Formal Verification

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LEAP: Supercharging LLMs for Formal Mathematics with Agentic Frameworks
Jun 2, 2026Po-Nien Kung, Linfeng Song, Dawsen Hwang +10Theorem Formalization
Glass Box at Orbit: A Constitutional AI Verification Framework for Trustworthy Autonomous CubeSat Intelligence
Jun 2, 2026Karthik Barma, Anil Sanneboyina, V C Premchand YadavArtificial Intelligence Governance Verifier
What Benchmarks Don't Measure: The Case for Evaluating Abstention Competence in Autonomous Agents
Jun 1, 2026Victor Ojewale, Suresh VenkatasubramanianAgentic Evaluations Safety Evaluation
HLL: Can Agents Cross Humanity's Last Line of Verification?
Jun 1, 2026Xinhao Song, Su Su, Sirui Song +6Multimodal Agents Captcha-Capable Native Graphical User Interface Agent
A Theoretical Framework for Self-Play Theorem Proving Algorithms
Jun 1, 2026Thomas Chen, Zhiyuan LiTheorem Self-Play
What to Test Next: Interpretable Coverage Gap Discovery in Driving VLMs
Jun 1, 2026Abhishek Aich, Sparsh Garg, Vijay Kumar BG +2Ava-Vlm Verifier
The Case for Model Science: Verify, Explore, Steer, Refine
May 31, 2026Przemyslaw Biecek, Luca Longo, Jianlong Zhou +3Artificial Intelligence Models Scientific Discovery
"Skill Issues'': Data-Centric Optimization of Lakehouse Agents
May 31, 2026Nicole Rose Schneider, Davide Ghilardi, Giacomo Piccinini +1Evaluation Harnesses Code Generation
Expected Value Alignment for Generative Reward Modeling in Formal Mathematics Verification
May 31, 2026Shihao Ji, Haotao Tan, Zihui Song +1Large Language Model Evaluation Theorem
Before the Model Learns the Bug:Fuzzing RLVR Verifiers
May 31, 2026Jaideep RayReinforcement Learning With Verifiable Reward Verifiable Rewards
Hybrid Verified Decoding: Learning to Allocate Verification in Speculative Decoding
May 31, 2026Xin Su, Dawid Majchrowski, Fangyuan Yu +5Speculative Decoding LLM Inference Efficiency
FVSpec: Real-World Property-Based Tests as Lean Challenges
May 31, 2026Quinn Dougherty, Max von Hippel, Simon Henniger +2Formal Verification Test Generation
Score $\times$ Decoder: A Unified View of Unsupervised Inference-Time Scaling for Hallucination Mitigation
May 30, 2026Yun-Chen Cheng, Che-Yu Lin, Cheng-Lin YangLarge Language Model Hallucination Inference-Time
FineVerify: Scaling Test-Time Compute with Fine-Grained Self-Verification for Agentic Search
May 30, 2026James Xu Zhao, Hui Chen, Bryan Hooi +1Agentic Search Verifier
Bit-Exact AI Inference Verification Without Performance Tradeoffs
May 29, 2026Naci CankayaOnline Inference Verifier
SEMBridge: Tagless-Final Program Semantics with Weakest-Precondition and Bounded-Checking Interpretations
May 29, 2026Eric LiangFormal Verification Mock-Interface Synthesis
Formalizing and falsifying causal pathways of rare events
May 29, 2026Anahita Haghighat, Dominik JanzingStructural Causal Model Causal Reasoning
Cognitive Fatigue in Autoregressive Transformers: Formalization and Measurement
May 29, 2026Riju Marwah, Ritvik Garimella, Vishal Pallagani +3Autoregressive Language Models Large Language Model Performance
Automating Formal Verification with Reinforcement Learning and Recursive Inference
May 29, 2026Max TanFormal Verification Reinforcement Learning With Verifiable Reward
Distilling LLM Feedback for Lean Theorem Proving
May 29, 2026Gaetan Narozniak, Gérard Biau, Rémi Munos +2Token-Level Supervision Group Relative Policy Optimization
PInVerify: An Offline Embodied Benchmark for Active Instance Verification
May 28, 2026Yuhang JiangVerification-Triggered Multimodal Embodied Agents
COMPOSE: Composing Future Theorems from Citations and Formal Structure
May 28, 2026David Busbib, Michael WermanCitations Formalization
MarginGate: Sparse Margin-Triggered Verification for Batch-Invariant LLM Inference
May 28, 2026Kexin Chu, Yang Zhou, Wei ZhangLLM Inference Efficiency Token-Level Uncertainty
Formalizing Mathematics at Scale
May 28, 2026Ahmad Rammal, Niket Patel, Fabian Gloeckle +5Autoformalization Formalization
Opt-Verifier: Unleashing the Power of LLMs for Optimization Modeling via Dual-Side Verification
May 28, 2026Haoyang Liu, Jie Wang, Boxuan Niu +8Llm-Based Optimization Modeling Verifier
The Complexity of Verifying Feedforward Neural Networks in Quantised Settings
May 28, 2026Eric Alsmann, Martin Lange, Marco SälzerNeural Network Verification Quantum Neural Networks
Casual as an Anchor: Resolving Supervision Misalignment in Formality Transfer Dataset
May 28, 2026Hyojeong Yu, Hyukhun Koh, Minsung Kim +1Stylistic Fidelity Formalization
Real-rootedness of the Poincaré polynomials of $\overline{\mathcal M}_{0,n}$ : an AI-assisted proof
May 27, 2026Gergely Bérczi, Young-Hoon KiemProof Recurrence
FormInv: A Measurement Protocol for Semantic Invariance in Mathematical Reasoning Benchmarks
May 27, 2026Nishal Thomas, Noel ThomasCorrectness Theorem
DREAM-R: Multimodal Speculative Reasoning with RL-Based Refined Drafting, Precise Verification, and Fully Parallel Execution
