Pseudo-Labeling

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19 papers in the last four weeks, up 90% on the four weeks before. 0.2% of all new papers.

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Jun 15, 2026q-bio.QM

Towards a Pseudo-Labeling Workflow for Celltype-Classification from Explanted Brain Slice Recordings

This paper proposes an unsupervised workflow to pseudo-label extracellular spikes from human brain slice MEA recordings into two putative cell types: pyramidal cells and interneurons. Here, the raw data from the data acquisition system is used and processed. The pipeline for pre-processing includes bandpass filtering, threshold--based spike detection, frame alignment and normalization. In the ML workflow, dimensionality reduction (PCA, t-SNE, UMAP), clustering (GMM, k-means). To achieve an online system, template matching and OSort under varying curation strictness is also considered. All pipelines are evaluated by different cluster quality with within-cluster Pearson correlation, Silhouette score, and Calinski-Harabasz index. Applying stricter curation improves separation at some cost to inclusivity.

Cora Jostock, Jonas Ort, Henner Koch +2

University of Duisburg-Essen, Intelligent Embedded Systems Lab, Duisburg, Germany · RWTH University Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Aachen, Germany · RWTH University Hospital, Department of Epileptology, Aachen, Germany

Unsupervised Clustering Pseudo-Labeling

Jun 10, 2026cs.CV

Scene-Adaptive Nonlinear Tone Curves for Pseudo Ground-Truth Generation in Low-Light 3D Gaussian Splatting

Low-light novel view synthesis is challenging because dark multi-view images contain noise, weak structural detail, and compressed dynamic range. Recent 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) methods address these challenges by generating pseudo ground-truth (pseudo-GT) images as supervision targets when paired normal-light references are unavailable. Existing pseudo-GT methods apply a uniform linear gain to all pixels, which clips bright regions while providing insufficient enhancement in dark regions, limiting reconstruction quality. We observe that nonlinear tone mappings, long established in 2D low-light enhancement, have not been explored for pseudo-GT generation in 3D reconstruction. Accordingly, we propose a scene-adaptive nonlinear tone-curve framework that replaces linear pseudo-GT with nonlinear alternatives. The framework introduces percentile-based normalisation for scene-agnostic curve application, a scene-adaptive offset for automatic black-level adjustment, and two complementary curves: Adaptive SoftExp (ASE), a bounded exponential curve, and Adaptive Poly3 (AP3), a data-driven cubic polynomial. The module changes only the pseudo-GT computation and leaves the 3DGS backbone unchanged. Experiments on three benchmarks covering 21 scenes show that both curves consistently outperform the linear baseline with PSNR improvements up to +4.34 dB on LOM and +3.25 dB on RealX3D. Both curves achieve similar performance despite their different mathematical forms, suggesting the improvement is curve-agnostic. Code is available at https://github.com/lvmingzhe/adaptiveToneCurve

Mingzhe Lyu, Jinqiang Cui, Hong Zhang

Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Robotics and Computer Vision, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China. · Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518108, China.

3D Gaussian Splatting Image Enhancement Novel View Synthesis Pseudo-Labeling

Jun 10, 2026cs.LG

Beyond the Golden Teacher: Enhancing Graph Learning through LLM-GNN Co-teaching

Text-attributed graphs (TAGs) underlie real-world applications such as citation networks, social media, and e-commerce. Few-shot graph learning on TAGs is hard: with only a handful of labels per class and the rest of the graph unannotated, neither GNNs nor LLMs can learn well on their own. GNNs read topology and fail on cold nodes; LLMs read text and fail on text-ambiguous nodes. Existing LLM-GNN methods all follow the same recipe: designate one model as the golden teacher and use its outputs (e.g., features or pseudo-labels) to supervise the other. We argue this golden-teacher assumption breaks under sparse supervision: neither model is golden, and treating either as such transfers its blind spots into the student. We therefore ask: can we avoid designating either model as the golden teacher, and still perform effective graph learning? We answer with LLM-GNN Co-Teaching, a bidirectional co-teaching framework in which neither model is fixed as teacher. The GNN and LLM exchange their most confident pseudo-labels under an architecture-specific small-loss criterion, and both update every round. Supervision is then mined from the trajectory: whenever a node moves from cross-model contradiction at round t to cross-model agreement at round t+1, the LLM's two answers on the same input form a preference pair (old contradicting self < new peer-endorsed self) for DPO training. We call this Round-based Pseudo-Label Preference Optimization (RPL-PO). On six benchmarks, LLM-GNN Co-Teaching consistently outperforms GNN-as-Judge and all prior methods, with absolute 3-shot gains of 7.86% on Cora and 7.73% on ogbn-arxiv; improvements carry over to 5-shot and to zero-shot cross-dataset transfer. Error-structure analysis further shows that abandoning the golden-teacher assumption substantially improves the LLM's graph learning capability on challenging samples.

Zhuoyi Peng, Hanlin Gu, Lixin Fan +1

1The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology · 2WeBank

Graph Representation Learning Text-Attributed Graph Learning Pseudo-Labeling LLMs for Graph Learning

Jun 2, 2026cs.CV

Exploring Easy Boosts for Lidar Semantic Scene Completion

This paper investigates "free lunch" strategies to boost the performance of lidar semantic scene completion (SSC) without requiring complex architectural redesigns. We first demonstrate that endowing input point clouds with semantic pseudo-labels from off-the-shelf segmentors significantly improves the performance of existing architectures. By evaluating these models against an oracle, we establish that high-quality semantic priors are a primary driver of mIoU gains. Furthermore, we equip the input lidar scan with visibility information that distinguishes between empty and unknown spaces, which provides a secondary performance boost across the tested architectures. Using these simple enhancements, we observe that older models remain competitive with state-of-the-art systems, and can even outperform them. Our code is available at https://github.com/astra-vision/SSC-Priors.

