Large Language Models

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Large Language Models(Llms

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Large Language Model Output

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AHD Agent: Agentic Reinforcement Learning for Automatic Heuristic Design
May 9, 2026Haoze Lv, Ning Lu, Ziang Zhou +1Large Language Models(Llms
Bias by Necessity: Impossibility Theorems for Sequential Processing with Convergent AI and Human Validation
May 9, 2026Jikun Wu, Dongxin Guo, Siu-Ming YiuImplicit Bias Cognitive Science
A Single Layer to Explain Them All:Understanding Massive Activations in Large Language Models
May 8, 2026Zeru Shi, Zhenting Wang, Fan Yang +2Model Activations Large Models
Do Benchmarks Underestimate LLM Performance? Evaluating Hallucination Detection With LLM-First Human-Adjudicated Assessment
May 8, 2026I. F. Atasoy, B. Mutlu, E. A. Sezer +1Hallucination Detection Large Language Model Performance
LLMs Improving LLMs: Agentic Discovery for Test-Time Scaling
May 8, 2026Tong Zheng, Haolin Liu, Chengsong Huang +10Test-Time Scaling Large Models
Graph Representation Learning Augmented Model Manipulation on Federated Fine-Tuning of LLMs
May 8, 2026Hanlin Cai, Kai Li, Houtianfu Wang +4Large Language Model Fine-Tuning Language Model Evasion Attacks
Melding LLM and temporal logic for reliable human-swarm collaboration in complex scenarios
May 8, 2026Junfeng Chen, Yuxiao Zhu, An Zhuo +6Large Language Model Planning Swarms
Chain-based Distillation for Effective Initialization of Variable-Sized Small Language Models
May 8, 2026Boyu Shi, YiCheng Jiang, Chang Liu +3Small Language Models Knowledge Distillation
Benchmarking EngGPT2-16B-A3B against Comparable Italian and International Open-source LLMs
May 8, 2026Andrea Sassella, Andrea Chizzola, Tommaso Bianchi +2Benchmarking Large Language Models Italian Case Studies
Multi-Dimensional Evaluation of LLMs for Grammatical Error Correction
May 8, 2026Adnan Labib, Qiao Wang, Yixuan Huang +1Grammatical Error Correction Large Language Model Evaluation
Post-training makes large language models less human-like
May 8, 2026Marcel Binz, Elif Akata, Abdullah Almaatouq +76Large Language Model Post-Training Large Language Model Performance
Why do Large Language Models Fail in Low-resource Translation? Unraveling the Token Dynamics of Large Language Models for Machine Translation
May 8, 2026Shenbin Qian, Yves ScherrerNeural Machine Translation Models Machine Translation Quality
SkillSelect-Serve: QoS-Aware Budgeted Skill Service Recommendation for LLM Agents
May 8, 2026Jingyuan Zheng, Dongjing Wang, Xin Zhang +7Reusable Agent Skills Large Language Model Agents
Vaporizer: Breaking Watermarking Schemes for Large Language Model Outputs
May 8, 2026Jonathan Hong Jin Ng, Anh Tu Ngo, Anupam ChattopadhyayLarge Language Model Watermarks Watermarking
CSR: Infinite-Horizon Real-Time Policies with Massive Cached State Representations
May 8, 2026Robin Karlsson, Go SuzuiEfficient Latent Reasoning Low-Latency Systems
Understanding Performance Collapse in Layer-Pruned Large Language Models via Decision Representation Transitions
May 8, 2026Boyu Shi, Chang Liu, ChuanBao Gao +2Large Language Model Performance Heterogeneous Pruning Scores
HPC-LLM: Practical Domain Adaptation and Retrieval-Augmented Generation for HPC Support
May 8, 2026Nourin Shahin, Izzat AlsmadiHigh-Performance Computing Large Language Models(Llms
The Text Uncanny Valley: Non-Monotonic Performance Degradation in LLM Information Retrieval
May 8, 2026Zekai Tong, Ruiyao Xu, Aryan Shrivastava +2Large Language Model Performance Transitions
MathlibPR: Pull Request Merge-Readiness Benchmark for Formal Mathematical Libraries
May 8, 2026Zixuan Xie, Xinyu Liu, Shangtong ZhangTheorem Large Language
Switchcraft: AI Model Router for Agentic Tool Calling
May 8, 2026Sharad Agarwal, Pooria Namyar, Alec Wolman +3Large Language Model Routing Agentic Tool Use
Regulating Branch Parallelism in LLM Serving
May 7, 2026Swapnil Gandhi, Siva Hari, William J. Dally +1Large Language Model Serving Parallel
How Well Do LLMs Perform on the Simplest Long-Chain Reasoning Tasks: An Empirical Study on the Equivalence Class Problem
May 7, 2026Chun Zheng, Lianlong Wu, Bingqian Li +2Large Language Model Reasoning Large Reasoning Models
Dataset Watermarking for Closed LLMs with Provable Detection
May 7, 2026Pengrun Huang, Kamalika Chaudhuri, Yu-Xiang WangLarge Language Model Watermarks Watermarking
Why Global LLM Leaderboards Are Misleading: Small Portfolios for Heterogeneous Supervised ML
May 7, 2026Jai Moondra, Ayela Chughtai, Bhargavi Lanka +1Ranking Large Language
Optimizer-Model Consistency: Full Finetuning with the Same Optimizer as Pretraining Forgets Less
May 7, 2026Yuxing Liu, Jianyu Wang, Tong ZhangSupervised Fine-Tuning Model Pretraining
Sustaining Cooperation in Populations Guided by AI: A Folk Theorem for LLMs
May 7, 2026Jonathan Shaki, Eden Hartman, Sarit Kraus +1Cooperation Multi-Agent Large Language Model
Towards Distributed Inference of LLMs on a P2P Network
May 7, 2026Shabari S Nair, Krishanu SainiLLM Inference Efficiency Cache
From Agent Loops to Deterministic Graphs: Execution Lineage for Reproducible AI-Native Work
May 7, 2026Josh Rosen, Seth RosenAgent Loop Multi-Agent Large Language Model Systems
Is Escalation Worth It? A Decision-Theoretic Characterization of LLM Cascades
May 7, 2026Dylan BouchardLarge Language Model Routing Escalation
Data Language Models: A New Foundation Model Class for Tabular Data
