Oct 7, 2026, cs.AIJ/K move · Enter open · S save
Ángel Sánchez-Fernández, Javier Pernas-Álvarez, Diego Crespo-Pereira
Universidade da Coru˜na, Campus Industrial de Ferrol, CITENI, Grupo Integrado de Ingenier´ıa, Esteiro s/n, Ferrol, 15403.
Developing optimization models for production scheduling requires substantial expert effort. Research on large language models (LLMs) has followed two directions: specialized approaches for automated modeling, mostly for mixed-integer linear programming, which often rely on dedicated training or problem-specific architectures that limit industrial deployment; and agentic artificial intelligence for operational decision support, which generally assumes that the optimization model already exists. This study bridges both directions by assessing whether general-purpose LLMs, orchestrated as agents without task-specific training, can formulate and implement constraint programming models from natural-language problem descriptions. Singleagent and multi-agent architectures are integrated with a Model Context Protocol server that provides context-aware retrieval of solver documentation to mitigate hallucinations during implementation. Both are compared with a direct LLM baseline on six industry-oriented problems covering flow-shop, job-shop, flexible job-shop and resource-constrained warehouse scheduling, using three LLMs and assessing modeling accuracy, execution success, latency and token consumption. Formulation proves largely within reach of current LLMs, whereas implementation is the main barrier. The multi-agent workflow raises the share of scripts that run correctly as generated from 14.8% with a direct LLM call to 59.3%, reaching 80.6% on the four less complex problems, while tightly coupled intralogistics models remain an open challenge.