Medical Image Segmentation

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Period ending 2026-09-21

16 new papers

A weekly snapshot of new work published in Medical Image Segmentation.

Period ending 2026-09-14

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A weekly snapshot of new work published in Medical Image Segmentation.

Period ending 2026-09-07

33 new papers

A weekly snapshot of new work published in Medical Image Segmentation.

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Medical Image Segmentation

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Lesion Segmentation

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Dense Semantic Segmentation

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Segmentation Model

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Lesion

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Few-Shot Medical Image Segmentation

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Robust Segmentation

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510 papers

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Optimization in Sparse 2D to Dense 3D Weakly Supervised Learning: Application to Multi-Label Segmentation of Large ex vivo MRI Data
May 12, 2026Paul Hoareau, Kuan Yi Wang, Brandon Bujak +6Medical Image Segmentation 3D Semantic Segmentation
Vision Transformer-Conditioned UNet for Domain-Adaptive Semantic Segmentation
May 12, 2026Joel Valdivia Ortega, Tingying Peng, Marion JasninSelf-Supervised Vision Transformers U-Net
DiffSegLung: Diffusion Radiomic Distillation for Unsupervised Lung Pathology Segmentation
May 12, 2026Rezkellah Noureddine Khiati, Pierre-Yves Brillet, Catalin FetitaSegmentation Model
USEMA: a Scalable Efficient Mamba Like Attention for Medical Image Segmentation
May 11, 2026Elisha Dayag, Nhat Thanh Tran, Jack XinMedical Image Segmentation Progressive Attention Fusion
Geometry-aware Prototype Learning for Cross-domain Few-shot Medical Image Segmentation
May 11, 2026Feifan Song, Yuntian Bo, Haofeng ZhangFew-Shot Medical Image Segmentation Learnable Prototypes
SplitFed-CL: A Split Federated Co-Learning Framework for Medical Image Segmentation with Inaccurate Labels
May 11, 2026Zahra Hafezi Kafshgari, Hadi Hadizadeh, Parvaneh SaeediMedical Image Segmentation Federated Learning
GenMed: A Pairwise Generative Reformulation of Medical Diagnostic Tasks
May 11, 2026Hantao Zhang, Weidong Guo, Yuhe Liu +5Medical Image Generation Medical Image Segmentation
DuetFair: Coupling Inter- and Intra-Subgroup Robustness for Fair Medical Image Segmentation
May 11, 2026Yiqi Tian, Sangjoon Park, Bo Zeng +3Fairness-Aware Learning Medical Image Segmentation
Frequency Adapter with SAM for Generalized Medical Image Segmentation
May 11, 2026Phuoc-Nguyen Bui, Van-Nguyen Pham, Duc-Tai Le +2Medical Image Segmentation Multimodal Domain Generalization
A Real-Calibrated Synthetic-First Data Engine
May 10, 2026Yukang Shen, Zhiguo Liu, Yingshu Li +1Synthetic Data Augmentation Synthetic Data
Rethinking Evaluation of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Lesion Segmentation Models
May 10, 2026Abdul Basit, Ashir Rashid, Muhammad Abdullah Hanif +1Multiple Sclerosis Lesion Segmentation
XTinyU-Net: Training-Free U-Net Scaling via Initialization-Time Sensitivity
May 10, 2026Alvin Kimbowa, Moein Heidari, David Liu +1U-Net Medical Image Segmentation
Uncertainty-Guided Dual-Domain Learning for Reliable Skin Lesion Segmentation
May 10, 2026Duwei Dai, Caixia Dong, Guowei Dai +6Lesion Segmentation Uncertainty-Aware Fusion
From Pixels to Concepts: Do Segmentation Models Understand What They Segment?
May 10, 2026Shuang Liang, Zeqing Wang, Yuxian Li +2Segmentation Model Pseudo-Labeling
Reducing Annotation Burden for Femoral Cartilage Segmentation in Knee MRI via Cross-Sequence Transfer Learning
May 9, 2026Francesco Chiumento, Gianluigi Crimi, Elisa Moretta +7Knee Osteoarthritis Medical Image Segmentation
Semantic Alignment in Hyperbolic Space for Open-Vocabulary Semantic Segmentation
May 9, 2026Hoang M. Truong, Hai Nguyen-Truong, Dang HuynhDense Semantic Segmentation Hyperbolic Space
Principle-Guided Supervision for Interpretable Uncertainty in Medical Image Segmentation
May 9, 2026An Sui, Yuzhu Li, Gunter Schumann +2Medical Image Segmentation Input Uncertainties
