMF, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Declarative Data Services: Structured Agentic Discovery for Composing Data Systems
May 20, 2026Shanshan Ye, Duo LuMulti-Agent LLM Systems LLM Agent Orchestration
Northeastern University · Brown University
Evaluating Temporal Semantic Caching and Workflow Optimization in Agentic Plan-Execute Pipelines
May 20, 2026Alimurtaza Mustafa Merchant, Krish Veera, Sajal Kumar Goyla +3LLM Agent Orchestration Agentic Workflows
Columbia University · IBM · IBM Research
ZEBRA: Zero-shot Budgeted Resource Allocation for LLM Orchestration
May 19, 2026May Hamri, Inbal Talgam-CohenLLM Agent Orchestration Cost-Aware Inference
1Tel Aviv University
A Methodology for Selecting and Composing Runtime Architecture Patterns for Production LLM Agents
May 19, 2026Vasundra SrinivasanLLM Agent Orchestration LLM Agents
AI Architect, Independent Researcher · Stanford School of Engineering
Harnessing AtomisticSkills for Agentic Atomistic Research
May 18, 2026Bowen Deng, Bohan Li, Matthew Cox +20AI Agents for Scientific Discovery AI Coding Agents
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA · Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA · Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea +5
DecisionBench: A Benchmark for Emergent Delegation in Long-Horizon Agentic Workflows
May 18, 2026Yuxuan Gao, Megan Wang, Yi Ling Yu +2LLM Agent Orchestration Long-Horizon Agent Evaluation
1OpenMesh AI · University of Pennsylvania · 3Columbia University +2
AgentNLQ: A General-Purpose Agent for Natural Language to SQL
May 18, 2026Olena Bogdanov, Yeunji Jung, Chandra Dhir +5Multi-Agent LLM Systems LLM Agent Orchestration
JPMorganChase
Code as Agent Harness
May 18, 2026Xuying Ning, Katherine Tieu, Dongqi Fu +39LLM Agent Orchestration Long-Horizon LLM Agents
Reversa: A Reverse Documentation Engineering Framework for Converting Legacy Software into Operational Specifications for AI Agents
May 18, 2026Sanderson Oliveira de Macedo, Ronaldo Martins da CostaSoftware Engineering Software Engineering Agents
Federal Institute of Goias - Brazil · Federal University of Goias - Brazil
MetaCogAgent: A Metacognitive Multi-Agent LLM Framework with Self-Aware Task Delegation
May 17, 2026Chenyu Wang, Yang ShuLLM Agent Orchestration LLM Agent Evaluation
School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China · Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
Multi-Paradigm Agent Interaction in Practice:A Systematic Analysis of Generator-Evaluator, ReAct Loop,and Adversarial Evaluation in the buddyMe Framework
May 16, 2026Xiaohua Wang, Chao Han, Kai Yu +2LLM Agent Orchestration LLM Agent Evaluation
BuddyMe Research Team, Nanjing 210000, China · CHARMMIRAEL Biotech Co., Ltd, Nanjing 210000, China
From Prompts to Protocols: An AI Agent for Laboratory Automation
May 15, 2026Angelos Angelopoulos, James F. Cahoon, Ron AlterovitzLLM Agent Orchestration Laboratory Automation
Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA · Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
Context, Reasoning, and Hierarchy: A Cost-Performance Study of Compound LLM Agent Design in an Adversarial POMDP
May 15, 2026Igor Bogdanov, Chung-Horng Lung, Thomas Kunz +3Multi-Agent LLM Systems LLM Agent Orchestration
Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario, Canada · Defence R&D Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada · Cistel Technology Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
BootstrapAgent: Distilling Repository Setup into Reusable Agent Knowledge
May 15, 2026Sihan Fu, Oucheng Liu, Shiyuan Wang +2Software Engineering Agents LLM Agent Memory
Zhejiang University · The Australian National University · Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Hybrid LLM-based Intelligent Framework for Robot Task Scheduling
May 15, 2026Swayamjit Saha, Subhabrata Das, Haonan Duan +1Robotic Construction Large Language Model-Based Robot Planning
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA · 2Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA · 3Consumer and Community Banking, JPMorgan Chase, New York, NY, USA +2
Concurrency without Model Changes: Future-based Asynchronous Function Calling for LLMs
May 14, 2026Guangyu Feng, Huanzhi Mao, Prabal Dutta +1LLM Agent Orchestration LLM Tool Use
University of California, Berkeley
Multi-Agentic Approach for History Matching of Oil Reservoirs
May 14, 2026Linar Samigullin, Sergei Shumilin, Evgeny BurnaevMulti-Agent Orchestration LLM Agent Orchestration
Skoltech, AI Center, Moscow, Russia · AIRI, Moscow, Russia
COLLATOR: Compositional Multi-Agent Orchestration with Counterfactual Reinforcement Learning
May 14, 2026Xudong Chen, Yixin Liu, Hua Wei +1Multi-Agent System Optimization Multi-Agent Orchestration
DermAgent: A Self-Reflective Agentic System for Dermatological Image Analysis with Multi-Tool Reasoning and Traceable Decision-Making
May 14, 2026Yize Liu, Siyuan Yan, Ming Hu +5Medical Image Analysis LLM Agent Orchestration
AIM for Health Lab, Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia · Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia · University College London, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
Hypergraph Enterprise Agentic Reasoner over Heterogeneous Business Systems
May 14, 2026Ling Wang, Xin Liu, Songnan Liu +8LLM Grounding LLM Agent Orchestration
SUPCON, Hangzhou, China
A3D: Agentic AI flow for autonomous Accelerator Design
May 14, 2026Abinand Nallathambi, Christopher Knight, Shantanu Ganguly +2Electronic Design Automation LLM Agent Orchestration
Purdue University · West Lafayette, IN, USA · Argonne National Laboratory +4
ChromaFlow: A Negative Ablation Study of Orchestration Overhead in Tool-Augmented Agent Evaluation
May 13, 2026Tarun MittalAI Agent Reliability LLM Agent Orchestration
Octave-X
SkillFlow: Flow-Driven Recursive Skill Evolution for Agentic Orchestration
May 13, 2026Mingda Zhang, Tiesunlong Shen, Haoran Luo +4LLM Agent Orchestration LLM Agent Self-Improvement
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen · National University of Singapore · Nanyang Technological University +1