Tetiana Martyniuk, Jonathan Seele, Alexandre Boulch +3

Inria, France · ETH Zurich, Switzerland · valeo.ai, France +1

3D Semantic Segmentation Pseudo-Labeling 3D Scene Completion 3D Scene Understanding

Jun 1, 2026cs.CV

Quality-Guided Semi-Supervised Learning for Medical Image Segmentation

Training accurate medical image segmentation models requires large amounts of densely annotated data, which is costly and time-consuming to obtain. Semi-supervised learning (SSL) alleviates this by learning from both abundant unlabeled data and limited labeled data. However, most modern SSL methods rely on pseudolabels for unlabeled data, and typically assess their reliability through model confidence or uncertainty, measures that are self-referential and lack explicit grounding in segmentation quality. Instead, we propose a quality-guided SSL framework that trains a dedicated network to estimate segmentation quality from image-mask pairs. The predictor is trained on variable-quality masks generated through synthetic corruptions augmented with imperfect outputs from partially trained segmentation models, capturing realistic error patterns encountered during training. We integrate the quality predictor into SSL through two complementary mechanisms: a quality-aware regularization loss and a quality-based pseudolabel sample reweighting scheme. We show that our method serves as a drop-in enhancement to existing SSL frameworks. Extensive experiments across five datasets and multiple architectures demonstrate consistent improvements over competing SSL methods, advancing the state-of-the-art in semi-supervised medical image segmentation.

Kumar Abhishek, Ghassan Hamarneh

School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Canada

Semi-Supervised Medical Image Segmentation Medical Image Segmentation Pseudo-Labeling Semi-Supervised Learning

May 30, 2026cs.LG

Safe-Subspace Pseudo-Label Refinement for Source-Free Graph Domain Adaptation

Source-free graph domain adaptation (SF-GDA) aims to adapt source-trained graph models to unlabeled target graphs when source graphs are no longer accessible. A central obstacle is pseudo-label reliability: under feature and topological shifts, source-induced predictions may become confidently wrong, and indiscriminate self-training can amplify systematic errors through graph message passing. This paper studies SF-GDA from a selective pseudo-labeling perspective. Instead of assuming globally bounded pseudo-label noise over the entire target domain, we identify a confidence-consistent safe subspace on which pseudo-label noise can be controlled under restricted posterior discrepancy, and derive a target-risk decomposition that separates safe-subspace fitting error, selected-label noise, and uncertain-set risk. Guided by this analysis, we propose SafeSubspace Pseudo-Label Refinement (S

^2

PLR), a source-free graph adaptation framework that applies hard pseudo-label supervision only to target graphs supported by both semantic and structural evidence. Specifically, S

^2

PLR estimates semantic reliability using source-committee confidence and disagreement, learns a targetintrinsic structural representation via graph contrastive learning, verifies pseudo-labels through neighborhood consistency, and exploits the remaining uncertain samples with noise-tolerant soft regularization rather than unreliable hard labels. Experiments on image and real-world graph benchmarks under different domain shifts demonstrate that S

^2

PLR achieves robust and competitive performance across diverse source-free transfer settings.

Yingxu Wang, Xinwang Liu, Siyang Gao +1

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong · College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China · Department of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong +1

Source-Free Domain Adaptation Pseudo-Labeling

May 29, 2026cs.CV

From Local Geometry to Global Pseudo Labeling for Robust Positive Unlabeled Learning under Covariate Shift

Detecting covariate shift is critical for building reliable vision systems. While most prior work focuses on improving robustness to shift, explicitly detecting covariate shift remains underexplored. Existing approaches typically rely on fully supervised training, requiring labeled examples from both original and shifted distributions, which is often impractical. In this paper, we show that covariate shift detection can be effectively addressed with weaker supervision using Positive Unlabeled (PU) learning. However, under covariate shift, in distribution and shifted data overlap significantly, making classical PU methods unstable and sensitive to noise. To overcome this challenge, we introduce Spectral PU Neighborhood Annotation (SPUNA), a geometry aware framework that progressively discovers shifted data by leveraging the local manifold structure of visual features. Extensive experiments show that SPUNA achieves state of the art performance in PU settings and remarkably matches the performances of fully supervised methods. Moreover, our approach transfers robustly across different types of shifts, demonstrating strong generalization capabilities.

Firas Gabetni, Alexandre Rocchi Henry, Nacim Belkhir +2

U2IS, ENSTA · Institut Polytechnique de Paris · AMIAD, Pôle Recherche, Palaiseau

Distribution Shift Robustness Covariate Shift Pseudo-Labeling Positive-Unlabeled Learning

May 28, 2026cs.CV

GiPL: Generative augmented iterative Pseudo-Labeling for Cross-Domain Few-Shot Object Detection

Vision-language foundation models have shown promising zero-shot generalization for Cross-Domain Few-Shot Object Detection (CD-FSOD). However, they face two critical challenges in fine-tuning: insufficient support set utilization due to sparse single-instance annotations, and severe overfitting under extremely limited target-domain samples. To address these issues, this paper proposes GiPL, an efficient two-branch training framework. In the first branch, we design an iterative pseudo-label self-training paradigm, which performs zero-shot inference on the support set to generate reliable pseudo-annotations, fuses them with ground-truth labels, and iteratively optimizes the model to fully exploit support set data. In the second branch, we introduce generative data augmentation pipeline using large vision-language models, which synthesizes domain-aligned, multi-object annotated images to enrich training samples and suppress overfitting. Extensive experiments on three challenging CD-FSOD datasets (RUOD, CARPK, CarDD) under 1/5/10-shot settings demonstrate that GiPL consistently outperforms state-of-the-art methods with significant performance gains. Code is available at CDiscover.

