Counterfactuals

Follow this field Ask about this field

Recent momentum

emerging

0 papers in the last 28 days · 0.0% of indexed attention

Twelve weeks of publication activity for this topic as it is defined today.

Weekly history

Recent digests

What was published in this field, kept on the site without email delivery.

Period ending 2026-09-21

21 new papers

A weekly snapshot of new work published in Counterfactuals.

Period ending 2026-09-14

6 new papers

A weekly snapshot of new work published in Counterfactuals.

Period ending 2026-09-07

4 new papers

A weekly snapshot of new work published in Counterfactuals.

Inside this field

Focused directions

Focused topic

Counterfactual Reasoning

Within Counterfactuals

267 papersExplore

Focused topic

Counterfactual Explanation

Within Counterfactuals

49 papersExplore

Focused topic

Counterfactual Learning

Within Counterfactuals

48 papersExplore

Focused topic

Counterfactual Rollouts

Within Counterfactuals

41 papersExplore

361 papers

Latest in Counterfactuals

Browse all topics →

Seeing What Shouldn't Be There: Counterfactual GANs for Medical Image Attribution
May 6, 2026Shakeeb MurtazaCounterfactual Learning Medical Imaging
ScriptHOI: Learning Scripted State Transitions for Open-Vocabulary Human-Object Interaction Detection
May 6, 2026Minh Anh Nguyen, Quang Huy Tran, Bao Ngoc Le +3Articulated Objects Open-Vocabulary
Order-based Rehearsal Learning
May 6, 2026Yu-Xuan Tao, Tian-Zuo Wang, Zhi-Hua ZhouSequential Decision Making Learning-Augmented Algorithms
NoisyCoconut: Counterfactual Consensus via Latent Space Reasoning
May 6, 2026Michael Jerge, David EvansLarge Language Model Reasoning Efficient Latent Reasoning
Counter-Dyna: Data-Efficient RL-Based HVAC Control using Counterfactual Building Models
May 6, 2026Jan Marco Ruiz de Vargas, Fabian Raisch, Zoltan Nagy +2Hvac Control Accurate Surrogate Models
SpecPL: Disentangling Spectral Granularity for Prompt Learning
May 6, 2026Jingtao Zhou, Xirui Kang, Feiyang Huang +1Visual In-Context Learning Fine-Grained Perception
CRAFT: Counterfactual-to-Interactive Reinforcement Fine-Tuning for Driving Policies
May 6, 2026Keyu Chen, Nanfei Ye, Yida Wang +4Counterfactual Rollouts Autonomous Driving
Discovering Sparse Counterfactual Factors via Latent Adjustment for Survey-based Community Intervention
May 6, 2026Fatima Ashraf, Muhammad Ayub Sabir, Junbiao Pang +2Subspace Intervention Framework Propensity
Counterfactual identifiability beyond global monotonicity: non-monotone triangular structural causal models
May 6, 2026Pengcheng Tan, Jiang Chen, Dehui DuStructural Causal Model Counterfactual Reasoning
EQUITRIAGE: A Fairness Audit of Gender Bias in LLM-Based Emergency Department Triage
May 5, 2026Richard J. Young, Alice M. MatthewsGender Bias Triage
FACTOR: Counterfactual Training-Free Test-Time Adaptation for Open-Vocabulary Object Detection
May 5, 2026Kaixiang Zhao, Mao Ye, Lihua Zhou +4Open-Vocabulary Object Detection Counterfactual Learning
Counterfactual Reasoning in Automated Planning
May 4, 2026Alberto Pozanco, Daniel Borrajo, Manuela VelosoClassical Planning Planning Methods
Shadow-Loom: Causal Reasoning over Graphical World Models of Narratives
May 4, 2026David WilmotNarratives Counterfactual Reasoning
Causal Software Engineering: A Vision and Roadmap
May 4, 2026Roberto Pietrantuono, Luca Giamattei, Stefano Russo +2Software Causal Reasoning
Verifiable Counterfactual Supervision for Process Reward Models
May 4, 2026Yinghui Chi, Yuanhong WangReliable Medical Process-Level Reward Model Evaluation Framework Counterfactual Learning
The Causal Description Gap: Information-Theoretic Separations Across Pearl's Hierarchy
May 4, 2026Seyed Morteza EmadiStructural Causal Model Causal Reasoning
ProtoFair: Fair Self-Supervised Contrastive Learning via Pseudo-Counterfactual Pairs
May 3, 2026Marah Halawa, Olaf HellwichFairness-Aware Learning Contrastive Loss
