Medical Diagnosis

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Medical diagnosis studies how to combine symptoms, records, laboratory tests, medical images, physiological signals, and molecular data to identify disease and support clinical decisions. Methods range from conventional machine learning and deep models such as CNNs and graph networks to multimodal foundation models, retrieval-augmented language models, and agents that ask questions or request tests as evidence accumulates. Systems are evaluated on tasks including image and signal classification, electronic-record prediction, and conversational diagnosis, using resources such as MIMIC and ADNI alongside disease-specific and external-site cohorts. A central challenge is that strong benchmark results may not transfer to real clinics, where data are incomplete or shifted and models must provide calibrated, evidence-grounded recommendations without worsening bias or unsafe decisions.

Latest papers

263 papers26 papers in the last four weeks, down 13% on the four weeks before. 0.2% of all new papers.

Divide-then-Diagnose: Weaving Clinician-Inspired Contexts for Ultra-Long Capsule Endoscopy Videos
Apr 23, 2026Bowen Liu, Li Yang, Shanshan Song +6Endoscopy Medical Imaging
1The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology · 2Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
Improving clinical interpretability of linear neuroimaging models through feature whitening
Apr 22, 2026Sara Petiton, Antoine Grigis, Raphaël Vock +1Medical Diagnosis Feature Whitening
University Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NeuroSpin, Baobab UMR 9027, Saclay, France
X-PCR: A Benchmark for Cross-modality Progressive Clinical Reasoning in Ophthalmic Diagnosis
Apr 22, 2026Gui Wang, Zehao Zhong, YongSong Zhou +6Healthcare Medical Diagnosis
School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University · 2Tsinghua University · 5Wenzhou Medical University +3
Opportunistic Bone-Loss Screening from Routine Knee Radiographs Using a Multi-Task Deep Learning Framework with Sensitivity-Constrained Threshold Optimization
Apr 22, 2026Zhaochen Li, Xinghao Yan, Runni Zhou +8Medical Imaging Medical Diagnosis
ORBIT Lab, College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China. · Department of Radiology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Imaging Technology and Artificial Intelligence, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China. · Rehabilitation Center, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Imaging Technology and Artificial Intelligence, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China. +1
Infection-Reasoner: A Compact Vision-Language Model for Wound Infection Classification with Evidence-Grounded Clinical Reasoning
Apr 21, 2026Palawat Busaranuvong, Reza Saadati Fard, Emmanuel Agu +4Healthcare Medical Diagnosis
Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA
Parkinson's Disease Detection via Self-Supervised Dual-Channel Cross-Attention on Bilateral Wrist-Worn IMU Signals
Apr 20, 2026Meheru ZannatCross-Attention Self-Supervised Time Series Representation Learning
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET), Bangladesh
Toward Zero-Egress Psychiatric AI: On-Device LLM Deployment for Privacy-Preserving Mental Health Decision Support
Apr 20, 2026Eranga Bandara, Asanga Gunaratna, Ross Gore +9On-Device Language Model Inference Privacy-Preserving Language Models
Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA · AI Motion Labs, Melbourne, Australia · Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA +3
Rabies diagnosis in low-data settings: A comparative study on the impact of data augmentation and transfer learning
Apr 20, 2026Khalil Akremi, Mariem Handous, Zied Bouslama +4Data Augmentation Medical Diagnosis
University of Carthage, Engineering School of Statistics and Information Analysis, Tunis, Tunisia. · University of Tunis-El-Manar, Rabies Laboratory, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia. · World Health Organization, Country Oﬀice Tunisia. +1
Sonata: A Hybrid World Model for Inertial Kinematics under Clinical Data Scarcity
Apr 20, 2026Blaise Delaney, Salil Patel, Yuji Xing +3Medical Diagnosis Predictive Representation Learning
1TimeTrace Labs · 2NVIDIA · University of Oxford
First, Do No Harm (With LLMs): Mitigating Racial Bias via Agentic Workflows
Apr 20, 2026Sihao Xing, Zaur GoulievHealthcare Social Bias in Language Models
School of Enterprise Computing and Digital Transformation Technological University Dublin · School of Information and Communication Studies University College Dublin
Conditional Evidence Reconstruction and Decomposition for Interpretable Multimodal Diagnosis
Apr 18, 2026Shaowen Wan, Yanjun Lv, Lu Zhang +5Missing-Modality Learning Medical Diagnosis
Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA · Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA · Department of Computer Science, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA +1
Evaluating Multimodal LLMs for Inpatient Diagnosis: Real-World Performance, Safety, and Cost Across Ten Frontier Models
Apr 18, 2026Bruce A. Bassett, Amy Rouillard, Sitwala Mundia +8Language Model Safety Evaluation Healthcare
School of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa · Wits MIND Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa · Grai Labs, Cape Town, South Africa +3
Nationwide EHR-Based Chronic Rhinosinusitis Prediction Using Demographic-Stratified Models
Apr 16, 2026Sicong Chang, Yidan Shen, Justina Varghese +7Medical Diagnosis Clinical Prediction
Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Houston Houston, USA · Otolaryngology Houston Methodist Hospital Houston, USA · Information Science Technology, University of Houston & Otolaryngology, Houston Methodist Hospital Houston, USA
Design Space Exploration of Hybrid Quantum Neural Networks for Chronic Kidney Disease
Apr 15, 2026Muhammad Kashif, Hanzalah Mohamed Siraj, Nouhaila Innan +2Quantum Neural Networks Hybrid Quantum-Classical ML
eBrain Lab, Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE · Center for Quantum and Topological Systems, NYUAD Research Institute, New York University Abu Dhabi, UAE