Jiacong Liu, Shu Luo, Yikai Qin +3

Huazhong University of Science and Technology

Synthetic Data Augmentation Few-Shot Domain Adaptation Vision Foundation Model Adaptation Few-Shot Object Detection Few-Shot Learning Pseudo-Labeling+1

May 27, 2026cs.CV

Learning to Label: A Reinforced Self-Evolving Framework for Semi-supervised Referring Expression Segmentation

Semi-supervised referring expression segmentation (SS-RES) aims to achieve precise pixel-level language grounding under limited annotation, yet suffers from limited supervision and unreliable pseudo-labels when exploiting unlabeled image-text pairs. In this work, we propose Learning to Label, a reinforced self-evolving framework (L2L) that casts pseudo-label construction as a learnable decision-making process. To build foundational understanding, we leverage a multimodal large language model to extract semantic-spatial priors, which are instantiated as initial soft segmentation proposals and elevated, together with textual cues, into learnable guidance signals that condition a hierarchical segmentation network. To ensure stable learning, reinforced pseudo-label selection is formulated as an exploratory decision process that adaptively rewards high-utility pixel-level supervision based on multimodal priors and model predictions. This reinforced self-evolving loop enables joint optimization of the segmentation model and pseudo-labels, progressively enhancing label reliability under sparse supervision. Extensive experiments on RefCOCO, RefCOCO+, and RefCOCOg demonstrate improvements over existing methods, validating its effectiveness and generalization.

Runlong Cao, Ying Zang, Chuanwei Zhou +4

School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology · School of Information Engineering, Huzhou Normal University · School of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications +3

Referring Expression Segmentation Pseudo-Labeling Semi-Supervised Learning

May 27, 2026cs.CV

SAM-Enhanced Segmentation on Road Datasets: Balancing Critical Classes in Autonomous Driving

Dense semantic segmentation is essential for autonomous driving, yet many multi-modal datasets lack pixel-level annotations. The Zenseact Open Dataset (ZOD) provides rich multi-sensor data but only bounding-box labels, limiting its use for segmentation research. Our primary contribution is a Segment Anything Model (SAM)-based annotation pipeline that produces dense, pixel-level annotations for ZOD by converting bounding boxes into semantic masks. In this pilot study, we process over 100,000 frames and manually curate a 2,300-frame subset (36% acceptance rate) to establish a reliable baseline. Using these annotations, we evaluate transformer-based CLFT and CNN-based DeepLabV3+ architectures across diverse weather conditions, achieving up to 48.1% mIoU with CLFT-Hybrid. To address extreme class imbalance, where pedestrians, cyclists, and signs constitute less than 1% of pixels, we explore specialized models targeting rare classes. We further validate the pipeline on the Iseauto autonomous-vehicle platform, achieving 77.5% mIoU, and show that SAM-derived representations transfer effectively across sensor configurations via bidirectional transfer learning. All code and annotations are released to support reproducible research.

Toomas Tahves, Mauro Bellone, Junyi Gu +1

Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia · FinEst Centre for Smart Cities, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia · Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Universitas Mercatorum, Rome, Italy +2

Autonomous Driving Datasets Pseudo-Labeling Semantic Segmentation

May 25, 2026cs.CV

SAM3-Assisted Training of Lightweight YOLO Models for Precision Pig Farming

Deep learning-based object detection has revolutionized Precision Livestock Farming (PLF), yet a critical barrier remains: high-performance Foundation Models (such as SAM 3) are too computationally intensive for edge deployment, while lightweight models (like YOLO) require prohibitive manual annotation efforts. This work proposes a fully automated knowledge distillation pipeline that leverages the Segment Anything Model 3 (SAM 3) to generate zero-shot pseudo-labels for training efficient YOLOv8 detectors. By treating SAM 3 as an offline auto-annotator, we eliminate the manual labeling bottleneck, producing models capable of real-time inference on resource-constrained hardware. We systematically evaluate this approach on the PigLife dataset, comparing SAM 3-supervised models against human-annotated baselines. Results demonstrate that a SAM 3-trained YOLOv8m achieves a mean Average Precision (mAP) of 79.4% without human intervention, while reducing inference latency by approximately 200

\times

compared to the teacher model. Furthermore, stratified analysis reveals that in low-occlusion scenarios, the automated pipeline achieves detection rates comparable to human benchmarks (

AP_{50} > 99\%

). These findings indicate that foundation models can serve as effective, zero-annotation-cost supervisors, enabling scalable edge computing solutions for smart agriculture.

Marcos Vinicius Mendes Faria, Thiago Borges Pereira, Isabella C. F. S. Condotta +2

Coordenadoria de Inform´atica, Instituto Federal do Esp´ırito Santo (IFES), Serra, ES · Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA

Edge Inference Pseudo-Labeling Object Detection Real-Time Object Detection Knowledge Distillation

May 25, 2026cs.CV

Are We Overconfident in Models and Results for Semi-Supervised 3D Medical Image Segmentation?

Semi-supervised learning has become a dominant paradigm for reducing annotation costs. However, we argue that the current progress is clouded by a twofold overconfidence problem. Algorithmically, mainstream pseudo-labeling frameworks often conflate prediction confidence with uncertainty, leading to severe confirmation bias. Strategically, since multiple benchmark datasets lack dedicated validation sets, some studies use the test set for validation as well, leading to inflated performance estimates. Subsequent methods, compelled to employ the same strategy to surpass reported SOTA, trigger an arms race of overfitting. This raises concerns that the impressive numerical gains in the community may reflect overfitting rather than genuine progress. Thus, we propose a tri-space calibrated segmentation framework founded on a principled dual-axis reliability assessment engine. It explicitly decouples confidence from uncertainty and uses this signal to detect and correct confirmation bias across feature, probability, and image spaces in a collaborative manner. Across three benchmark datasets, TCSeg consistently delivers strong performance under existing evaluation protocols. More importantly, we advocate that the community report final-checkpoint results under multiple-run protocols, thereby establishing more rigorous benchmarks with a more realistic perspective. Code will be available: github.com/DirkLiii/TCSeg.

