RL for LLM Agents

RL: Reinforcement Learning · LLM: Large Language Model

Overview

This field studies how to train large language model agents to act over multiple steps in environments such as web browsers, coding tools, games, and simulated workplaces. Common approaches use policy-gradient methods such as PPO and GRPO, verifiable task rewards, and process-level credit assignment to connect outcomes to particular actions or turns. Other methods teach agents to plan hierarchically, manage memory and reusable skills, or coordinate multiple agents, often using simulators and environment-generated feedback. A central challenge is making learning stable and efficient when rewards are sparse and tasks are long, while ensuring gains transfer to new environments and do not come from exploiting flawed reward signals.

Latest papers

CardsList

616 papers134 papers in the last four weeks, up 139% on the four weeks before. 0.8% of all new papers.

  1. Learning to Hand Off: Provably Convergent Workflow Learning under Interface Constraints

    May 18, 2026Jiayu Li, Enpei Zhang, Dawei Zhou +2Sequential MARLSequential Decision Making

  2. PAIR: Prefix-Aware Internal Reward Model for Multi-Turn Agent Optimization

    May 18, 2026Wonjoong Kim, Yeonjun In, Sangwu Park +2Reward ModelingCredit Assignment in RL

  3. GROW: Aligning GRPO with State-Action Modeling for Open-World VLM Agents

    May 18, 2026Xiongbin Wu, Zhihao Luo, Shanzhe Lei +7Reinforcement LearningGroup Relative Policy Optimization

  4. HydroAgent: Closing the Gap Between Frontier LLMs and Human Experts in Hydrologic Model Calibration via Simulator-Grounded RL

    May 18, 2026Zhi Li, Songkun Yan, Jie Cao +4Reinforcement LearningModel Calibration

  5. Look Before You Leap: Autonomous Exploration for LLM Agents

    May 15, 2026Ziang Ye, Wentao Shi, Yuxin Liu +6RL ExplorationLLM Agents

  6. ALSO: Adversarial Online Strategy Optimization for Social Agents

    May 15, 2026Xiang Li, Liping Yi, Mingze Kong +3Non-Stationary RLLarge Language Model-Based Social Simulation

  7. Response-Conditioned Parallel-to-Sequential Orchestration for Multi-Agent Systems

    May 15, 2026Nurbek Tastan, Alex Iacob, Lorenzo Sani +4Multi-Agent System OptimizationMulti-Agent Orchestration

  8. Self-Distilled Agentic Reinforcement Learning

    May 14, 2026Zhengxi Lu, Zhiyuan Yao, Zhuowen Han +8Agentic RLSelf-Distillation

  9. SkillFlow: Flow-Driven Recursive Skill Evolution for Agentic Orchestration

    May 13, 2026Mingda Zhang, Tiesunlong Shen, Haoran Luo +4LLM Agent OrchestrationLLM Agent Self-Improvement

  10. Scaling Retrieval-Augmented Reasoning with Parallel Search and Explicit Merging

    May 13, 2026Jiabei Liu, Wenyu Mao, Junfei Tan +4Multi-Hop QAAgentic RAG

  11. GAGPO: Generalized Advantage Grouped Policy Optimization

    May 13, 2026Siyuan Zhu, Chao Yu, Rongxin Yang +4Reinforcement LearningGroup Relative Policy Optimization

  12. ICRL: Learning to Internalize Self-Critique with Reinforcement Learning

    May 13, 2026Jianbo Lin, Xiaomin Yu, Yi Xin +7RL for Language ModelsLLM Self-Refinement

  13. Reinforced Collaboration in Multi-Agent Flow Networks

    May 13, 2026Zheng Wang, Yuang Liu, Yangkai DingMulti-Agent LLM SystemsMulti-Agent Collaboration

  14. Missing Old Logits in Asynchronous Agentic RL: Semantic Mismatch and Repair Methods for Off-Policy Correction

    May 12, 2026Zhong Guan, Yongjian Guo, Haoran Sun +5Asynchronous RLReinforcement Learning

  15. SkillGraph: Skill-Augmented Reinforcement Learning for Agents via Evolving Skill Graphs

    May 12, 2026Xiaoyuan Li, Moxin Li, Keqin Bao +4LLM Agent Skill LearningLLM Agent Skill Retrieval

  16. GEAR: Granularity-Adaptive Advantage Reweighting for LLM Agents via Self-Distillation

    May 12, 2026Sijia Li, Yuchen Huang, Zifan Liu +7RL for Language Model ReasoningCredit Assignment in RL

  17. Agent-BRACE: Decoupling Beliefs from Actions in Long-Horizon Tasks via Verbalized State Uncertainty

    May 12, 2026Joykirat Singh, Zaid Khan, Archiki Prasad +5Partially Observable RLBayesian Inference

  18. RubricEM: Meta-RL with Rubric-guided Policy Decomposition beyond Verifiable Rewards

    May 11, 2026Gaotang Li, Bhavana Dalvi Mishra, Zifeng Wang +9Reinforcement LearningRubric-Based RL

  19. Evolving-RL: End-to-End Optimization of Experience-Driven Self-Evolving Capability within Agents

    May 11, 2026Zhiyuan Fan, Wenwei Jin, Feng Zhang +4Reinforcement LearningLanguage Model Self-Improvement

  20. DeepRefine: Agent-Compiled Knowledge Refinement via Reinforcement Learning

    May 11, 2026Haoyu Huang, Jiaxin Bai, Shujie Liu +6Knowledge EditingKnowledge Augmentation for Language Models

  21. Verifiable Process Rewards for Agentic Reasoning

    May 11, 2026Huining Yuan, Zelai Xu, Huaijie Wang +6Process Reward ModelsCredit Assignment in RL

  22. Skill-R1: Agent Skill Evolution via Reinforcement Learning

    May 10, 2026Yash Vishe, Rohan Surana, Xunyi Jiang +8Agent Skill LearningRL for LLM Agents

  23. PiCA: Pivot-Based Credit Assignment for Search Agentic Reinforcement Learning

    May 10, 2026Dongyi Liu, Yifan Niu, Qinwen Wang +2Reinforcement LearningReward Shaping

  24. Learning to Explore: Scaling Agentic Reasoning via Exploration-Aware Policy Optimization

    May 9, 2026Xingyuan Hua, Sheng Yue, Ju RenRL for Language Model ReasoningTest-Time Scaling

  25. EvoMAS: Learning Execution-Time Workflows for Multi-Agent Systems

    May 9, 2026Chengdong Xu, Kaiqiang Ke, Ziheng Liu +4Multi-Agent LLM SystemsMulti-Agent System Optimization

  26. SkillMaster: Toward Autonomous Skill Mastery in LLM Agents

    May 9, 2026Min Yang, Jinghua Piao, Xu Xia +4LLM Agent Self-ImprovementLLM Agent Skill Learning

  27. Iterative Critique-and-Routing Controller for Multi-Agent Systems with Heterogeneous LLMs

    May 9, 2026Wenzhi Fang, Liangqi Yuan, Guangchen Lan +2Multi-Agent LLM SystemsMulti-Agent Coordination

  28. Towards Autonomous Business Intelligence via Data-to-Insight Discovery Agent

    May 8, 2026Dongming Wu, Junwen Li, Ming Lu +2AI-Assisted Decision MakingRL for LLM Agents