TimeLesSeg: Unified Contrast-Agnostic Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal MS Lesion Segmentation via a Stochastic Generative Model
May 8, 2026Vicent Caselles-Ballester, Eloy Martínez-Heras, Giuseppe Pontillo +9Multiple Sclerosis Lesion Segmentation
A Unified Framework for the Detection and Classification of Fatty Pancreas in Ultrasound Images
May 8, 2026Ioan-Tudor-Alexandru Anghel, Ciprian-Mihai Ceausescu, Elena Dana Nedelcu +5Cholangiocarcinoma Ultrasound
UniD-Shift: Towards Unified Semantic Segmentation via Interpretable Share-Private Multimodal Decomposition
May 8, 2026Shuai Zhang, Zhecheng Shi, Zhuxiao Li +43D Semantic Segmentation Dense Semantic Segmentation
DINO-MVR: Multi-View Readout of Frozen DINOv3 for Annotation-Efficient Medical Segmentation
May 8, 2026Wei Jiang, Feng Liu, Nan Ye +1Medical Image Segmentation Dinov3
Coarse-to-Fine: Progressive Image Compression for Semantically Hierarchical Classification
May 8, 2026Jungwoo Kim, Jun-Hyuk Kim, Jong-Seok LeeLearned Image Compression Dense Semantic Segmentation
Overcoming data scarcity through multi-center federated learning for organs-at-risk segmentation in pediatric upper abdominal radiotherapy
May 7, 2026Mianyong Ding, Maximilian Knoll, Semi Harrabi +7Federated Learning Lesion Segmentation
Linear Semantic Segmentation for Low-Resource Spoken Dialects
May 7, 2026Kirill Chirkunov, Younes Samih, Abed Alhakim Freihat +1Dialects Arabic
ZScribbleSeg: A comprehensive segmentation framework with modeling of efficient annotation and maximization of scribble supervision
May 7, 2026Ke Zhang, Bomin Wang, Hangqi Zhou +1Medical Image Segmentation Scratch
Beyond Forgetting in Continual Medical Image Segmentation: A Comprehensive Benchmark Study
May 7, 2026Bomin Wang, Hangqi Zhou, Yibo Gao +1Medical Image Segmentation Efficient Continual Learning
Prompt-Free and Efficient SAM2 Adaptation for Biomedical Semantic Segmentation via Dual Adapters
May 7, 2026Hinako Mitsuoka, Kazuhiro HottaFew-Shot Medical Image Segmentation Medical Image Segmentation
The autoPET3 Challenge: Automated Lesion Segmentation in Whole-Body PET/CT $\unicode{x2013}$ Multitracer Multicenter Generalization
May 7, 2026Jakob Dexl, Katharina Jeblick, Andreas Mittermeier +27Positron Emission Tomography Lesion Segmentation
RAM-H1200: A Unified Evaluation and Dataset on Hand Radiographs for Rheumatoid Arthritis
May 7, 2026Songxiao Yang, Haolin Wang, Yao Fu +9Knee Osteoarthritis Radiomics
Tumor-aware augmentation with task-guided attention analysis improves rectal cancer segmentation from magnetic resonance images
May 6, 2026Aneesh Rangnekar, Joao Miranda, Natally Horvat +13Lesion Segmentation Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Geometry-Aware State Space Model: A New Paradigm for Whole-Slide Image Representation
May 6, 2026Enhui Chai, Sicheng Chen, Tianyi Zhang +4Whole-Slide Images Computational Pathology
Harmonized Feature Conditioning and Frequency-Prompt Personalization for Multi-Rater Medical Segmentation
May 6, 2026Sanaz Karimijafarbigloo, Armin Khosravi, Alireza Kheyrkhah +3Few-Shot Medical Image Segmentation Human Annotators
DiCLIP: Diffusion Model Enhances CLIP's Dense Knowledge for Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentation
May 6, 2026Zhiwei Yang, Pengfei Song, Yucong Meng +3Dense Semantic Segmentation Weak Supervision
TsallisPGD: Adaptive Gradient Weighting for Adversarial Attacks on Semantic Segmentation
May 5, 2026Alexander Matyasko, Xin Lou, Indriyati Atmosukarto +1Dense Semantic Segmentation Attention-Guided Transunet
Augmented Equivariant Mesh Networks for Anatomical Segmentation
May 4, 2026Daniel SaragihAnatomical Priors Medical Image Segmentation
One Sequence to Segment Them All: Efficient Data Augmentation for CT and MRI Cross-Domain 3D Spine Segmentation
May 4, 2026Nathan Molinier, Hendrik Möller, Thomas Dagonneau +6Medical Image Segmentation Synthetic Data Augmentation
Learning to Segment using Summary Statistics and Weak Supervision
May 4, 2026Omkar Kulkarni, Edward Raff, Tim OatesSegmentation Model Weak Supervision
Approaching human parity in the quality of automated organoid image segmentation
May 4, 2026Chase Cartwright, Gongbo Guo, Sai Teja Pusuluri +3Medical Image Segmentation Tissue Architecture