May 21, 2026, cs.AIJ/K move · Enter open · S save

Compiling Agentic Workflows into LLM Weights: Near-Frontier Quality at Two Orders of Magnitude Less Cost

Simon Dennis, Rivaan Patil, Kevin Shabahang, Hao Guo

i14, University of Melbourne · i14

LLM Agent Orchestration Agentic Workflows LLM Agent Workflow Optimization LLM Agent Training

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Agent orchestration frameworks have proliferated, collectively exceeding 290,000 GitHub stars across LangGraph, CrewAI, Google ADK, OpenAI Agents SDK, Semantic Kernel, Strands, and LlamaIndex. All follow the same pattern: an external orchestrator above the LLM, injecting instructions and routing decisions every turn. Recent work has shown this architecture is dominated for procedural tasks by simply providing the procedure in a frontier model's system prompt [Dennis et al., 2026a], at the cost of consuming the context window, requiring a frontier model for every conversation, and exposing proprietary procedures to third-party providers. Compiling the procedure into the weights of a small fine-tuned model -- creating a subterranean agent -- should resolve all of these concerns, and prior work (SimpleTOD, FireAct, SynTOD, WorkflowLLM, Agent Lumos) has shown the technique works. Yet developer adoption has overwhelmingly favored orchestration. We identify three perceived barriers and address each empirically across travel booking (14 nodes), Zoom support (14 nodes, product-specific knowledge), and insurance claims (55 nodes, 6 decision hubs).

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