May 27, 2026Yunhai Hu, Zining Liu, Xiangyang Yin +5Self-Speculative Multimodal Reasoning
Soft-SVeRL: Self-Verified Reinforcement Learning with Soft Rewards
May 27, 2026Saurabh Dash, Pierre Clavier, John Dang +4Reinforcement Learning With Verifiable Reward Verifiable Rewards
On Compositional Learning Behaviours in Formal Mathematics
May 27, 2026Kevin Yandoka DenamganaïTheorem Formalization
REVEAL: Reference-Grounded Reasoning for Multimodal Manipulation Detection
May 27, 2026Jun Zhou, Bingwen Hu, Yaxiong Wang +4Misinformation Detection Verification-Triggered Multimodal
FABSVer: Faster Training and Better Self-Verification for LLM Mathematical Reasoning
May 27, 2026Haihui Pan, Junwei Bao, Hongfei Jiang +1Mathematical Reasoning Verifier
Risk-Controlled Lean-as-Judge for Natural-Language Mathematical Reasoning
May 27, 2026Pauline Bourigault, Xiaotong Ji, Matthieu Zimmer +2Autoformalization Theorem
VCap: Hypergeometric Rewards for Weak-to-Strong Visual Captioning
May 27, 2026Xingyu Lu, Jinpeng Wang, Yi-Fan Zhang +13Video Captioning Verifier
The Future of Facts: Tracing the Factual Generation-Verification Gap
May 26, 2026Tim R. Davidson, Anja Surina, Caglar GulcehreFacts Knowledge Gaps
When Should an AI Scientist Stop? Verifiable Experiment Steering and Refusal for Autonomous Discovery
May 26, 2026Neel Tushar Shah, Manglam KartikArtificial Intelligence Scientists Verifier
Formalization of Malagasy conjugation
May 26, 2026Joro Ny Aina Ranaivoarison, Eric Laporte, Baholisoa Simone RalalaoherivonyMorphology Pronoun
Automating Formal Verification with Agent-Guided Tree Search
May 26, 2026Leo YaoFormal Verification Verifier
ConVer: Using Contracts and Loop Invariant Synthesis for Scalable Formal Software Verification
May 26, 2026Muhammad A. A. Pirzada, Weiqi Wang, Yiannis Charalambous +2Formal Verification Probabilistic Model Checking
Debate Helps Weak Judges Reward Stronger Models
May 26, 2026Ethan Elasky, Frank Nakasako, Naman GoyalDebate Judges
MerLean-Prover: A Recursive Looping Harness for Lean 4 Theorem Proving
May 26, 2026Jinzheng Li, Zeru Zhu, Yuanjie RenTheorem
Bridging Control with Neural Network Verifier alpha-beta-CROWN: A Tutorial
May 26, 2026Haoyu Li, Xiangru Zhong, Hao Cheng +2Neural Network Verification Neural Control
Verus-SpecGym: An Agentic Environment for Evaluating Specification Autoformalization
May 26, 2026Anmol Agarwal, Natalie Neamtu, Pranjal Aggarwal +6Autoformalization Raw Judge Outputs
ScientistOne: Towards Human-Level Autonomous Research via Chain-of-Evidence
May 25, 2026Rui Meng, Bhavana Dalvi Mishra, Jiefeng Chen +10Autoresearch Scientific Agents
Meta-Engineering Harnesses for AI-Native Software Production: A Contract-Driven Adversarial Verification Architecture with Early Deployment Report
May 25, 2026Satadru Sengupta, Tamunokorite Briggs, Ivan MyshakivskyiAi-Ran Assurance
SetupX: Can LLM Agents Learn from Past Failures in Functionality-Correct Code Repository Setup?
May 25, 2026Zihang Zhou, Ziqian Ren, Yukai Wu +7Repository Large Language Model Agents
Keep the Proof State Live: Snapshotting for Efficient Tactic Search in Lean 4
May 25, 2026Austin Shen, Yunong ShiTheorem Search Algorithms
TapSampling: Inference-Time Sampling with a Task-Progress-Understanding Verifier for Robotic Manipulation
May 25, 2026Sizhe Zhao, Shengping Zhang, Shuo Yang +3Inference-Time Control Robotic Datasets
SomaliBench Eval: Measuring English-to-Somali Refusal Gaps in Open-Weight Language Models
May 25, 2026Khalid Yusuf DahirLarge Language Model Safety Low-Resource Languages
Quantifying Empirical Compute-Supervision Tradeoffs in RLVR
May 24, 2026Ryo Mitsuhashi, Patrick Chen, Isabelle Tseng +2Reinforcement Learning With Verifiable Reward Reinforcement Learning Post-Training
Meta-Agent: From Task Descriptions to Verified Multi-Agent Systems
May 24, 2026Andy Xu, Yu-Wing TaiMulti-Agent Systems Verifier
By Their Fruits You Will Know Them: Comparing Formalizations of Law by the Decisions They Encode
May 24, 2026Julius Vernie, Matthias GrabmairLegal Domain Formalization
SpecAlign: A Semantic Alignment Framework for SystemVerilog Assertion Generation
May 24, 2026Jaime Rafael Imperial, Hao ZhengSystemverilog Assertions Formal Verification
Methodology for Creating a Clinically Verified Dermoscopic Image Dataset
May 24, 2026Kozachok Elena SergeevnaSkin Lesion Classification Medical Imaging Datasets
Trust but Verify: Prover-Verifier Deliberation for Selective LLM Prediction
May 24, 2026João Sedoc, Baotong Zhang, Dean FosterLiar Theorem
VeriSimpl: Robust Optimization Modeling from Natural Language using Simplification-based Verification
May 24, 2026Sumaya Abdul Rahman, Seckhen Ariel Andrade Cuellar, Ghani Raissov +1Formal Verification
Agentic Proving for Program Verification
May 22, 2026Alessandro Sosso, Akhil Arora, Bas SpittersFormal Verification Verifier
Lipschitz Optimization for Formal Verification of Homographies
May 22, 2026Jean-Guillaume Durand, Panagiotis Kouvaros, Maxime Gariel +1Lipschitz Constant Formal Verification

