May 21, 2026, cs.MAJ/K move · Enter open · S save
Gautier Hamon, Martí Sánchez-Fibla, Clément Moulin-Frier, Ricard Solé
Flowers AI and CogSci lab, Inria, Université de Bordeaux, France · Department of Information and Communications Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08018, Barcelona, Spain · Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, IIIA (CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain+4
The origin of agriculture represents a major evolutionary transition and a paradigmatic example of how complex collective behaviors emerge from simple interactions. Here we introduce an artificial society of reinforcement learning agents embedded in a dynamic ecological environment to identify general principles underlying this transition. Within this system, agricultural practices emerge spontaneously - without explicit instruction - through the coupled dynamics of learning and environmental modification. We show that this transition is governed by four key ingredients: individual planning through the valuation of delayed rewards, social vulnerability to cheaters, stabilization via social learning, and an emergent lock-in effect that renders agriculture effectively irreversible once established. In particular, we demonstrate that social learning acts as a "firewall" that suppresses cheater invasion and enables the propagation of successful strategies, leading to sustained population growth and nonlinear amplification of domesticated resources. Together, these results reveal universal mechanisms linking individual decision-making, social interactions, and ecological feedbacks. More broadly, they highlight the potential of artificial societies as experimental platforms to study the emergence of cultural innovations and major evolutionary transitions.