Jun Li, Ziwei Qin

Institute of Systems Science and Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, China.

Benchmark Contamination Semi-Supervised Medical Image Segmentation Pseudo-Labeling 3D Medical Image Segmentation Semi-Supervised Learning Segmentation Uncertainty Estimation+1

May 24, 2026cs.CR

Enhancing Autonomous Online Intrusion Detection for IoT with Balanced Learning, Reliable Pseudo-Labels, and Lightweight Architectures

The rapid proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has created an urgent demand for adaptive, resource-efficient Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) capable of handling dynamic and evolving cyber threats. This paper investigates AOC-IDS, a state-of-the-art autonomous online IDS published at IEEE INFOCOM 2024, which employs an Autoencoder (AE) with Cluster Repelling Contrastive (CRC) loss and an autonomous Gaussian-based decision module. We first successfully replicate AOC-IDS on the UNSW-NB15 benchmark, achieving 89.39% accuracy in close agreement with the published 89.19%. We then identify four key limitations: class imbalance, unreliable pseudo-label generation, limited generalization, and computational overhead for IoT deployment, and propose targeted improvements for each. Our XGBoost-BalSamp method achieves 95.45% accuracy on UNSW-NB15, a gain of 6.26% over the baseline. Our combined deep learning approach (PseudoFilter, MixupAug, and LiteAE) achieves a best-run accuracy of 90.88% (F1: 91.45%), surpassing the base paper while reducing model parameters by 55%.These results demonstrate that targeted improvements to AOC-IDS yield consistent accuracy gains while improving practical deployability on IoT edge devices.

Hanzala Afzaal, Danish Memon, Chouhdary Bilal Raza +1

School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan

Class-Imbalanced Learning Network Intrusion Detection Pseudo-Labeling

May 20, 2026cs.CV

Diffuse to Detect: Bi-Level Sample Rebalancing with Pseudo-Label Diffusion for Point-Supervised Infrared Small-Target Detection

Point supervision has become a scalable solution to address dense annotation for infrared small target detection, but its performance is limited by two coupled bottlenecks: unstable pseudo-label evolution in cluttered, low-contrast infrared imagery and severe sample-distribution imbalance. In this paper, we present a more adaptive and stable framework to address these issues. Leveraging the intrinsic consistency between thermal radiation patterns and heat diffusion, we propose a physics-induced annotation strategy that expands single-point labels into reliable pseudo-masks. To further enhance supervision and alleviate sample imbalance, we develop a bi-level dual-update framework that jointly optimizes detector weights, sample weights, and diffusion parameters. A meta-classifier dynamically predicts sample-wise loss weights, while a differentiable diffusion module refines pseudo-labels with detection feedback, enabling adaptive interaction between training and hyperparameter optimization. Extensive experiments across multiple datasets demonstrate five-fold annotation acceleration, superior detection accuracy, and comparable performance with 30% of the training data, validating the efficiency and practicality of our approach. Our code is available at https://github.com/yuanhang-yao/diffuse-to-detect.

Zhu Liu, Yuanhang Yao, Ping Qian +2

School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.

Infrared Small Target Detection Pseudo-Labeling Object Detection

May 20, 2026cs.CV

STAR-IOD: Scale-decoupled Topology Alignment with Pseudo-label Refinement for Remote Sensing Incremental Object Detection

Remote sensing imagery typically arrives in the form of continuous data streams. Traditional detectors often forget previously learned categories when learning new ones; therefore, research on Remote Sensing Incremental Object Detection (RS-IOD) is of great significance. However, existing methods largely overlook the intra-class scale variations prevalent in remote sensing scenes, which undermines the effectiveness of knowledge transfer and old knowledge preservation. Moreover, RS-IOD also suffers from missing annotations, which cause the model to misclassify old-class instances as background. To address these challenges, we propose a novel framework, STAR-IOD. First, we introduce a Subspace-decoupled Topology Distillation (STD) module to transfer structural knowledge, explicitly aligning inter-class topological relationships and mitigating intra-class representation discrepancies induced by scale shifts. Furthermore, we introduce the Clustering-driven Pseudo-label Generator (CPG), a plug-and-play module that leverages K-Means clustering to dynamically identify class-specific thresholds, thereby guaranteeing an accurate distinction between true positive targets and background noise and alleviating the issue of missing annotations for old classes. We also constructed two Remote Sensing Incremental Object Detection datasets, DIOR-IOD and DOTA-IOD to facilitate research on RS-IOD. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method outperforms state-of-the-art approaches by 1.7% and 2.1% mAP on DIOR-IOD and DOTA-IOD, respectively, effectively alleviating catastrophic forgetting while preserving strong detection performance on both base and novel classes. The code and dataset are released at: https://github.com/zyt95579/STAR-IOD.