Jun 2, 2026 · cs.AIJ/K move · Enter open · S save

LEAP: Supercharging LLMs for Formal Mathematics with Agentic Frameworks

Po-Nien Kung, Linfeng Song, Dawsen Hwang, Jinsung Yoon+9

Google Cloud AI Research · Google Cloud · Google DeepMind

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit strong informal mathematical reasoning but struggle to generate mechanically verifiable proofs in formal languages like Lean. We present LEAP, an agentic framework that enables general-purpose foundation models to achieve state-of-the-art performance on automated formal theorem proving. LEAP leverages foundation model capabilities, such as informal reasoning, instruction following, and iterative self-refinement. By decomposing complex problems into smaller units, the system bridges formal proof construction with informal blueprints through continuous interaction with the Lean compiler. To provide a rigorous evaluation beyond increasingly saturated benchmarks, we introduce Lean-IMO-Bench, a benchmark of IMO-style problems formalized in Lean, with short statements yet highly non-routine and multi-step proofs across a wide range of difficulty levels. Empirically, on the latest 2025 Putnam Competition, an annual mathematics competition for undergraduate students in North America, LEAP solves all 12 problems, matching recent breakthroughs by frontier formal mathematical models. On Lean-IMO-Bench, LEAP boosts the one-shot formal solve rate of general-purpose LLMs from below 10% to 70%, notably surpassing the 48% benchmark set by a specialized, gold-medal-caliber IMO system. Furthermore, we demonstrate LEAP's research-level utility by autonomously formalizing complex proofs for open combinatorial challenges, including a verified proof for a key subproblem in Knuth's Hamiltonian decomposition of even-order Cayley graphs.

Theorem Formalization

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