May 7, 2026Eda Erol, Giuliano Pezzoli, Ozer Cem KelahmetTabular Learning Tabular Data
Systematic Evaluation of Large Language Models for Post-Discharge Clinical Action Extraction
May 7, 2026Shivali Dalmia, Ananya Mantravadi, Prasanna DesikanClinical Reasoning Large Language Model Performance
BoostLLM: Boosting-inspired LLM Fine-tuning for Few-shot Tabular Classification
May 7, 2026Yi-Siang Wang, Kuan-Yu Chen, Yu-Chen Den +1Large Language Model Fine-Tuning Tabular Learning
Visual Fingerprints for LLM Generation Comparison
May 7, 2026Amal Alnouri, Andreas Hinterreiter, Christina Humer +2Large Language Model Output Text Generation
Hypothesis generation and updating in large language models
May 7, 2026Hua-Dong XiongHypothesis Generation Large Language Model Performance
LCC-LLM: Leveraging Code-Centric Large Language Models for Malware Attribution
May 7, 2026Christopher G. Pedraza Pohlenz, Hassan Jalil Hadi, Ali Hassan +1Malware Detection Program Analysis
Decodable but Not Corrected by Fixed Residual-Stream Linear Steering: Evidence from Medical LLM Failure Regimes
May 7, 2026Ming LiuLarge Language Model Performance Mmlu-Pro
I'm Sorry, but I Can't Help with Braille: Revealing Accessibility Failures in State-of-the-Art LLMs
May 7, 2026Abdullah AbdullahLarge Language Model Performance Large Language Model Baselines
On the Hardness of Junking LLMs
May 6, 2026Marco Rando, Samuel VaiterLarge Language Model Jailbreaks Jailbreak Attacks
Continual Knowledge Updating in LLM Systems: Learning Through Multi-Timescale Memory Dynamics
May 6, 2026Andreas Pattichis, Constantine DovrolisSynaptic Plasticity Procedural Knowledge
KernelBenchX: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating LLM-Generated GPU Kernels
May 6, 2026Han Wang, Jintao Zhang, Kai Jiang +3Graphics Processing Unit Kernels Benchmarking Large Language Models
Elicitation Matters: How Prompts and Query Protocols Shape LLM Surrogates under Sparse Observations
May 6, 2026Ge Lei, Samuel J. CooperLarge Language Model Uncertainty Elicitation
Paraphrase-Induced Output-Mode Collapse: When LLMs Break Character Under Semantically Equivalent Inputs
May 6, 2026Aofan Liu, Jingxiang MengLarge Language Model Performance Representation Collapse
Power Distribution Bridges Sampling, Self-Reward RL, and Self-Distillation
May 6, 2026Akiyoshi Tomihari, Issei SatoUnsupervised On-Policy Self-Distillation Large Language Model Performance
RLearner-LLM: Balancing Logical Grounding and Fluency in Large Language Models via Hybrid Direct Preference Optimization
May 6, 2026Qiming Bao, Juho Leinonen, Paul Denny +1Large Language Model Alignment Large Language Models(Llms
A Dialogue-Based Framework for Correcting Multimodal Errors in AI-Assisted STEM Education
May 5, 2026Akshay Syal, Lawrence Swaminathan Xavier Prince, Evin Gultepe +2Tutors Large Language Model Performance
Quantifying the human visual exposome with vision language models
May 5, 2026Christian Rominger, Andreas R. Schwerdtfeger, Malay Gaherwar Singh +5Visual Perception Quantifying
Exposing LLM Safety Gaps Through Mathematical Encoding:New Attacks and Systematic Analysis
May 5, 2026Haoyu Zhang, Mohammad Zandsalimy, Shanu SushmitaLarge Language Model Safety Large Language Model Performance
Can Multimodal Large Language Models Understand Pathologic Movements? A Pilot Study on Seizure Semiology
May 5, 2026Lina Zhang, Tonmoy Monsoor, Mehmet Efe Lorasdagi +8Interictal Epileptiform Discharges Multi-Modal Large Language Models
Revisiting the Travel Planning Capabilities of Large Language Models
May 5, 2026Bo-Wen Zhang, Jin Ye, Peng-Yu Hua +4Large Language Model Planning Large Language Model Reasoning
LLM-XTM: Enhancing Cross-Lingual Topic Models with Large Language Models
May 5, 2026Minh Chu Xuan, Tien-Phat Nguyen, Linh Ngo Van +3Topic Modeling Large Language Model Adaptation
How Language Models Process Negation
May 4, 2026Zhejian Zhou, Tianyi Zhou, Robin Jia +1Negation Large Language Model Performance
A multilingual hallucination benchmark: MultiWikiQHalluA
May 4, 2026Freja Thoresen, Dan Saattrup SmartHallucinations Multilingual Data
HeavySkill: Heavy Thinking as the Inner Skill in Agentic Harness
May 4, 2026Jianing Wang, Linsen Guo, Zhengyu Chen +8Agentic Reasoning Agent Harness
When Alignment Isn't Enough: Response-Path Attacks on LLM Agents
May 4, 2026Mingyu Luo, Zihan Zhang, Zesen Liu +7Language Model Evasion Attacks Large Language Model Agents
AAFLOW: Scalable Patterns for Agentic AI Workflows
May 4, 2026Arup Kumar Sarker, Mills Staylor, Aymen Alsaadi +3Agentic Workflows Modular Agentic Framework
So Many Opinions, So Many LLMs: Comparing Large Language Models to Traditional Machine Learning for Open- Ended Survey Analysis
May 4, 2026Abdullah Akinde, Mariam Akinde, Rasheedat Emiola +1Qualitative Research Survey
Conventional Commit Classification using Large Language Models and Prompt Engineering
May 3, 2026H. M. Sazzad Quadir, Sakib Al Hasan, Md. Nurul Ahad TawhidCommits Large Language
Learn-To-Learn on Arbitrary Textual Conditioning: A Hypernetwork-Driven Meta-Gated LLM
May 3, 2026Luo Ji, Qi Qin, Ningyuan Xi +3Meta-Learning Large Language
Maistros: A Greek Large Language Model Adapted Through Knowledge Distillation From Large Reasoning Models
May 3, 2026Nikolaos Giarelis, Charalampos Mastrokostas, Nikos KaracapilidisMultilingual Large Language Models Large Language
SplitZip: Ultra Fast Lossless KV Compression for Disaggregated LLM Serving
May 3, 2026Yipin Guo, Siddharth JoshiKey-Value Cache Compression Large Language Model Compression