Yaoteng Zhang, Qing Zhou, Junyu Gao +1

School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China · School of Artificial Intelligence, OPtics and ElectroNics (iOPEN), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China · Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China

Pseudo-Labeling Object Detection Knowledge Distillation Aerial Object Detection

May 18, 2026cs.CV

Semi-LAR: Semi-supervised Contrastive Learning with Linear Attention for Removal of Nighttime Flares

Lens flare removal is challenging due to the large spatial extent of flare artifacts and their entanglement with scene structures, while existing methods heavily rely on large-scale paired data. We propose a semi-supervised flare removal framework that enables stable learning from unlabeled images by jointly addressing pseudo-label reliability and representation discrimination. We propose an adaptive pseudo-label repository that progressively refines pseudo supervision through no-reference quality assessment, momentum-based updates, and invalid label filtering, effectively mitigating error accumulation. Moreover, we propose a flare-aware contrastive loss that explicitly treats flare-contaminated inputs as negatives and performs patch-level contrastive learning, encouraging representations that are discriminative against flare patterns while remaining consistent with reliable pseudo targets. Extensive experiments on multiple flare benchmarks demonstrate that the proposed framework is model-agnostic and consistently improves performance and robustness.

Xiyu Zhu, Wei Wang, Kui Jiang +1

School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China · Faculty of Computing, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China · SRO department, Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore.

Contrastive Learning Image Restoration Pseudo-Labeling Semi-Supervised Learning

May 13, 2026cs.CV

Weakly Supervised Segmentation as Semantic-Based Regularization

Weakly supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS) trains dense pixel-level segmentation models from partial or coarse annotations such as bounding boxes, scribbles, or image-level tags. While recent work leverages foundation models such as the Segment Anything Model (SAM) to generate pseudo-labels, these approaches typically depend on heuristic prompt choices and offer limited ways to incorporate prior knowledge or heterogeneous labels. We address this gap by taking a neurosymbolic perspective: integrating differentiable fuzzy logic with deep segmentation models. Weak annotations and domain-specific priors are unified as continuous logical constraints that fine-tune SAM under weak supervision. The refined foundation model then produces improved pseudo-labels, from which we train a second-stage prompt-free segmentation model. Experiments on Pascal VOC 2012 and the REFUGE2 optic disc/cup segmentation dataset show that our logic-guided fine-tuning yields higher-quality pseudo-labels, leading to state-of-the-art segmentation accuracy that often exceeds densely supervised baselines.

Stefano Colamonaco, Andrei-Bogdan Florea, Jaron Maene

KU Leuven · Apixa

Image Segmentation Weakly Supervised Image Segmentation Vision Foundation Model Adaptation Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentation Pseudo-Labeling Semantic Segmentation

May 12, 2026stat.ME

When to Trust Confidence Thresholding: Calibration Diagnostics for Pseudo-Labelled Regression

Calibrated probability outputs of trained classifiers are increasingly used as inputs to downstream regression estimands such as effects, prevalences, or disparities for a latent group observed only on a small labelled subset. A standard practice is to threshold the calibrated score at a confidence cutoff and treat the hard label as the truth. Building on a recent identification result for the underlying moment equation, we develop a calibration-aware diagnostic apparatus for pseudo-labelling pipelines. We derive a closed-form expression for the attenuation bias that confidence thresholding induces in the downstream regression coefficient, and show that the bias can be predicted, before any inference is run, from the residual score variance

V^{*}=\mathbb{E}[\operatorname{Var}(p\mid X)]

on the unlabelled set after partialling out the downstream controls

X

. We further obtain a sharp sensitivity bound under bounded calibration drift, and identify the boundary

V^{*}=0

, which holds iff

p

is a deterministic function of

X

; this motivates a structural separation between classifier features

W

and downstream controls

X\subsetneq W

. Five controlled simulations and a UCI Adult illustration trace the predictions. The contribution is operational: a

(V^{*}, κ)

decision rule that practitioners can compute from any classifier output to decide whether confidence thresholding is safe.

Marcell T. Kurbucz

Institute for Global Prosperity, The Bartlett, University College London, 9–11 Endsleigh Gardens, London, WC1H 0EH, United Kingdom

Probability Calibration Pseudo-Labeling

May 12, 2026eess.IV

Optimization in Sparse 2D to Dense 3D Weakly Supervised Learning: Application to Multi-Label Segmentation of Large ex vivo MRI Data

INTRODUCTION | Fully supervised 3D segmentation of high-resolution ex vivo MRI is limited by the prohibitive cost of volumetric annotation, forcing reliance on sparse 2D slices. Weakly supervised Sparse-to-Dense frameworks bridge this gap, but guidelines remain ambiguous regarding human-centric visual enhancements and transferring optimization strategies across dimensions. We analyze divergent regularization needs for multi-class segmentation of high-resolution ex vivo spinal cord MRI. METHODS | We used 9.4T MRI of multiple sclerosis spinal cords (>104,000 slices) with sparse annotations (428 slices). A 2D Teacher trained on sparse slices generated dense pseudo-labels to train a 3D Student. We systematically evaluated the impact of human-centric preprocessing, spatial augmentation, and soft-label regularization on both architectures. RESULTS | We identified a critical divergence in training dynamics. The 2D Teacher required strong spatial augmentation and soft-labeling to overcome data scarcity, improving White Matter Lesion Dice scores by >11 points. However, propagating these techniques to the 3D Student degraded its performance. Furthermore, human-centric preprocessing (e.g., CLAHE) disrupted global statistical cues, dropping Gray Matter Lesion Dice scores by ~25 points. DISCUSSION | Our study highlights a perception divergence (human-centric contrast enhancement harms machine models) and a regularization conflict across dimensions. 3D architectures trained on dense pseudo-labels exhibit fundamentally different optimization landscapes than 2D counterparts and require distinct, conservative regularization. Code and models: https://github.com/ivadomed/model_seg_sc-gm-lesion_human_ms_exvivo_t2star.

