Medical Diagnosis

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21 papers in the last four weeks, up 320% on the four weeks before. 0.2% of all new papers.

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A foundation-model approach to pediatric headache classification from rs-fMRI
Aug 7, 2026Guilherme S. Imai Aldeia, Clara Moon, Julie Shulman +5Medical Imaging Foundation Models Medical Diagnosis
Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA · Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA · Pediatric Pain Pathway Lab; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine; Department of Anesthesia, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA +3
MS-MLB: An Open Machine Learning Benchmark for Blood-Based MS Classification
Aug 4, 2026Adam Simson, Ankush Dutta, Quang BuiMedical Diagnosis Binary Classification
Synthica Research Group
Open-Linguistic Concept Unified Learning for Cross-Site Interpretable Dermatology Image Diagnosis
Aug 4, 2026Chengyu Wu, Junpeng Tan, Wanxiang Luo +3Concept Bottleneck Models Medical Diagnosis
Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China · Westlake University Hangzhou, China · Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, China +1
CorePath: A Breast-Specialized Pathology Foundation Model for Core Needle Biopsy Diagnosis and Risk-Controlled Report Generation
Aug 4, 2026Ting Yin, Danning Li, Chen Shu +17Breast Cancer Medical Report Generation
Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China · Institute of Clinical Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China · The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou) +7
EarlyDx: An Admission-Anchored Benchmark for Open-Ended Generation of Evidence-Supported ED-Encounter Diagnoses
Jul 30, 2026Jiahui Li, Ruili Fang, Zishuai Liu +5Medical Diagnosis Clinical Prediction
University of Georgia Athens, USA · Beijing Luhe Hospital Beijing, China
What Makes Deep Learning Work for Traditional Chinese Medicine Tongue Diagnosis? A Comprehensive Ablation Study
Jul 30, 2026Longxia Gao, Linan Wang, Yuhe Han +3Medical Diagnosis Medical Image Classification
College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
Interpretable Image-Level Acne Severity Grading via EfficientNet-B0 Transfer Learning and Grad-CAM
Jul 29, 2026Sophie Zeng, Sean Kalaycioglu, Collin Hong +1Medical Diagnosis Medical Image Classification
Dr. Robot Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada · Department of Aerospace Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada · Skinopathy Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
DynaBridge: Dynamic Summary-Guided Cross-Task Multimodal Fusion for DASS-Structured Mental Health Assessment
Jul 28, 2026Shiyu Teng, Haichen Yu, Jiaqing Liu +6Medical Diagnosis Depression Severity Estimation
College of Information Science and Engineering Ritsumeikan University Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan · College of Computer Science and Technology Zhejiang University Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Dementia Etiology Diagnosis via Collaborative Meta Knowledge Enhancement
Jul 24, 2026Siyuan Du, Mengxi Chen, Xinyang Jiang +6Medical Diagnosis Domain Generalization
School of Computer Science, Fudan University · Cooperative Medianet Innovation Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University · Microsoft Research Asia, Shanghai, China +1
Auditing Evidence Use in Medical LLM Diagnosis
Jul 23, 2026Junchi Liao, Jiawen Deng, Fuji RenLLM Auditing Medical Diagnosis
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu, China
Development of an automated, reliable, and clinically meaningful artificial intelligence (AI) tool for diagnosing cardiac disease from conventional cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) images
Jul 22, 2026Sina Amirrajab, Volker Vehof, Michael Bietenbeck +6Medical Imaging Foundation Models Medical Diagnosis
The D-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW - Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands. · Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Cardiology I, University Hospital Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
Investigation of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Diagnosis Using Machine Learning Approaches
Jul 18, 2026Al Zadid Sultan Bin Habib, Md Asif Bin Syed, Md. Ekramul Islam +1Medical Diagnosis Clinical Prediction
Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA · Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA · Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Stamford University Bangladesh, Dhaka-1217, Bangladesh +1
A Multi-Agent System for Autonomous, Fine-Tuning-Free Clinical Symptom Detection: Development and Validation Study
Jul 14, 2026Cameron Cagan, Pedram Fard, Jiazi Tian +3Multi-Agent LLM Systems Medical Diagnosis
Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA · Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, WA, USA
From Many to Meaningful: Feature-Guided Zero-Shot Chronic Kidney Disease Screening Using Large Language Models
Jul 14, 2026Muhammad Ashad Kabir, Sirajam MuniraZero-Shot Learning Medical Diagnosis
School of Computing, Mathematics and Engineering, Charles Sturt University, NSW, Australia · Department of Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, NY, USA
Artificial Intelligence Across the Cardiac Amyloidosis Diagnostic Pathway: From Single-Modality Detection to Multimodal Clinical Integration
Jul 10, 2026Diana Shadibaeva, Rochak Dhakal, Kui Zhang +3Medical Diagnosis Clinical Outcome Prediction