MuCALD-SplitFed: Causal-Latent Diffusion for Privacy-Preserving Multi-Task Split-Federated Medical Image Segmentation
May 4, 2026Chamani Shiranthika, Hadi Hadizadeh, Parvaneh SaeediFederated Learning Medical Image Segmentation
FoR-Net: Learning to Focus on Hard Regions for Efficient Semantic Segmentation
May 4, 2026Sheng-Wei Chan, Hsin-Jui Pan, Chun-Po Shen +4Dense Semantic Segmentation Receptive Fields
Advanced Tumor Segmentation in PET/CT Imaging: A Training Strategy Study with nnU-Net for AutoPET III
May 4, 2026Hussain AlasmawiLesion Segmentation Lesion
Multi-Rater Calibrated Segmentation Models
May 4, 2026Meritxell Riera-Marín, Javier García López, Júlia Rodríguez-Comas +2Robust Segmentation Capture-Aware Prototype Calibration
Cross-Polarization Fusion of VV AND VH SAR Observations for Improved Flood Mapping
May 4, 2026Jagrati Talreja, Tewodros Syum Gebre, Leila Hashemi BeniFlood Detection Synthetic Aperture Radar
Exploring Entropy-based Active Learning for Fair Brain Segmentation
May 3, 2026Ghazal Danaee, Mélanie Gaillochet, Christian Desrosiers +2Fairness-Aware Learning Medical Image Segmentation
Multi-Dataset Cross-Domain Knowledge Distillation for Unified Medical Image Segmentation, Classification, and Detection
May 2, 2026Ceausescu Ciprian-Mihai, Anghelina Ion-Marian, Alexe Dumitru-BogdanMedical Imaging Datasets Medical Image Segmentation
Exploring Prompt Alignment with Clinical Factors in Zero-Shot Segmentation VLMs for NSCLC Tumor Segmentation
May 2, 2026Suraj Pai, Thibault Heintz, Cosmin Ciausu +3Lesion Segmentation Medical Vision-Language Models
Multi-frame Restoration for High-rate Lissajous Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy
May 1, 2026Minhee Lee, Sangyoon Lee, Jiwook Lee +4Microscopy Lesion
OTSS: Output-Targeted Soft Segmentation for Contextual Decision-Weight Learning
Apr 30, 2026Renjun Hu, Hyun-Soo AhnSemiparametric Framework Gumbel-Softmax Relaxation
Continuous-tone Simple Points: An $\ell_0$ -Norm of Cyclic Gradient for Topology-Preserving Data-Driven Image Segmentation
Apr 30, 2026Wenxiao Li, Faqiang Wang, Yuping Duan +3Topological Deep Learning Robust Segmentation
UHR-Net: An Uncertainty-Aware Hypergraph Refinement Network for Medical Image Segmentation
Apr 30, 2026Shuokun Cheng, Jinghao Shi, Kun SunLesion Segmentation Medical Image Segmentation
Echo-α: Large Agentic Multimodal Reasoning Model for Ultrasound Interpretation
Apr 30, 2026Jing Zhang, Wentao Jiang, Tao Huang +8Ultrasound Multimodal Clinical Data
Deep Learning-Based Segmentation of Peritoneal Cancer Index Regions from CT Imaging
Apr 30, 2026Pieter C. Gort, Lotte J. S. Fleurkens-Ewals, Lenah D. Kampmeijer +8Lesion Segmentation Medical Image Segmentation
SECOS: Semantic Capture for Rigorous Classification in Open-World Semi-Supervised Learning
Apr 30, 2026Hezhao Liu, Jiacheng Yang, Junlong Gao +4Semi-Supervised Learning Dense Semantic Segmentation
Assessing Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Vascular Invasion: the PDACVI Benchmark
Apr 30, 2026M. Riera-Marín, O. K. Sikha, J. Rodríguez-Comas +23Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Lesion Segmentation
Graph-based Semantic Calibration Network for Unaligned UAV RGBT Image Semantic Segmentation and A Large-scale Benchmark
Apr 29, 2026Fangqiang Fan, Zhicheng Zhao, Xiaoliang Ma +2Aerial Imagery Dense Semantic Segmentation
Are Data Augmentation and Segmentation Always Necessary? Insights from COVID-19 X-Rays and a Methodology Thereof
Apr 29, 2026Aman Swaraj, Arnav Agarwal, Hitendra Singh Bhadouria +2Chest X-Ray Medical Image Segmentation
Dino-NestedUNet: Unlocking Foundation Vision Encoders for Pathology Tumor Bulk Segmentation via Dense Decoding
Apr 27, 2026Tianyang Wang, Ziyu Su, Abdul Rehman Akbar +7U-Net Dinov3
ESICA: A Scalable Framework for Text-Guided 3D Medical Image Segmentation
Apr 27, 2026Yu Xin, Gorkem Can Ates, Jun Ma +5Medical Image Segmentation Video-Text Alignment
DiffuSAM: Diffusion-Based Prompt-Free SAM2 for Few-Shot and Source-Free Medical Image Segmentation
Apr 27, 2026Tal Grossman, Noa Cahan, Lev Ayzenberg +1Few-Shot Medical Image Segmentation Diffusion Dynamics
Point Cloud Registration for Fusion between SPECT MPI and CTA Images
Apr 27, 2026Ni Yao, Xiangyu Liu, Shaojie Tang +9Whole-Heart Segmentation Coronary Angiography

