Theory-Of-Mind Reasoning

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Cog-VADU: A Training-Free Cognitive Reasoning Framework for Video Anomaly Detection and Understanding
Oct 1, 2026Mohd Ubaid Wani, Sara Atito, Josef Kittler +1Training-Free Video Anomaly Detection Fine-Grained Video Understanding
Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing (CVSSP) University of Surrey, UK · Surrey Institute for People-Centred AI (PAI) University of Surrey, UK
Cognitive Action Reasoning for Proactive Robots from Human-Centered Multimodal Observations
Sep 20, 2026Zhihao Gu, Kechao Zhu, Yuanfeng Wu +7Theory-Of-Mind Reasoning Process-Level Supervision
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU)
A Multi-Stage Rule-Chaining Framework for Compositional and Interpretable Cognitive Reasoning
Sep 12, 2026Deblina KarTheory-Of-Mind Reasoning
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Mind the Gap: Theory-of-Mind-Grounded Friction for Epistemic Alignment
Aug 31, 2026Yifan Zhu, Kyeongmin Rim, James PustejovskyTheory-Of-Mind Reasoning Epistemology
Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
Inverse Theory of Mind Modeling for Content Recommendation: From Web Browsing to Dynamic Intelligent Interfaces
Aug 11, 2026Mengyu Chen, Feiyu Lu, Chun-Fu Chen +2User Modeling Personality
JPMorganChase New York City, NY, USA · JPMorganChase London, UK · JPMorganChase Palo Alto, CA, USA
Avalon-ToM-Bench: Evaluating Fine-Grained Theory of Mind via Asymmetric Game Mechanics
Aug 10, 2026Yen-Shan Chen, Yu Chian Duan, Chih-En Kuo +2Theory-Of-Mind Reasoning Social Reasoning
1National Taiwan University · 2CyCraft AI Lab, Taiwan
Structured LLM Reasoning for Zero-Shot Human--Robot Coordination Under Hidden Goals
Aug 5, 2026Dong Hae Mangalindan, Anand Gokhale, Francesco Bullo +1Human-Robot Collaboration Theory-Of-Mind Reasoning
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 · Center for Control, Dynamical Systems, and Computation, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
PICTURE: Enhancing Theory-of-Mind in Large Language Models by Revealing, Not Hiding, Characters' Lack of Knowledge
Aug 3, 2026Eojin Jeon, SangKeun LeeTheory-Of-Mind Reasoning LLM Reasoning Strategies
Department of Artificial Intelligence, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea · Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Cross-Task Dissociation in Frontier Vision-Language Model Theory of Mind
Jul 31, 2026Kejia Zhang, Youran Sun, Chugang Yi +1Theory-Of-Mind Reasoning Recent Vision-Language Models
University of Maryland, College Park
MeetingToM: Evaluating Multimodal LLMs on Theory-of-Mind Reasoning in Multi-Party Meetings
Jul 21, 2026Ziyi Wang, Yuhang Wu, Dongxu Piao +3Social Reasoning Theory-Of-Mind Reasoning
College of AI, Tsinghua University · Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University
Beyond Sally-Anne: Evaluating Theory of Mind in LLMs using Epistemic Schelling Points
Jul 13, 2026Roberta Rocca, Sami Boukortt, Geoff Keeling +1Theory-Of-Mind Reasoning Social Reasoning
1Google
One mechanism for many mental spaces: a shared router over a value slot in language models
Jul 11, 2026Oliver Steele, Jiangtao Wen, Yuxing HanTheory-Of-Mind Reasoning Linguistics
Tsinghua University · NYU Shanghai
Theory of Mind and Persuasion Beyond Conversation: Assessing the Capacity of LLMs to Induce Belief States via Planning and Action
Jun 30, 2026Ben Slater, Matteo G. Mecattaf, Lucy G. Cheke +2Theory-Of-Mind Reasoning Persuasion
Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence Department of Psychology University of Cambridge, UK · Prolific · Google, Paradigms of Intelligence Team
Beyond Single-Source Cognitive Taskonomy:Multi-Source Task Relations through fMRI Transfer Learning
Jun 24, 2026Junfeng Xia, Wendu Li, Mengjiao Zhang +1Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Transfer Learning
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen, China
From Recognition to Understanding: Unlocking Cognitive Time Series Reasoning with LLMs
Jun 20, 2026Xin Qiu, Junlong Tong, Yao Zhang +3Temporal Reasoning LLM Reasoning Strategies
Institute of Digital Twin, Eastern Institute of Technology, Ningbo · Zhejiang University · Munich Center for Machine Learning, LMU
A Causal Model of Theory of Mind in Conflict for Artificial Intelligence
Jun 15, 2026Nikolos GurneyTheory-Of-Mind Reasoning Social Reasoning
Institute for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California 12015 Waterfront Drive, Playa Vista, CA 90094, USA
The Theory of Mind Utility: Formal Specification of a Mentalizing Mechanism
Jun 10, 2026Nikolos Gurney, Stacy MarsellaTheory-Of-Mind Reasoning Theory
Institute for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California California, United States of America · Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University Massachusetts, United States of America
Mind the Perspective: Let's Reason Recursively for Theory of Mind
Jun 10, 2026Chao Lei, Guang Hu, Meng Yang +2Theory-Of-Mind Reasoning Reasoning Skills
School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Australia · SensiLab, Monash University, Australia
From Shortcuts to Reasoning: Robust Post-Training of Theory of Mind with Reinforcement Learning
Jun 8, 2026Jike Zhong, Yuxiang Lai, Ming Li +5Theory-Of-Mind Reasoning Reinforcement Fine-Tuning
University of Southern California · 2Emory University · University of Maryland, College Park +4
GroupToM-Bench: Benchmarking Group Theory of Mind and Nonlinear Social Emergence in MLLMs
Jun 2, 2026Weidong Tang, Jierui Li, Yueling Hou +7Theory-Of-Mind Reasoning Cognitive Science
1Xidian University · 2National University of Singapore · University of Electronic Science and Technology of China +1
A formal definition and meta-model for a machine theory of mind
Jun 2, 2026Fabio CuzzolinTheory-Of-Mind Reasoning Cognitive Science
Institure for AI, Data Analysis and Systems (AIDAS) School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics Oxford Brookes University