Fundus Image-based Glaucoma Screening via Retinal Knowledge-Oriented Dynamic Multi-Level Feature Integration
Apr 14, 2026Chi Liu, Yuzhuo Zhou, Sheng Shen +9Glaucoma Detection Medical Image Analysis
Faculty of Data Science, City University of Macau, Avenida Padre Tomás Pereira, Taipa, 999078, Macao, China · State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China · Hainan International College, Minzu University of China, Li’an International Education Innovation Pilot Zone, Lingshui, 572423, Hainan, China +4
Limitations of Sequence-Based Protein Representations for Parkinson's Disease Classification: A Leakage-Free Benchmark
Apr 13, 2026César Jesús Núñez-Prado, Grigori Sidorov, Liliana Chanona-HernándezParkinson's Disease Classification Medical Diagnosis
Higher School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico · Research Center for Computing, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
Schema-Adaptive Tabular Representation Learning with LLMs for Generalizable Multimodal Clinical Reasoning
Apr 12, 2026Hongxi Mao, Wei Zhou, Mengting Jia +4Tabular Representation Learning Electronic Health Records
Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China · Boston University, USA · University of Southern California, USA +2
Parameter Efficient Fine-tuning for Domain-specific Gastrointestinal Disease Recognition
Apr 12, 2026Sanjaya Poudel, Nikita Kunwor, Raj Simkhada +3Vision Foundation Model Adaptation Medical Diagnosis
Auburn University · Tribhuvan University · The University of Texas at Austin +2
Nested Radially Monotone Polar Occupancy Estimation: Clinically-Grounded Optic Disc and Cup Segmentation for Glaucoma Screening
Apr 10, 2026Rimsa Goperma, Rojan Basnet, Liang ZhaoOptic Disc Segmentation Glaucoma Detection
Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability (GSAIS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8306, Japan
Joint Optimization of Reasoning and Dual-Memory for Self-Learning Diagnostic Agent
Apr 8, 2026Bingxuan Li, Simo Du, Yue GuoClinical Reasoning Medical Diagnosis
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign · Albert Einstein College of Medicine
USCNet: Transformer-Based Multimodal Fusion with Segmentation Guidance for Urolithiasis Classification
Apr 8, 2026Changmiao Wang, Songqi Zhang, Yongquan Zhang +9Medical Diagnosis Medical Image Classification
C. Wang and X. Wan are with Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data, Shenzhen 518172, China · Y. Zhang, S. Zhang, and Y. Wang are with Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou 310018, China · L. Liu is with Anhui University of Finance and Economics, Anhui 233000, China +4
Analogical Reasoning as a Doctor: A Foundation Model for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Diagnosis
Apr 7, 2026Peixi Peng, Housheng Xie, Yanling Wei +5Medical Imaging Foundation Models Medical Diagnosis
Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University · Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China. · Daping Hospital, Army Medical University +3
Uncertainty-Guided Latent Diagnostic Trajectory Learning for Sequential Clinical Diagnosis
Apr 6, 2026Xuyang Shen, Haoran Liu, Dongjin Song +1Medical Diagnosis Clinical Decision-Making
University of Connecticut · Texas A&M University · NEC Laboratories America
Benchmarking Multi-turn Medical Diagnosis: Hold, Lure, and Self-Correction
Apr 6, 2026Jinrui Fang, Runhan Chen, Xu Yang +9Clinical Language Model Evaluation Medical Diagnosis
The University of Texas at Austin · New York University · The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center +2
BAAI Cardiac Agent: An intelligent multimodal agent for automated reasoning and diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases from cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
Apr 5, 2026Taiping Qu, Hongkai Zhang, Lantian Zhang +18Medical AI Agents Medical Diagnosis
Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence, No. 150 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China · Department of Radiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung & Vascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, 2 Anzhen Road, Beijing 100029, China · Department of MR, the First Affiliated Hospital, Henan Medical University, 88 Jiankang Road, Weihui 453100, China +2
An Explainable Vision-Language Model Framework with Adaptive PID-Tversky Loss for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Diagnosis
Apr 2, 2026Md. Sajeebul Islam Sk., Md. Mehedi Hasan Shawon, Md. Golam Rabiul AlamRadiology VLMs Medical Diagnosis
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, , Dhaka, 1212, , Bangladesh. · Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, , College Park, 20742, Maryland, USA.
How and why does deep ensemble coupled with transfer learning increase performance in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia classification?
Apr 2, 2026Sara Petiton, Antoine Grigis, Benoit Dufumier +1Loss Landscape Deep Ensembles
NeuroSpin/GAIA · NeuroSpin, CEA Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, France · EPFL, NeuroSpin/GAIA +1
DongYuan: An LLM-Based Framework for Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine Spleen-Stomach Disorders Diagnosis
Mar 30, 2026Hua Li, Yingying Li, Xiaobin Feng +8Medical Diagnosis Medical LLMs
Hebei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China · Beijing Wenge Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China · Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China +1
Improving Clinical Diagnosis with Counterfactual Multi-Agent Reasoning
Mar 29, 2026Zhiwen You, Xi Chen, Aniket Vashishtha +5Medical Diagnosis Clinical Decision Support
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA · Independent Researcher · Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA +2
Image-based Quantification of Postural Deviations on Patients with Cervical Dystonia: A Machine Learning Approach Using Synthetic Training Data
Mar 27, 2026Roland Stenger, Sebastian Löns, Nele Brügge +36Medical Diagnosis
Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany · Lübeck Centre for Rare Diseases, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany · Institute of Systems Motor Science, University of Lübeck, CBBM, Lübeck, Germany +16