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Optimization in Sparse 2D to Dense 3D Weakly Supervised Learning: Application to Multi-Label Segmentation of Large ex vivo MRI Data

Paul Hoareau, Kuan Yi Wang, Brandon Bujak, Roy Sun+5

NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada · ´Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Lyon, France · Mila - Quebec AI Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada · Quantitative MRI core facility, NINDS, NIH · National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20893, USA

INTRODUCTION | Fully supervised 3D segmentation of high-resolution ex vivo MRI is limited by the prohibitive cost of volumetric annotation, forcing reliance on sparse 2D slices. Weakly supervised Sparse-to-Dense frameworks bridge this gap, but guidelines remain ambiguous regarding human-centric visual enhancements and transferring optimization strategies across dimensions. We analyze divergent regularization needs for multi-class segmentation of high-resolution ex vivo spinal cord MRI. METHODS | We used 9.4T MRI of multiple sclerosis spinal cords (>104,000 slices) with sparse annotations (428 slices). A 2D Teacher trained on sparse slices generated dense pseudo-labels to train a 3D Student. We systematically evaluated the impact of human-centric preprocessing, spatial augmentation, and soft-label regularization on both architectures. RESULTS | We identified a critical divergence in training dynamics. The 2D Teacher required strong spatial augmentation and soft-labeling to overcome data scarcity, improving White Matter Lesion Dice scores by >11 points. However, propagating these techniques to the 3D Student degraded its performance. Furthermore, human-centric preprocessing (e.g., CLAHE) disrupted global statistical cues, dropping Gray Matter Lesion Dice scores by ~25 points. DISCUSSION | Our study highlights a perception divergence (human-centric contrast enhancement harms machine models) and a regularization conflict across dimensions. 3D architectures trained on dense pseudo-labels exhibit fundamentally different optimization landscapes than 2D counterparts and require distinct, conservative regularization. Code and models: https://github.com/ivadomed/model_seg_sc-gm-lesion_human_ms_exvivo_t2star.

Medical Image Segmentation 3D Semantic Segmentation Dense Prediction Regularization Techniques

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