MindClaw: Closed-Loop Embodied Mental-State Reasoning for Precision Intervention
May 31, 2026Ruoxuan Zhang, Qiaoqiao Wan, Zhengguang Wang +4Theory-Of-Mind Reasoning Claw-Like Agent
Jilin University · Microsoft Asia · National Taiwan University
MindZero: Learning Online Mental Reasoning With Zero Annotations
May 29, 2026Shunchi Zhang, Jin Lu, Chuanyang Jin +3Theory-Of-Mind Reasoning Agentic Reasoning
Johns Hopkins University · Peking University
RoboWits: Unexpected Challenges for Robotic Creative Problem Solving
May 28, 2026Chunru Lin, Hongxin Zhang, Fenghao Yu +5Robocasa Theory-Of-Mind Reasoning
University of Massachusetts Amherst · Princeton University · Stanford University +1
UserHarness: Harnessing User Minds for Stronger Agent Theory-of-Mind
May 26, 2026Cheng Qian, Jiayu Liu, Heng JiTheory-Of-Mind Reasoning Agentic Reasoning
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Agent-ToM: Learning to Monitor Autonomous LLM Agents via Theory-of-Mind Reasoning
May 22, 2026Nesreen K. Ahmed, Nima NafisiLarge Language Model Agents Theory-Of-Mind Reasoning
Cisco Outshift
Think Thrice Before You Speak: Dual knowledge-enhanced Theory-of-Mind Reasoning for Persuasive Agents
May 21, 2026Minghui Ma, Bin Guo, Runze Yang +7Theory-Of-Mind Reasoning Persuasion
Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China · Peking University, Beijing, China · Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
What Do You Think I Think? Accounting for Human Beliefs Using Second-Order Theory of Mind
May 12, 2026Patrick Callaghan, Reid Simmons, Henny AdmoniTheory-Of-Mind Reasoning Student Misconceptions
Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University
LIDSA: Cognitive Arbitration for Signal-Free Autonomous Intersection Management
May 12, 2026Abderrahmane Lakas, Mohamed Amine Ferrag, Merouane DebbahTraffic Signal Control LLM Inference Optimization
Department of Computer and Network Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, UAE · Research Institute for Digital Future, Khalifa University, UAE
EnactToM: An Evolving Benchmark for Functional Theory of Mind in Embodied Agents
May 11, 2026Gurusha Juneja, Dylan Lu, Saaket Agashe +7Theory-Of-Mind Reasoning Embodied Agents
University of California, Santa Barbara · 2King’s College London · 3Cisco Research
MOTOR-Bench: A Real-world Dataset and Multi-agent Framework for Zero-shot Human Mental State Understanding
May 10, 2026Xiaoyu Yuan, Niklas Heikkala, Tiina Törmänen +3Theory-Of-Mind Reasoning Zero-Shot Robustness
University of Oulu
Learning to Theorize the World from Observation
May 5, 2026Doojin Baek, Gyubin Lee, Junyeob Baek +2Theory-Of-Mind Reasoning Theory
KAIST
Are you with me? A Framework for Detecting Mental Model Discrepancies in Task-Based Team Dialogues
May 4, 2026Katharine Kowalyshyn, Matthias ScheutzTheory-Of-Mind Reasoning Dialogue
Department of Computer Science, Tufts University
CTM-AI: A Blueprint for General AI Inspired by a Model of Consciousness
Apr 30, 2026Haofei Yu, Yining Zhao, Lenore Blum +2Artificial Intelligence Systems Counter Turing Test
University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign · Carnegie Mellon University · Massachusetts Institute of Technol
Does Theory of Mind Improvement Really Benefit Human-AI Interactions? Empirical Findings from Interactive Evaluations
Apr 28, 2026Nanxu Gong, Zixin Chen, Haotian Li +5Human-Ai Interaction Theory-Of-Mind Reasoning
Arizona State University · Hong Kong University of Science and Technology · Microsoft Research Asia +1
DialToM: A Theory of Mind Benchmark for Forecasting State-Driven Dialogue Trajectories
Apr 22, 2026Neemesh Yadav, Palakorn Achananuparp, Jing Jiang +1Theory-Of-Mind Reasoning Dialogue Benchmarks
Singapore Management University · Australian National University
PDDL-Mind: Large Language Models are Capable on Belief Reasoning with Reliable State Tracking
Apr 20, 2026Wang Bill Zhu, Qiutong Tony Yi, Robin Jia +1Theory-Of-Mind Reasoning LLM Reasoning Strategies
University of Southern California
Beyond Overlap Metrics: Rewarding Reasoning and Preferences for Faithful Multi-Role Dialogue Summarization
Apr 19, 2026Xiaoyong Mei, Tingting Zuo, Da Chen +5Dialogue Benchmarks Summarization
Zhejiang Normal University · Huawei Technologies · HKUST, Hong Kong +2
Learning Dynamic Belief Graphs for Theory-of-mind Reasoning
Mar 20, 2026Ruxiao Chen, Xilei Zhao, Thomas J. Cova +2Theory-Of-Mind Reasoning Latent States
Department of Civil and Systems Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA · Civil and Coastal Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA · School of the Environment, Society & Sustainability, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA +1
Mimic Human Cognition, Master Multi-Image Reasoning: A Meta-Action Framework for Enhanced Visual Understanding
Jan 12, 2026Jianghao Yin, Qingbin Li, Kun Sun +10Recent Vision-Language Models Theory-Of-Mind Reasoning
East China Normal University · ByteDance
A Hybrid Insider Threat Detection Framework Combining Multi-Agent Simulation, Layered SIEM Correlation, and Theory-of-Mind Reasoning
Jan 6, 2026Firdous Kausar, Asmah Muallem, Naw Safrin Sattar +1Intrusion Detection Theory-Of-Mind Reasoning
Department of Computer Science and Data Science SACS, Meharry Medical College Nashville, USA
From Representation to Enactment: The ABC Framework of the Translating Mind
Nov 20, 2025Michael Carl, Takanori Mizowaki, Aishvarya Raj +4Theory-Of-Mind Reasoning Translation Quality
Center for Research and Innovation in Translation and Translation Technology, Kent State University, USA · Rikkyo University, Tokyo · Independent researcher, London +1
Web-CogReasoner: Towards Multimodal Knowledge-Induced Cognitive Reasoning for Web Agents
Aug 3, 2025Yuhan Guo, Cong Guo, Aiwen Sun +12Web Agents Multimodal Agents
Southwestern University of Finance and Economics · Shanghai Jiao Tong University · Central South University +9

