Cultural Bias in Language Models

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Occupational Prompting Reveals Cultural Bias in Large Language Models
May 19, 2026Maksim E. Eren, Andrea Brennen, Ryan C. Barron +1LLM Prompting Social Bias in Language Models
Computational Intelligence & Modeling, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA. · IQT, USA. · Advanced Research in Cyber Systems, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA.
Improving Cross-Cultural Survey Simulation with Calibrated Value Personas
May 15, 2026Axel Abels, Elias Fernandez Domingos, Apurva Shah +1Language Model Calibration Cultural Bias in Language Models
1Machine Learning Group, Universit´e Libre de Bruxelles · 2AI Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel · 3FARI Institute, Universit´e Libre de Bruxelles - Vrije Universiteit Brussel +2
Toward LLMs Beyond English-Centric Development
May 15, 2026Sho Takase, Ukyo HondaMultilingual Language Models Continual Learning for LLMs
CyberAgent
The Cost of Perfect English: Pragmatic Flattening and the Erasure of Authorial Voice in L2 Writing Supported by GenAI
May 13, 2026Ao Liu, Shanhua ZhuCultural Bias in Language Models
School of Foreign Languages, Southeast University
When Do LLMs Generate Realistic Social Networks? A Multi-Dimensional Study of Culture, Language, Scale, and Method
May 13, 2026Sai Hemanth Kilaru, Sriram Theerdh Manikyala, Raghav Upadhyay +3LLM Prompting Social Bias in Language Models
University of Arizona. Tucson, AZ 85721
Training-Free Cultural Alignment of Large Language Models via Persona Disagreement
May 11, 2026Huynh Trung Kiet, Dao Sy Duy Minh, Tuan Nguyen +5LLM Alignment Cultural Alignment
Faculty of Information and Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. · Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom. · School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside University, United Kingdom.
StereoTales: A Multilingual Framework for Open-Ended Stereotype Discovery in LLMs
May 11, 2026Pierre Le Jeune, Étienne Duchesne, Weixuan Xiao +4Open-Ended Generation Multilingual Language Model Evaluation
Giskard AI · École Normale Supérieure, INSERM, Paris
CrossCult-KIBench: A Benchmark for Cross-Cultural Knowledge Insertion in MLLMs
May 7, 2026Zhen Zeng, Leijiang Gu, Feng Li +2Knowledge Augmentation for Language Models Multimodal Large Language Models
1Hefei University of Technology · 2Key Laboratory of Ethnic Language Intelligent Analysis and Security Governance of MOE, Minzu University of China · School of Information Engineering, Minzu University of China
XL-SafetyBench: A Country-Grounded Cross-Cultural Benchmark for LLM Safety and Cultural Sensitivity
May 7, 2026Dasol Choi, Eugenia Kim, Jaewon Noh +14LLM Safety Benchmarks Multilingual Language Model Evaluation
AIM Intelligence · Microsoft · Korea AISI +7
The Digital Afterlife of Empires: Four Language Models Converge on the Same Imperial Cartography of Writing
Apr 30, 2026Hiroki FukuiMultilingual Language Models Cultural Bias in Language Models
Research Institute of Criminal Psychiatry / Sex Offender Medical Center · Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyoto University
Cross-Lingual Response Consistency in Large Language Models: An ILR-Informed Evaluation of Claude Across Six Languages
Apr 29, 2026Camelia BalutaMultilingual Language Models Multilingual Language Model Evaluation
Independent Researcher | Former Faculty, Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center · ILR/OPI Assessment Specialist
Progressing beyond Art Masterpieces or Touristic Clichés: how to assess your LLMs for cultural alignment?
Apr 28, 2026António Branco, João Silva, Nuno Marques +10Cultural Alignment Cultural Bias in Language Models
†University of Lisbon · ‡University of Beira Interior
Do LLMs Capture Embodied Cognition and Cultural Variation? Cross-Linguistic Evidence from Demonstratives
Apr 28, 2026Yu Wang, Emmanuele Chersoni, Chu-Ren HuangMultilingual Language Model Evaluation LLM Grounding
Department of Language Science and Technology · The Hong Kong Polytechnic University · Hung Lok Road, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong (China)
K-MetBench: A Multi-Dimensional Benchmark for Fine-Grained Evaluation of Expert Reasoning, Locality, and Multimodality in Meteorology
Apr 27, 2026Soyeon Kim, Cheongwoong Kang, Myeongjin Lee +3LLM Evaluation Cultural Bias in Language Models
KAIST, INEEJI · Seongnam, Korea · KAIST +2
Representational Harms in LLM-Generated Narratives Against Global Majority Nationalities
Apr 24, 2026Ilana Nguyen, Harini Suresh, Thema Monroe-White +1Cultural Bias in Language Models Language Model Bias Evaluation
Brown University, USA · Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA · George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA +1
When AI Speaks, Whose Values Does It Express? A Cross-Cultural Audit of Individualism-Collectivism Bias in Large Language Models
Apr 24, 2026Pruthvinath Jeripity VenkataLLM Evaluation Cross-Cultural Language Model Evaluation
Independent Researcher
When Cow Urine Cures Constipation on YouTube: Limits of LLMs in Detecting Culture-specific Health Misinformation
Apr 23, 2026Anamta Khan, Ratna Kandala, Deepti +2LLM Prompting Automated Fact-Checking
University of Michigan · University of Kansas · IIT Jodhpur
Why are all LLMs Obsessed with Japanese Culture? On the Hidden Cultural and Regional Biases of LLMs
Apr 23, 2026Joseba Fernandez de Landa, Carla Perez-Almendros, Jose Camacho-ColladosMultilingual Language Model Evaluation Cultural Bias in Language Models
HiTZ Center - Ixa, University of the Basque Country EHU · Cardiff University
Culturally uneven urban perception in large language models
Apr 21, 2026Rong Zhao, Wanqi Liu, Zhizhou Sha +3VLM Evaluation Social Bias in Language Models
Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis (CASA), UCL, London, UK · Department of Computer Science, UT Austin, Austin, TX, USA · School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
AlignCultura: Towards Culturally Aligned Large Language Models?
Apr 21, 2026Gautam Siddharth Kashyap, Mark Dras, Usman NaseemCross-Cultural Language Model Evaluation Cultural Alignment
School of Computing, Macquarie University, Australia
Six Llamas: Comparative Religious Ethics Through LoRA-Adapted Language Models
Apr 20, 2026Chad Coleman, W. Russell Neuman, Manan Shah +5Moral Reasoning in Language Models Cultural Bias in Language Models
Do LLMs Use Cultural Knowledge Without Being Told? A Multilingual Evaluation of Implicit Pragmatic Adaptation
Apr 20, 2026Mehwish Nasim, Sanjeevan Selvaganapathy, Neel Ganapathi Sabhahit +6Multilingual Language Models Multilingual Language Model Evaluation
1Network Analysis and Social Influence Modelling (NASIM) Lab · 3Computational Social Science & Systems Analysis University of Münster · School of Computing Macquarie University
BIASEDTALES-ML: A Multilingual Dataset for Analyzing Narrative Attribute Distributions in LLM-Generated Stories
Apr 18, 2026Yuxuan Ouyang, yingfeng luo, JingBo Zhu +1Multilingual Language Model Evaluation Social Bias in Language Models
School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China · NiuTrans Research, Shenyang, China
Expressing Social Emotions: Misalignment Between LLMs and Human Cultural Emotion Norms
Apr 18, 2026Sree Bhattacharyya, Manas Mehta, Leona Chen +4LLM Evaluation Cultural Bias in Language Models
The Pennsylvania State University · Duke University · Northeastern University +1
Cross-Cultural Value Attribution in Large Vision-Language Models
Apr 10, 2026Phillip Howard, Xin Su, Kathleen C. FraserVLM Evaluation Counterfactual Evaluation of VLMs
Thoughtworks · University of Ottawa
Probing Cultural Signals in Large Language Models through Author Profiling
Mar 17, 2026Valentin Lafargue, Ariel Guerra-Adames, Emmanuelle Claeys +2Cultural Bias in Language Models Algorithmic Fairness
IMT, Toulouse, France · Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France · INRIA Bordeaux, France +4
A Scalable Entity-Based Framework for Auditing Bias in Large Language Models
Jan 18, 2026Akram Elbouanani, Aboubacar Tuo, Adrian PopescuLLM Auditing Political Bias in Language Models
Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, List, F-91120, Palaiseau, France
Camellia: Benchmarking Cultural Biases in LLMs for Asian Languages
Oct 6, 2025Tarek Naous, Anagha Savit, Carlos Rafael Catalan +17Multilingual Language Model Evaluation Cultural Bias in Language Models
Georgia Institute of Technology · Samsung R&D Institute Philippines · Sungkyunkwan University +6
What and Whose Knowledge? Measuring Epistemic Diversity in Large Language Models
Oct 5, 2025Dustin Wright, Sarah Masud, Jared Moore +5LLM Evaluation Cultural Bias in Language Models
University of Copenhagen · Stanford University · University of Colorado Boulder +1
One Model, Many Morals: Uncovering Cross-Linguistic Misalignments in Computational Moral Reasoning
Sep 25, 2025Sualeha Farid, Jayden Lin, Zean Chen +2Multilingual Language Model Evaluation Moral Reasoning in Language Models
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