Latent State Design for World Models under Sufficiency Constraints
May 3, 2026Keon Woo KimLatent World Models World Models
Rethinking Explanations: Formalizing Contrast in Description Logics
May 2, 2026Yasir Mahmood, Arnab Sharma, Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo +1Counterfactual Explanation Contrastive
To Use AI as Dice of Possibilities with Timing Computation
May 1, 2026Jia Li, Vipin Kumar, Rui ZhangCausal Inferences Counterfactual Reasoning
Compared to What? Baselines and Metrics for Counterfactual Prompting
May 1, 2026Zihao Yang, Mosh Levy, Yoav Goldberg +1Counterfactual Reasoning Large Language Model Bias
Efficient and Interpretable Transformer for Counterfactual Fairness
Apr 29, 2026Panyi Dong, Zhiyu QuanFairness-Aware Learning Counterfactual Learning
Faithfulness-QA: A Counterfactual Entity Substitution Dataset for Training Context-Faithful RAG Models
Apr 28, 2026Li Ju, Junzhe Wang, Qi ZhangMulti-Hop Question Answering Benchmarks Faithfulness
Unveiling the Backdoor Mechanism Hidden Behind Catastrophic Overfitting in Fast Adversarial Training
Apr 27, 2026Mengnan Zhao, Lihe Zhang, Tianhang Zheng +2Adversarial Transferability Overfitting
Machine learning models for estimating counterfactuals in a single-arm inflammatory bowel disease study
Apr 25, 2026Dan Liu, Fida K. Dankar, Jennifer C. deBruyn +4Controlled Study Counterfactual Reasoning
DeepImagine: Learning Biomedical Reasoning via Successive Counterfactual Imagining
Apr 24, 2026Youze Zheng, Jianyou Wang, Yuhan Chen +8Large Language Model Reasoning Large Language Model Performance
TabSCM: A practical Framework for Generating Realistic Tabular Data
Apr 24, 2026Sven Jacob, Bardh Prenkaj, Weijia Shao +1Synthetic Tabular Data Causal Foundation Models
CAGE-SGG: Counterfactual Active Graph Evidence for Open-Vocabulary Scene Graph Generation
Apr 24, 2026Suiyang Guang, Chenyu Liu, Ruohan Zhang +1Hierarchical 3D Scene Graphs Relation-Conditioned Evidence Encoder
Fairness under uncertainty in sequential decisions
Apr 23, 2026Michelle Seng Ah Lee, Kirtan Padh, David Watson +2Sequential Decision Making Counterfactual Reasoning
Mythos and the Unverified Cage: Z3-Based Pre-Deployment Verification for Frontier-Model Sandbox Infrastructure
Apr 22, 2026Dominik BlainSandbox Artificial Intelligence Safety
CCTVBench: Contrastive Consistency Traffic VideoQA Benchmark for Multimodal LLMs
Apr 22, 2026Xingcheng Zhou, Hao Guo, Rui Song +5Accidents Textvqa
From Top-1 to Top-K: A Reproducibility Study and Benchmarking of Counterfactual Explanations for Recommender Systems
Apr 21, 2026Quang-Huy Nguyen, Thanh-Hai Nguyen, Khac-Manh Thai +6Recommender Systems Counterfactual Explanation
A Generalized Synthetic Control Method for Baseline Estimation in Demand Response Services
Apr 20, 2026Jonas Sievers, Mardavij RoozbehaniDemand Response Synthetic Samples
COSAC: Counterfactual Credit Assignment in Sequential Cooperative Teams
Apr 20, 2026Shripad Deshmukh, Jayakumar Subramanian, Raghavendra Addanki +1Critic-Free Reinforcement Learning Credit Assignment
A Probabilistic Consensus-Driven Approach for Robust Counterfactual Explanations
Apr 19, 2026Marcin Kostrzewa, Maciej Zięba, Jerzy StefanowskiCounterfactual Explanation Generative Models
CiPO: Counterfactual Unlearning for Large Reasoning Models through Iterative Preference Optimization
Apr 17, 2026Junyi Li, Yongqiang Chen, Ningning DingLarge Language Model Unlearning Large Reasoning Models
Towards Robust Endogenous Reasoning: Unifying Drift Adaptation in Non-Stationary Tuning
Apr 17, 2026Xiaoyu Yang, En Yu, Wei Duan +1Reinforcement Fine-Tuning Counterfactual Rollouts
Meituan Merchant Business Diagnosis via Policy-Guided Dual-Process User Simulation
Apr 16, 2026Ziyang Chen, Renbing Chen, Daowei Li +4Simulation-Based Reinforcement Learning Agent Decisions
Calibration-Gated LLM Pseudo-Observations for Online Contextual Bandits
Apr 16, 2026Maksim Pershin, Ivan Golovanov, Pavel Baltabaev +1Linear Contextual Bandits Counterfactual Reasoning