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Cog-VADU: A Training-Free Cognitive Reasoning Framework for Video Anomaly Detection and Understanding

Mohd Ubaid Wani, Sara Atito, Josef Kittler, Muhammad Awais

Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing (CVSSP) University of Surrey, UK · Surrey Institute for People-Centred AI (PAI) University of Surrey, UK

Training-Free Video Anomaly Detection Fine-Grained Video Understanding Graph Anomaly Detection Zero-Shot Theory-Of-Mind Reasoning

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Video Anomaly Detection (VAD) aims to temporally localize abnormal events in videos. Most existing approaches rely on dataset-specific training and curated annotations, limiting generalization in open-set scenarios. Recent zero-shot methods based on Large Vision- Language Models (LVLMs) alleviate this dependency but often lack temporal continuity and structured reasoning. We propose Cog-VADU, a fully training-free framework that reformulates VAD as a sequential cognitive reasoning task. Cog-VADU introduces Chain-of- Anomaly Detection Thought Prompting (CoADTP), which unrolls an LVLM into a recurrent reasoning chain across video segments. By propagating structured rationales over time, the model maintains implicit temporal memory, enabling robust discrimination between com- plex anomalies and high-motion normal activities. To improve reliability, we further design a cross-modal re-ranking stage that aligns textual rationales with visual embeddings, enforcing semantic consistency and temporal coherence for refined and stable predictions. Extensive experiments on multiple public VAD benchmarks demonstrate that Cog-VADU achieves competitive zero-shot performance. Moreover, cross-model evaluations show that CoADTP consistently enhances reasoning-based anomaly detection in a model-agnostic manner, pro- viding interpretable and generalizable anomaly understanding for real-world applications.

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