Paul Hoareau, Kuan Yi Wang, Brandon Bujak +6

NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada · ´Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Lyon, France · Mila - Quebec AI Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada +9

Weakly Supervised Image Segmentation Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentation Weakly Supervised Learning Medical Image Segmentation Pseudo-Labeling 3D Medical Image Segmentation

May 12, 2026cs.SD

A Semi-Supervised Framework for Speech Confidence Detection using Whisper

Automatic detection of speaker confidence is critical for adaptive computing but remains constrained by limited labelled data and the subjectivity of paralinguistic annotations. This paper proposes a semi-supervised hybrid framework that fuses deep semantic embeddings from the Whisper encoder with an interpretable acoustic feature vector composed of eGeMAPS descriptors and auxiliary probability estimates of vocal stress and disfluency. To mitigate reliance on scarce ground truth data, we introduce an Uncertainty-Aware Pseudo-Labelling strategy where a model generates labels for unlabelled data, retaining only high-quality samples for training. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves a Macro-F1 score of 0.751, outperforming self-supervised baselines, including WavLM, HuBERT, and Wav2Vec 2.0. The hybrid architecture also surpasses the unimodal Whisper baseline, yielding a 3% improvement in the minority class, confirming that explicit prosodic and auxiliary features provide necessary corrective signals which are otherwise lost in deep semantic representations. Ablation studies further show that a curated set of high confidence pseudo-labels outperforms indiscriminate large scale augmentation, confirming that data quality outweighs quantity for perceived confidence detection.

Adam Wynn, Jingyun Wang

Department of Computer Science, Durham, United Kingdom, DH1 3DF

Audio Understanding Pseudo-Labeling Semi-Supervised Learning

May 11, 2026cs.CV

VVitCutLER: Towards Unsupervised Object Detection and Segmentation in Videos

Unsupervised pixel-level video understanding remains challenging in real-world scenarios, where motion blur, occlusion, and fast object dynamics often cause temporal drift and flickering pseudo-labels.We propose VVitCutLER, an unsupervised framework for video object detection and instance segmentation, which improves the quality of pseudo-labels through temporal consistency. Our core contribution is VitCut, a temporarily stable pseudo-label generator that reduces error accumulation during field degradation through cross-frame region consistency. Meanwhile, VitCut uses a distillation decoder to achieve effective instance mask prediction. Then, based on VitCut, VVitCutLER further integrates cross-frame feature aggregation to enhance video-level robustness. Extensive experiments on standard video benchmarks demonstrate that VVitCutLER significantly improves detection and segmentation performance while reducing temporal instability. These results highlight the importance of temporally consistent supervision for robust pixel-level video understanding.

Zhijing Lu, Khurram Azeem Hashmi, Didier Stricker +1

RPTU University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Germany · German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Germany

Video Object Segmentation Instance Segmentation Video Object Detection Pseudo-Labeling

May 9, 2026cs.CV

Egocentric Whole-Body Human Mesh Recovery with Prior-Guided Learning

Egocentric human mesh recovery (HMR) from monocular head-mounted cameras is increasingly important for AR/VR applications, but remains challenging due to the lack of reliable ground-truth (GT) annotations based on parametric human body models such as SMPL and SMPL-X for real egocentric images. Existing egocentric HMR methods typically rely on pseudo-GT and focus on body pose estimation, which limits their ability to recover fine-grained whole-body details such as hands and face. We study egocentric whole-body human mesh recovery and propose a prior-guided learning framework that reconstructs whole-body meshes from a single egocentric image. We construct more accurate optimization-based pseudo-GT aligned with 3D joint supervision, and leverage multiple priors by adapting an exocentric HMR foundation model together with a diffusion-based pose prior. A deterministic undistortion module is further adopted to handle fisheye distortions in egocentric images. Experiments across multiple egocentric benchmarks demonstrate improved whole-body reconstruction compared to state-of-the-art methods, and show that our optimization-based pseudo-GT is substantially more accurate than existing regression-based pseudo-GT. To facilitate reproducibility, the code and dataset annotations are publicly available at https://github.com/naso06/EgoSMPLX.

Soyeon Na, Seung Young Noh, Ju Yong Chang

Dept of ECE, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Korea

3D Reconstruction Human Mesh Recovery 3D Mesh Reconstruction Pseudo-Labeling 3D Human Reconstruction

May 8, 2026cs.LG

Beyond Distribution Estimation: Simplex Anchored Structural Inference Towards Universal Semi-Supervised Learning

Semi-supervised learning faces significant challenges in realistic scenarios where labeled data is scarce and unlabeled data follows unknown, arbitrary distributions. We formalize this critical yet under-explored paradigm as Universal Semi-supervised Learning (UniSSL). Existing methods typically leverage unlabeled data via pseudo-labeling. However, they often rely on the idealized assumption of a uniform unlabeled data distribution or require sufficient labeled data to estimate it. In the UniSSL setting, such dependencies lead to numerous erroneous pseudo-labels, thereby triggering representation confusion. Fortunately, we observe that inter-sample relations captured by representations are more reliable than pseudo-labels. Leveraging this insight, we shift our focus to representation-level structural inference to bypass distribution estimation. Accordingly, we propose Simplex Anchored Graph-state Equipartition (SAGE), which captures high-order inter-sample dependencies to establish structural consensus for guiding representation learning. Meanwhile, to mitigate representation confusion, we employ vectors that satisfy a simplex equiangular tight frame to serve as a coordinate frame for guiding inter-class representation separation. Finally, we introduce a weighting strategy based on distribution-agnostic metrics to prioritize reliable pseudo-labels and an auxiliary branch to isolate potentially erroneous pseudo-labels. Evaluations on five standard benchmarks show that SAGE consistently outperforms state-of-the-art methods, with an average accuracy gain of

\textbf{8.52%}

.

Yaxin Hou, Jun Ma, Hanyang Li +3

School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China. · School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China. · Key Laboratory of New Generation Artificial Intelligence Technology and Its Interdisciplinary Applications (Southeast University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China.