CAMO: An Agentic Framework for Automated Causal Discovery from Micro Behaviors to Macro Emergence in LLM Agent Simulations
Apr 16, 2026Xiangning Yu, Yuwei Guo, Yuqi Hou +2Multi-Agent Simulations User Simulation
Learning from Equivalence Queries, Revisited
Apr 6, 2026Mark Braverman, Roi Livni, Yishay Mansour +2Equivalence Adversarial Training
DISCOVER: A Solver for Distributional Counterfactual Explanations
Mar 17, 2026Yikai Gu, Lele Cao, Bo Zhao +2Counterfactual Explanation Counterfactual Reasoning
Cultural Counterfactuals: Evaluating Cultural Biases in Large Vision-Language Models with Counterfactual Examples
Mar 2, 2026Phillip Howard, Xin Su, Kathleen C. FraserLarge Language Model Bias Large Vision Language Models
Communication-Efficient Byzantine-Robust Federated Conformal Prediction via Partial Sharing
Feb 20, 2026Ehsan Lari, Reza Arablouei, Stefan WernerFederated Learning Conformal Prediction
When Vision Overrides Language: Evaluating and Mitigating Counterfactual Failures in VLAs
Feb 19, 2026Yu Fang, Yuchun Feng, Dong Jing +5Vision-Language-Action Models Counterfactual Reasoning
Counterfactual Modeling with Fine-Tuned LLMs for Health Intervention Design and Sensor Data Augmentation
Jan 21, 2026Shovito Barua Soumma, Asiful Arefeen, Stephanie M. Carpenter +2Counterfactual Reasoning Large Language Model Fine-Tuning
Evolutionary Physics-Informed Temporal Fusion for Lane-Change Intention Prediction
Dec 30, 2025Jiazhao Shi, Qiyang Xie, Ziyu Wang +7Autonomous Driving Temporal Fusion Transformer
CID: Measuring Feature Importance Through Counterfactual Distributions
Nov 19, 2025Eddie Conti, Álvaro Parafita, Axel BrandoFeature Importance Counterfactual Explanation
Error-Driven Scene Editing for 3D Grounding in Large Language Models
Nov 18, 2025Yue Zhang, Zun Wang, Han Lin +53D Visual Grounding Spatial Grounding
BrainNormalizer: Anatomy-Informed Pseudo-Healthy Brain Reconstruction from Tumor MRI via Edge-Guided ControlNet
Nov 17, 2025Min Gu Kwak, Yeonju Lee, Hairong Wang +2Brain Tumor Segmentation Anatomical Priors
Did Models Learn Sufficiently? Attribution-Guided Training via Subset-Selected Counterfactual Augmentation
Nov 15, 2025Yannan Chen, Ruoyu Chen, Wei Wang +6Counterfactual Learning Training Data Attribution
Adaptive Generation of Bias-Eliciting Questions for LLMs
Oct 14, 2025Robin Staab, Jasper Dekoninck, Maximilian Baader +1Large Language Model Bias Implicit Bias
Causal-Counterfactual RAG: The Integration of Causal-Counterfactual Reasoning into RAG
Sep 17, 2025Harshad Khadilkar, Abhay GuptaCounterfactual Reasoning Contextual
Counterfactual Operator Relevance for PDE Discovery: Screening, Pruning, and Identifiability
Jun 25, 2025Ronald KatendePartial Differential Equations Identifiability
Semiparametric Inference for Counterfactual Regression under Intervention-Driven Shift
Apr 3, 2025Kwangho KimSemiparametric Framework Counterfactual Reasoning
Verbosity Tradeoffs and the Impact of Scale on the Faithfulness of LLM Self-Explanations
Mar 17, 2025Noah Y. Siegel, Nicolas Heess, Maria Perez-Ortiz +1Explanation Faithfulness Faithfulness
Robust Counterfactual Explanations under Model Multiplicity Using Multi-Objective Optimization
Jan 10, 2025Keita KinjoCounterfactual Explanation Explainability
SPARC: Scalable Path-Specific Counterfactual Fairness via Causal Conditional Independence
Dec 6, 2024Bowei Tian, Yexiao He, Ziyao Wang +3Fairness-Aware Learning Counterfactual Learning
Hierarchical Deep Counterfactual Regret Minimization
May 27, 2023Jiayu Chen, Xudong Wu, Zhekai Wang +1Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning Imperfect-Information Games
PACE: A Neuro-Symbolic Framework for Plausible and Actionable Counterfactual Explanations
Date pendingPavel Iakovets, Liyanapathiranage Sudeepika Wajirakumari Samarathunga, Martin Thomas Horsch +1Counterfactual Explanation Explainable Artificial Intelligence

