Runtime Verification

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Overview

Runtime verification checks a system’s events and actions as they happen, comparing its behavior with requirements that can be enforced or audited. Common approaches encode requirements as temporal logic, contracts, or invariants, then use automata, trace monitors, or predictive checks to detect violations, gate actions, diagnose faults, or trigger recovery. Applications include tool-using AI agents, robots and autonomous vehicles, software, and distributed workflows, with evaluations ranging from simulated attack and task benchmarks to hardware and real-world systems. A central challenge is balancing timely, scalable checks and useful intervention against incomplete observations, false alarms, and the limits of what fixed specifications can detect.

Latest papers

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62 papers10 papers in the last four weeks, level with the four weeks before. 0.1% of all new papers.

  1. Anytime-Valid Runtime Monitoring of Learned Barrier Certificates

    Oct 20, 2026Zhipeng Cao, Taoran Wu, Weiru Cui +2Runtime VerificationControl Barrier Functions

    Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences · School of Advanced Interdisciplinary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences · University of Chinese Academy of Sciences +1

  2. One Monitor Does Not Fit All: Formalism-Agnostic Runtime Verification for Agentic AI

    Oct 14, 2026Angelo FerrandoAI Agent MonitoringRuntime Enforcement for AI Agents

    University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy

  3. MakSafe: A Spatiotemporal Semantic Framework for Formal Specification and Compliance Checking of Road Vehicle Safety Rules

    Oct 14, 2026Maksym Labzhaniia, Julien Deantoni, Marie-Agn{è}s Peraldi-Frati +1Autonomous Driving Safety EvaluationFormal Verification

    UniCA, Laboratoire I3S - COMRED, KAIROS · Laboratoire I3S - COMRED, I3S, KAIROS, UniCA

  4. Runtime Monitoring of Supermartingale Certificates

    Oct 14, 2026Mirco Giacobbe, Thomas A. Henzinger, Konstantin Kueffner +2Runtime Verification

    University of Birmingham · Institute of Science and Technology Austria · University of Oxford +2

  5. BRIDGE: Selective Boundary Repair with Dependency Graph Evidence in Multi-Agent Systems

    Oct 13, 2026Encheng Su, Pengze Li, Ziheng Hua +12Multi-Agent CoordinationMulti-Agent Collaboration

    University of Science and Technology of China · Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory · Fudan University +7

  6. Multi-Aspect Runtime Verification for Simulation-Based V&V of LLM-Enabled Autonomous Agents

    Oct 6, 2026Nikolaos Kekatos, Dimitrios Nikou, Anastasios Temperekidis +4LLM Agent VerificationRuntime Enforcement for AI Agents

    Clone Systems, Cyprus · International Hellenic University, Greece · University of Thessaly, Greece +2

  7. MemMux: Runtime Verification and Honest Resource Attribution for Fleets of Parallel Coding Agents

    Oct 5, 2026Sumanyu MukuRuntime Enforcement for AI AgentsAI Agent Monitoring

    Amira Learning

  8. The Unexpired Plan: A Free Monitor for Accelerated Diffusion Policies

    Oct 5, 2026Yi Zhao, Sebastian SchererRoboticsDiffusion Policy

    AirLab, The Robotics Institute Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

  9. Discriminating Fixture Coverage in Agent-Infrastructure Verification Suites

    Oct 2, 2026Xin Xu, Siru TaoAutomated Software TestingAI Agent Monitoring

    Carnegie Mellon University Eragon

  10. SAGE: Symbolic Action-Gating and Editing for LLM Task Planners

    Sep 28, 2026Trung Minh Bui, JongSul Moon, YoungOuk Kim +3Large Language Model-Based Robot PlanningSymbolic Planning

    Intelligent Robotics Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute (KETI), Seongnam 13449, Republic of Korea

  11. Protected Cores Are Not Enough: Certifying AI-Proposed Revisions of Temporal Specifications

    Sep 27, 2026Ruggero LanotteFormal VerificationRuntime Verification

    University of Insubria, Varese, Italy

  12. Progression- vs Automata-based Anticipatory Monitoring of LTL over Finite Traces (Extended Version)

    Sep 26, 2026Sarah Winkler, Toryn Klassen, Sheila McIlraith +1Runtime VerificationLinear Temporal Logic

    Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy · University of Toronto, Canada

  13. GameLogicBench: Evaluating Coding Agents on Runtime Game Logic with Tick-Level State Assertions

    Sep 18, 2026Xinyu Che, Yunfei Ge, Shihao Li +9AI Coding AgentsBenchmark Design

    Nanjing University

  14. Symbolic Temporal Supervision of LLM Agents Using Contracts

    Sep 16, 2026Yifeng Xiao, Pierluigi NuzzoRuntime Enforcement for AI AgentsLLM Agent Safety

    Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

  15. Predictive Varanus: Combining CSP Conformance Monitoring with Predictive LTL Runtime Verification

    Sep 15, 2026Angelo Ferrando, Matt Luckcuck, Pedro RibeiroFormal VerificationLinear Temporal Logic

    Department of Physics, Informatics and Mathematics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy · School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, UK · Department of Computer Science, University of York, UK

  16. Rice's Theorem under Self-Modification: Elevation Operators and a Normal Form

    Sep 10, 2026Jose Pascual Gumbau MezquitaFormal VerificationRuntime Verification

    University Jaume I de Castelló, Spain

  17. Beyond Static Guarantees: Measuring the Static-Pass Dynamic-Fail Gap in Security-Sensitive and LLM-Generated Python Code

    Sep 9, 2026Jessica Pourleyli, Maitreyee Das Urmi, Glaucia MeloSoftware Vulnerability DetectionSoftware Security

    Toronto Metropolitan University Toronto, Canada

  18. A Verifier Can Leak the Answer: Diagnosability Before Optimization in Closed-Loop Agent Debugging

    Sep 9, 2026Peiying Zhu, Sidi ChangFault DiagnosisAI Agent Auditing

    Blossom AI Blossom AI Labs San Francisco, CA, USA · Tokyo, Japan

  19. Generator-Independent Runtime Assurance under Partial Observation

    Sep 5, 2026Guangxi Wan, Yongbo Xie, Yuqi Liu +4Runtime AssuranceRuntime Verification

    State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China · University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

  20. Predictive Zonotope Reduction: Precise Runtime Monitoring under Uncertainty

    Sep 3, 2026Vladimir Krsmanovic, Florian Kohn, Bernd Finkbeiner +1Runtime Verification

    CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security · Technical University of Munich · beanTech

  21. Formal, Executable and Explainable Runtime Monitoring of Spoken Air Traffic Control Operational Procedures

    Aug 26, 2026Roberto Luvini, Giacomo Longo, Alessandro Armando +1Aviation SafetyRuntime Verification

    Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genoa, Italy · CASD - University School of Advanced Defense Studies, Rome, Italy

  22. Runtime Observability for Heterogeneous Attention Memory

    Aug 6, 2026Fanzhe Wei, Li Liu, Ziyang Wang +1KV CachingLLM Auditing

    Metask Lab

  23. Staying on Spec: Real-Time Monitoring under Uncertainty with a Maritime Case Study

    Aug 3, 2026Elizabeth Dietrich, Hanna Krasowski, Emir Cem Gezer +3Reachability AnalysisSafe Robot Navigation

    University of California, Berkeley · Norwegian University of Science and Technology

  24. Real-Time Detection and Repair of LLM Agent Failures

    Aug 3, 2026Sunny DubeyAI Agent ReliabilityAI Agent Monitoring

  25. Why Formal Monitors Fail: Attack Distribution Entropy as a Coverage Bound for LTL-Based LLM Agent Safety

    Aug 2, 2026Ruiyang ZhangFormal VerificationAI Agent Monitoring

    Ryonix Labs Inc. Flock.io

  26. WitCert: Sound Runtime Risk Observability and Gating for KV-Cache Quantization

    Jul 30, 2026Fanzhe Wei, Li Liu, Ziyang Wang +1KV CachingMemory-Efficient Inference

    Metask Lab

  27. CheckVLA: Execution-Time Verification with Action-Conditioned World Model for Long-Horizon Mobile Manipulation

    Jul 29, 2026Yushan Liu, Peibo Sun, Xintao Chao +8Long-Horizon Robotic ManipulationWorld Models for Robotics

    Tsinghua University · Shanghai Jiao Tong University · Peking University +2

  28. Mission-Level Runtime Assurance for LLM-Assisted ISR Swarms over a Verification-Aware Fabric

    Jul 26, 2026Nikolaos Kekatos, Michael Ioannou, Panagiotis Katsaros +4Swarm RoboticsAI Agent Monitoring

    Clone Systems, Larnaca, Cyprus · Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece · University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece

  29. Explanation-Based Runtime Verification for Trustworthy ML-driven Optical Networks

    Jul 22, 2026Omran Ayoub, Carlos Natalino, Ali Al Housseini +5Explainable Artificial IntelligenceRuntime Verification

    University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland · Department of Electrical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden · SKOOR GmbH, Switzerland +1

  30. Clinical Pathways as Safety Specifications for Physical AI in Hospital Wards

    Jul 22, 2026Gabriele Franchini, Giulio Mallardi, Michele De Carolis +1Cyber-Physical SystemsAI Agent Monitoring

    Computer Science Dept. University of Bari Bari, Italy