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Divide-then-Diagnose: Weaving Clinician-Inspired Contexts for Ultra-Long Capsule Endoscopy Videos

Bowen Liu, Li Yang, Shanshan Song, Mingyu Tang+5

1The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology · 2Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine

Endoscopy Medical Imaging Medical Diagnosis Temporal Video Understanding

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Capsule endoscopy (CE) enables non-invasive gastrointestinal screening, but current CE research remains largely limited to frame-level classification and detection, leaving video-level analysis underexplored. To bridge this gap, we introduce and formally define a new task, diagnosis-driven CE video summarization, which requires extracting key evidence frames that covers clinically meaningful findings and making accurate diagnoses from those evidence frames. This setting is challenging because diagnostically relevant events are extremely sparse and can be overwhelmed by tens of thousands of redundant normal frames, while individual observations are often ambiguous due to motion blur, debris, specular highlights, and rapid viewpoint changes. To facilitate research in this direction, we introduce VideoCAP, the first CE dataset with diagnosis-driven annotations derived from real clinical reports. VideoCAP comprises 240 full-length videos and provides realistic supervision for both key evidence frame extraction and diagnosis. To address this task, we further propose DiCE, a clinician-inspired framework that mirrors the standard CE reading workflow. DiCE first performs efficient candidate screening over the raw video, then uses a Context Weaver to organize candidates into coherent diagnostic contexts that preserve distinct lesion events, and an Evidence Converger to aggregate multi-frame evidence within each context into robust clip-level judgments. Experiments show that DiCE consistently outperforms state-of-the-art methods, producing concise and clinically reliable diagnostic summaries. These results highlight diagnosis-driven contextual reasoning as a promising paradigm for ultra-long CE video summarization.