Graph-Based Semi-Supervised Learning Pseudo-Labeling Semi-Supervised Learning

May 1, 2026cs.CV

WILD SAM: A Simulated-and-Real Data Augmentation for Autonomous Driving Perception under Challenging Weather

The performance of state-of-the-art object detectors degrades significantly under adverse weather, causing a safety-critical domain shift problem for autonomous vehicles. Recent efforts address this problem by relying on synthetic data to train the object detectors, which limits their real-world applicability. Meanwhile, pseudo-labeling is widely used for cross-dataset domain adaptation problems. However, these methods have not been exploited by weather-based domain adaptation approaches due to the noisy nature of such labels generated under harsh weather conditions. In this paper, we propose two new approaches to mitigate this weather-induced domain shift. First, we propose a Weather-Induced pseudo Label Denoising (WILD) framework that filters noisy pseudo labels generated by real data captured under adverse weather conditions. Second, we develop a novel hybrid training methodology, WILD SAM, that exploits both pseudo-label denoising and simulation-based training solutions while using real-data from the target harsh-weather domain. We validate both proposed approaches, WILD and WILD SAM, on the recently released Four Seasons dataset across rainy and snowy scenarios. Experiments show that the proposed frameworks improve Average Precision (AP) up to 13% and significantly reduce the weather-induced performance gap relative to the baseline. The code is available at: https://github.com/Kh-Hamed/WILD-SAM

Hamed Khatounabadi, Xiaohu Lu, Hayder Radha

Electrical and Computer Engineering Michigan State University East Lansing, USA

Synthetic-to-Real Domain Adaptation Unsupervised Domain Adaptation Autonomous Driving Perception Pseudo-Labeling Object Detection

Apr 25, 2026cs.CV

Exploring Hierarchical Consistency and Unbiased Objectness for Open-Vocabulary Object Detection

Conventional object detectors typically operate under a closed-set assumption, limiting recognition to a predefined set of base classes seen during training. Open-vocabulary object detection (OVD) addresses this limitation by leveraging vision-language models (VLMs) to generate pseudo labels for novel object classes. However, existing OVD methods suffer from two critical drawbacks: (1) inaccurate class label assignments, as VLMs are optimized for image-level predictions rather than the region-level predictions required for pseudo labeling, and (2) unreliable objectness scores from region proposal networks (RPNs) trained exclusively on base object classes. To address these issues, we propose a novel pseudo labeling framework for OVD. Our approach introduces a hierarchical confidence calibration (HCC) technique, which ensures reliable class label estimation by assessing consistency across hierarchical semantic levels (class, super- and sub-category). We also present LoCLIP, a parameter-efficient adaptation of CLIP that incorporates an objectness token to mitigate base class bias problem of RPNs and provide reliable objectness estimations for novel object classes. Extensive experiments on standard OVD benchmarks, including COCO and LVIS, demonstrate that our approach clearly sets a new state of the art, validating the effectiveness of our approach. Project site: https://cvlab.yonsei.ac.kr/projects/HCC

Sanghoon Lee, Geon Lee, Hyekang Park +1

Yonsei University · Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)

Open-Vocabulary Object Detection Probability Calibration VLM Adaptation Pseudo-Labeling Object Detection

Apr 23, 2026cs.CV

DualSplat: Robust 3D Gaussian Splatting via Pseudo-Mask Bootstrapping from Reconstruction Failures

While 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) achieves real-time photorealistic rendering, its performance degrades significantly when training images contain transient objects that violate multi-view consistency. Existing methods face a circular dependency: accurate transient detection requires a well-reconstructed static scene, while clean reconstruction itself depends on reliable transient masks. We address this challenge with DualSplat, a Failure-to-Prior framework that converts first-pass reconstruction failures into explicit priors for a second reconstruction stage. We observe that transients, which appear in only a subset of views, often manifest as incomplete fragments during conservative initial training. We exploit these failures to construct object-level pseudo-masks by combining photometric residuals, feature mismatches, and SAM2 instance boundaries. These pseudo-masks then guide a clean second-pass 3DGS optimization, while a lightweight MLP refines them online by gradually shifting from prior supervision to self-consistency. Experiments on RobustNeRF and NeRF On-the-go show that DualSplat outperforms existing baselines, demonstrating particularly clear advantages in transient-heavy scenes and transient regions.

Xu Wang, Zhiru Wang, Shiyun Xie +2

1Beihang University · 2Peking University

Multi-View Consistency 3D Gaussian Splatting 3D Reconstruction Pseudo-Labeling

Apr 22, 2026cs.LG

JEPAMatch: Geometric Representation Shaping for Semi-Supervised Learning

Semi-supervised learning has emerged as a powerful paradigm for leveraging large amounts of unlabeled data to improve the performance of machine learning models when labeled data are scarce. Among existing approaches, methods derived from FixMatch have achieved state-of-the-art results in image classification by combining weak and strong data augmentations with confidence-based pseudo-labeling. Despite their strong empirical performance, these methods typically struggle with two critical bottlenecks: majority classes tend to dominate the learning process, which is amplified by incorrect pseudo-labels, leading to biased models. Furthermore, noisy early pseudo-labels prevent the model from forming clear decision boundaries, requiring prolonged training to learn informative representation. In this paper, we introduce a paradigm shift from conventional logical output threshold base, toward an explicit shaping of geometric representations. Our approach is inspired by the recently proposed Latent-Euclidean Joint-Embedding Predictive Architectures (LeJEPA), a theoretically grounded framework asserting that meaningful representations should exhibit an isotropic Gaussian structure in latent space. Building on this principle, we propose a new training objective that combines the classical semi-supervised loss used in FlexMatch, an adaptive extension of FixMatch, with a latent-space regularization term derived from LeJEPA. Our proposed approach, encourages well-structured representations while preserving the advantages of pseudo-labeling strategies. Through extensive experiments on CIFAR-100, STL-10 and Tiny-ImageNet, we demonstrate that the proposed method consistently outperforms existing baselines. In addition, our method significantly accelerates the convergence, drastically reducing the overall computational cost compared to standard FixMatch-based pipelines.