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Occupational Prompting Reveals Cultural Bias in Large Language Models

Maksim E. Eren, Andrea Brennen, Ryan C. Barron, Eric Michalak

Computational Intelligence & Modeling, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA. · IQT, USA. · Advanced Research in Cyber Systems, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA.

LLM Prompting Social Bias in Language Models Open-Weight Language Models Cultural Bias in Language Models Language Model Bias Evaluation

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Social roles shape expectations, priorities, and judgments, yet it remains unclear how large language models (LLMs) associate occupational identities with broader cultural value patterns. Prior work used nationality-based cultural prompting to study how LLM responses to value-survey questions align with human cultural benchmarks. In this paper, we extend that framework by replacing cultural prompting with occupational prompting to examine how professional-role cues influence value-survey responses in open-weight LLMs. Using a survey-grounded evaluation pipeline based on questions from the Integrated Values Surveys, we project model responses into the two-dimensional Inglehart--Welzel cultural space. We prompt open-weight LLMs to answer questions under occupational identities such as accountant, teacher, engineer, and nurse, and then analyze how these occupation-conditioned responses are positioned on the cultural map. Our results show that when open-weight LLMs are prompted with occupations rather than national identities, their responses remain within a broadly Western-leaning region of the cultural map. However, different occupations introduce shifts within this region, producing distinct occupational skews. This indicates that occupational prompts are not treated as neutral role labels, but instead elicit structured value patterns. These findings extend survey-based evaluation of cultural bias beyond nationality-based prompting and provide a framework for studying how occupational personas shape value expression in LLMs.

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