Department of Applied Computing, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA · Department of Mathematical Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA · Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL +3
A safety-oriented hypothetico-deductive framework for AI-assisted differential diagnosis
Jul 9, 2026Fan Ma, Mauro Giuffrè, Donald Wright +12Scientific Reasoning Medical Diagnosis
Department of Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, USA · Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy · Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, USA +3
Video-Based Detection of squint and cataract for accessibility-aware adaptive web interface rendering
Jul 8, 2026Amar Ranjan Dash, Manas Ranjan PatraMedical Image Analysis Medical Diagnosis
Department of Computer Science, Berhampur University, Berhampur, India · CSE Department, NIST University, Pallur Hills, Berhampur, India
Navigating Hierarchy: Hyperbolic Learning on Brain Graphs for Disorder Diagnosis
Jul 8, 2026Yapeng Li, Bo Jiang, Ziyan Zhang +2Medical Diagnosis Hierarchical Representation Learning
School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
Be Indiscrete: The Benefits of Learning Continuous Spine Degeneration Severity Scores
Jul 6, 2026Maria Monzon, Andrew Zisserman, Robin Y. Park +2Learning to Rank Medical Diagnosis
Biomedical Data Science Lab, Dept. D-HEST, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland · Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland · Visual Geometry Group, Dept. of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, UK
GlaKG: A Biomarker-Centric Fundus Knowledge Graph for Explainable Glaucoma Diagnosis and Risk Assessment
Jul 6, 2026Cheng Huang, Jia Zhang, Yi Jiang +7Medical Image Analysis Medical Diagnosis
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center · 2Southern Methodist University · 3Nanyang Technological University +1
Reinforcement Learning for Evidence-Seeking Diagnostic Reasoning with Large Language Models
Jul 3, 2026Shengyi Hua, Kangzhe Hu, Conghui He +2Medical Diagnosis RL for Language Model Reasoning
Qing Yuan Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University · Shanghai AI Laboratoty · Shanghai Innovation Institute
SABER: A Semantic-Aligned Brain Network Analysis Framework via Multi-scale Hypergraphs
Jul 2, 2026Yidan Xu, Xiangmin Han, Rundong Xue +1Medical Diagnosis Hypergraph Neural Networks
Hangzhou Dianzi University, China · Tsinghua University, China · Xi’an Jiaotong University, China
MMIR-TCM: Memory-Integrated Multimodal Inference and Retrieval for TCM Clinical Decision Support
Jul 2, 2026Lihui Luo, Joongwon Chae, Ziyan Chen +13Multimodal RAG Medical Diagnosis
Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518000, China · Chinese Medicine Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519000, China · XiaoMing TCM Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000 China +3
NeuroBridge: Bridging Multi-Task MRI Knowledge for Neurodegenerative Disease Diagnosis
Jul 1, 2026Mengyu Li, Guoyao Shen, Chad W. Farris +1Alzheimer's Disease Medical Diagnosis
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States · The Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States · Rafik B. Hariri Institute for Computing and Computational Science & Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, United States +5
Backspace as a Natural Experiment: An Accelerated Failure Time Model of Selective Post-Error Motor Impairment in Parkinsons Disease
Jun 30, 2026Navin BondadeMedical Diagnosis Parkinson's Disease
Institute of Health Informatics, University College London
A Deep Multiscale Neural Network for Accurate Neurological Disorder Detection from MRI Scans and Real-Time Web Deployment
Jun 27, 2026Ali Fatahi, Hoda Zamani, Mohammad H. Nadimi-ShahrakiMedical Diagnosis Medical Image Classification
Department of Computer Engineering, Na.C., Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, 8514143131, Iran · Big Data Research Center, Na. C., Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, 8514143131, Iran · International Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliou, Yunlin 640301, Taiwan
Do Diabetic Foot Ulcer Segmentation Models Generalize? A Cross-Dataset Benchmark of CNN and Transformer Architectures
Jun 27, 2026Abderrahmane BenfatahMedical Diagnosis Medical Image Segmentation
King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
TRUST: Efficient Abdominal Trauma Recognition via Image-to-Ultrasound-Video Transfer Learning
Jun 26, 2026Enguang Wang, Hao Zhou, Shuo Gao +2Medical Diagnosis Ultrasound Imaging
School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China · Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing, China · State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China +1
TraMP-LLaMA: Generative Interpretability with Decoupled Instruction Tuning for Facial Expression Quality Assessment
Jun 25, 2026Shuchao Duan, Alan Whone, Hossein Rahmani +2Medical Diagnosis Facial Expression Recognition
School of Computer Science University of Bristol Bristol, UK · Translational Health Sciences University of Bristol Bristol, UK · School of Computing and Communications Lancaster University Lancaster, UK
PsyBridge: A Hybrid Intelligent Framework for Multi-Dimensional Mental Health Assessment and Decision Support
Jun 22, 2026Sunil Wanjari, Manish Thakre, Aayushi Asole +4Medical Diagnosis Clinical Decision Support
St. Vincent Pallotti College of Engineering and Technology, Nagpur, India · Government Medical College (GMC), Chandrapur, India · Newcastle University, UK