Ali Aghababaei-Harandi, Aude Sportisse, Massih-Reza Amini

Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Computer Science Laboratory LIG, Grenoble, France

Representation Learning Geometric Representation Learning Pseudo-Labeling Semi-Supervised Learning Image Classification

Apr 21, 2026cs.CV

PanDA: Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Multimodal 3D Panoptic Segmentation in Autonomous Driving

This paper presents the first study on Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (UDA) for multimodal 3D panoptic segmentation (mm-3DPS), aiming to improve generalization under domain shifts commonly encountered in real-world autonomous driving. A straightforward solution is to employ a pseudo-labeling strategy, which is widely used in UDA to generate supervision for unlabeled target data, combined with an mm-3DPS backbone. However, existing supervised mm-3DPS methods rely heavily on strong cross-modal complementarity between LiDAR and RGB inputs, making them fragile under domain shifts where one modality degrades (e.g., poor lighting or adverse weather). Moreover, conventional pseudo-labeling typically retains only high-confidence regions, leading to fragmented masks and incomplete object supervision, which are issues particularly detrimental to panoptic segmentation. To address these challenges, we propose PanDA, the first UDA framework specifically designed for multimodal 3D panoptic segmentation. To improve robustness against single-sensor degradation, we introduce an asymmetric multimodal augmentation that selectively drops regions to simulate domain shifts and improve robust representation learning. To enhance pseudo-label completeness and reliability, we further develop a dual-expert pseudo-label refinement module that extracts domain-invariant priors from both 2D and 3D modalities. Extensive experiments across diverse domain shifts, spanning time, weather, location, and sensor variations, significantly surpass state-of-the-art UDA baselines for 3D semantic segmentation.

Yining Pan, Shijie Li, Yuchen Wu +2

Singapore University of Technology and Design · Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), A*STAR, Singapore

Unsupervised Domain Adaptation Multimodal Robustness Autonomous Driving Pseudo-Labeling

Apr 20, 2026cs.AI

Enhancing Tabular Anomaly Detection via Pseudo-Label-Guided Generation

Identifying anomalous instances in tabular data is essential for improving data reliability and maintaining system stability. Due to the scarcity of ground-truth anomaly labels, existing methods mainly rely on unsupervised anomaly detection models, or exploit a small number of labeled anomalies to facilitate detection via sample generation or contrastive learning. However, unsupervised methods lack sufficient anomaly awareness, while current generation and contrastive approaches tend to compute anomalies globally, overlooking the localized anomaly patterns of tabular features, resulting in suboptimal detection performance. To address these limitations, we propose PLAG, a pseudo-label-guided anomaly generation method designed to enhance tabular anomaly detection. Specifically, by utilizing pseudo-anomalies as guidance signals and decoupling the overall anomaly quantification of a sample into an accumulation of feature-level abnormalities, PLAG not only effectively obviates the need for scarce ground-truth labels but also provides a novel perspective for the model to comprehend localized anomalous signals at a fine-grained level. Furthermore, a two-stage data selection strategy is proposed, integrating format verification and uncertainty estimation to rigorously filter candidate samples, thereby ensuring the fidelity and diversity of the synthetic anomalies. Ultimately, these filtered synthetic anomalies serve as robust discriminative guidance, empowering the model to better separate normal and anomalous instances. Extensive experiments demonstrate that PLAG achieves state-of-the-art performance against eight representative baselines. Moreover, as a flexible framework, it integrates seamlessly with existing unsupervised detectors, consistently boosting F1-scores by 0.08 to 0.21.

Wei Huang, Yuxuan Xiong, Hezhe Qiao +3

Tabular Anomaly Detection Pseudo-Labeling Synthetic Anomaly Generation Anomaly Detection

Apr 17, 2026cs.CV

From Articles to Canopies: Knowledge-Driven Pseudo-Labelling for Tree Species Classification using LLM Experts

Hyperspectral tree species classification is challenging due to limited and imbalanced class labels, spectral mixing (overlapping light signatures from multiple species), and ecological heterogeneity (variability among ecological systems). Addressing these challenges requires methods that integrate biological and structural characteristics of vegetation, such as canopy architecture and interspecific interactions, rather than relying solely on spectral signatures. This paper presents a biologically informed, semi-supervised deep learning method that integrates multi-sensor Earth observation data, specifically hyperspectral imaging (HSI) and airborne laser scanning (ALS), with expert, ecological knowledge. The approach relies on biologically inspired pseudo-labelling over a precomputed canopy graph, yielding accurate classification at low training cost. In addition, ecological priors on species cohabitation are automatically derived from reliable sources using large language models (LLMs) and encoded as a cohabitation matrix with likelihoods of species occurring together. These priors are incorporated into the pseudo-labelling strategy, effectively introducing expert knowledge into the model. Experiments on a real-world forest dataset demonstrate 5.6% improvement over the best reference method. Expert evaluation of cohabitation priors reveals high accuracy with differences no larger than 15%.

Michał Romaszewski, Dominik Kopeć, Michał Cholewa +6

Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bałtycka 5, Gliwice, 44-100, Poland · University of Lodz, Narutowicza 68, 90-136, Lodz, Poland · MGGP Aero, Kaczkowskiego 6, 33-100, Tarnów, Poland +1

Tree Species Classification Graph-Based Semi-Supervised Learning Pseudo-Labeling Hyperspectral Image Classification Semi-Supervised Learning