May 9, 2026 · cs.AIJ/K move · Enter open · S save

AHD Agent: Agentic Reinforcement Learning for Automatic Heuristic Design

Haoze Lv, Ning Lu, Ziang Zhou, Shengcai Liu

Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain-Inspired Intelligent Computation, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology · Zhongguancun Academy · The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

Automatic heuristic design (AHD) has emerged as a promising paradigm for solving NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems (COPs). Recent works show that large language models (LLMs), when integrated into well-designed frameworks (i.e., LLM-AHD), can autonomously discover high-performing heuristics. However, existing LLM-AHD frameworks typically treat LLMs as passive generators within fixed workflows, where the model generates heuristics from manually designed, limited context. Such context may fail to capture state-dependent information (e.g., specific failure modes), leading to inefficient trial-and-error exploration. To overcome these limitations, we propose AHD Agent, a novel tool-integrated, multi-turn framework that empowers LLMs to proactively decide whether to generate heuristics or invoke tools to retrieve targeted evidence from the solving environment. To effectively train such a dynamic decision-making agent, we introduce an agentic reinforcement learning (RL) system, which leverages a novel environment synthesis pipeline to optimize a compact model's generalizable AHD capabilities. Experiments across eight diverse domains, including four held-out tasks, demonstrate that our 4B-parameter agent matches or surpasses state-of-the-art baselines using much larger models, while requiring significantly fewer evaluations. Model and inference scaling analysis further reveals that AHD Agent offers an effective trajectory toward truly autonomous heuristic design.

Large Language Models(Llms

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