May 6, 2026 · cs.CVJ/K move · Enter open · S save

Seeing What Shouldn't Be There: Counterfactual GANs for Medical Image Attribution

Shakeeb Murtaza

COMSATS University Islamabad

Ascription of an image gives insights into the objects that influence the classification of the whole image or its pixels towards a specific category. These insights help radiologists to visualize deformities in medical imaging. Most of the existing visualization techniques are based on discriminative models and highlight regions of the input image participating in the decision-making of a classifier. However, these approaches do not take all noticeable objects into account as their objective is to classify the input by using a minimal set of discriminative features. To overcome the issue, a counterfactual explanation (CX) based class-oriented feature attribution method is proposed. A counterfactual explanation (CX) explicates a causal reasoning process of the form: "if X had not happened, then Y would not have happened". The method is built on generative adversarial networks (GANs) with a cyclical-consistent loss function. We evaluate our method on three datasets: synthetic, tuberculosis and BraTS. All experiments confirm the efficacy of the proposed method. This study also highlighted the limitations of existing counterfactual explanation techniques in producing plausible counterfactual instances (CIs). Accompanying CXs with believable CIs thus provides self-explanatory analogy-based explanations. To this end, a CI generation method is proposed. Also, a novel technique is used to evaluate the quality of CI. The baseline results are produced on the BraTS dataset.

Counterfactual Learning Medical Imaging Generative Adversarial Network Brain Tumor Segmentation

Open paper Ask about it PDF