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A foundation-model approach to pediatric headache classification from rs-fMRI

Guilherme S. Imai Aldeia, Clara Moon, Julie Shulman, Navil Sethna+4

Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA · Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA · Pediatric Pain Pathway Lab; Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine; Department of Anesthesia, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA+3

Medical Imaging Foundation Models Medical Diagnosis Neuroimaging

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Headache is the most common neurological disorder in children and substantially affects quality of life. We investigated whether resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) can support pediatric headache classification using machine learning. We encoded rs-fMRI data using NeuroSTORM, a recent foundation model, and fine-tuned it to distinguish healthy controls from children with headache and subsequently classify headache subtypes. We compared NeuroSTORM with a standard neuroscience approach using functional-connectivity (FC) matrices derived from brain activity as predictors. Using 189 rs-fMRI scans from 110 individuals collected across two visits (prevalence of any headache: 74%), NeuroSTORM achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.82 (95% CI, 0.82-0.82) and an area under the precision-recall curve (AUPRC) of 0.93 (95% CI, 0.93-0.94) for discriminating headache from non-headache. In contrast, models trained on FC matrices showed lower performance (AUROC, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.67-0.67]; AUPRC, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.85-0.85]). In multiclass classification of healthy controls, chronic migraine, and non-chronic headaches (e.g., post-viral headache, new daily persistent headache, post-traumatic headache), NeuroSTORM achieved a macro-AUROC of 0.69 (95% CI, 0.68-0.69). Results suggest that the approach can distinguish chronic migraine but has difficulty differentiating other headache subtypes from chronic migraine. Overall, under limited-data conditions, NeuroSTORM appears to capture latent rs-fMRI representations that transfer to headache-related tasks without relying on FC features. These findings provide proof of concept for fMRI-based prediction of pediatric headache and highlight potential future utility for subtype identification and individualized treatment strategies.

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