Multi-Agent Systems

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Overview

Multi-Agent Systems studies how multiple decision-makers interact when they share goals, compete for resources, or have only partial information about one another. Approaches include multi-agent reinforcement learning, game theory and formal verification, decentralized consensus and task allocation, and—more recently—LLM-agent teams organized through roles, workflows, debate, and shared memory. Researchers evaluate these methods in social dilemmas, cooperative robotics and swarms, reasoning and coding benchmarks, and operational settings, measuring success alongside cost, robustness, and fairness. A central open tension is that coordination can improve outcomes but also adds overhead and can spread shared errors, so its benefits depend on the task, communication structure, and agents involved.

Latest papers

CardsList

677 papers99 papers in the last four weeks, up 29% on the four weeks before. 0.6% of all new papers.

  1. What LLM Agents Say When No One Is Watching: Social Structure and Latent Objective Emergence in Multi-Agent Debates

    Jul 2, 2026Arman Ghaffarizadeh, Danyal Mohaddes, Aliakbar Izadkhah +1LLM Agent EvaluationMulti-Agent Debate

    Independent Researcher · Machine Learning Department & Heinz College Carnegie Mellon University

  2. Copewell: A Multi-Agent Swarm Architecture for Equitable Mental Wellness Support

    Jul 2, 2026Seren Yenikent, Jack Vinijtrongjit, Katherine NgHuman-Centered AIMulti-Agent Systems

    1*Copewell, Singapore.

  3. Mechanism and Stability Analysis of Metabolic Closed-Loop Metaheuristics

    Jul 2, 2026Jinliang Xu, Liping MaMulti-Agent System OptimizationAlgorithmic Stability

    independent researcher in Beijing, China

  4. MMAO-Cls: Metabolic Multi-Agent Optimization for Joint Feature Selection and Classifier Tuning

    Jul 1, 2026Jinliang Xu, Liping MaModel SelectionMulti-Agent System Optimization

    independent researcher in Beijing, China · Department of Disease Control and Prevention, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China

  5. Conversable Complexity: Agentic LLM Collectives as Interpretable Substrates

    Jul 1, 2026Elias Najarro, Ane Espeseth, Eleni Nisioti +2Artificial LifeLLM Interpretability

    IT University of Copenhagen, Denmark · University of Oslo, Norway · Sakana AI, Japan +1

  6. MMAO-Dyn: A Metabolic Multi-Agent Optimizer for Dynamic Optimization

    Jul 1, 2026Jinliang Xu, Liping MaMulti-Agent System OptimizationBlack-Box Optimization

    Jinliang Xu is an independent researcher in Beijing, China · Liping Ma is with the Department of Disease Control and Prevention, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China

  7. Resolving Asynchronous Distributed Knowledge

    Jun 30, 2026Philippe Balbiani, Hans van Ditmarsch, Clara LerouvilloisMulti-Agent SystemsDynamic Epistemic Logic

    IRIT, CNRS-INP-University of Toulouse · IRIT, CNRS—INPT—UT · IRIT, CNRS-INP-University of Toulouse, IHPST, CNRS-Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne +1

  8. A Large-Scale Empirical Evaluation of MMAO Under Fair-Budget Continuous and Discrete Benchmarks

    Jun 30, 2026Jinliang Xu, Liping MaMulti-Agent System OptimizationMetaheuristic Optimization

    Jinliang Xu is with the current study team · Department of Disease Control and Prevention, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China

  9. Holonic Active Distillation for Scalable Multi-Agent Learning in Multi-Sensor Systems

    Jun 30, 2026Dani Manjah, Tim Bary, Benoît Macq +1Multi-Agent SystemsMulti-Teacher Knowledge Distillation

    Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Electronics and Applied Mathematics (ICTEAM), UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium · Université de Technologie de Belfort Montbéliard, UTBM, CIAD UR 7533, F-90010 Belfort cedex, France

  10. Governance Gaps in Agent Interoperability Protocols: What MCP, A2A, and ACP Cannot Express

    Jun 30, 2026Richard Kang, Yudho DiponegoroAgent Communication ProtocolsMulti-Agent Systems

    DoiT International

  11. Investigating Multi-Agent Deliberation in Law

    Jun 29, 2026Cor Steging, Ludi van Leeuwen, Tadeusz ZbiegieńMulti-Agent SystemsMulti-Agent Reasoning

    Bernoulli Institute of Mathematics, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen The Netherlands · Department of Legal Theory, Jagiellonian University Poland

  12. A Role-Based Multi-Agent Model for Climate Adaptation Deliberation Across Living Labs

    Jun 29, 2026Önder Gürcan, David Eric John Herbert, F. LeRon Shultz +2Human Behavior SimulationAgent-Based Modeling

    NORCE Research AS, Kristiansand, Norway · University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway · NTNU, Gjøvik, Norway

  13. MAS-Lab: A Specification-Driven Validation Framework for Reliable Multi-Agent Systems

    Jun 29, 2026Jordan Augé, Giovanna Carofiglio, Giulio Grassi +1Multi-Agent LLM SystemsAutomated Software Testing

    Cisco Systems Paris, France

  14. Minimal MMAO: A Resource-Closed-Loop Framework for Adaptive Metaheuristic Search

    Jun 29, 2026Jinliang Xu, Liping MaMulti-Agent System OptimizationMetaheuristic Optimization

    Department of Disease Control and Prevention, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China

  15. Translating Natural Language to Strategic Temporal Specifications via LLMs

    Jun 29, 2026Marco Aruta, Francesco Improta, Vadim Malvone +2Formal VerificationMulti-Agent Systems

    University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy · LTCI, Télécom Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France · STIMicroelectronics, Grenoble, France

  16. Preventing Error Propagation in Multi-Agent AI through Runtime Monitoring

    Jun 27, 2026Shahnewaz Karim Sakib, Anindya Bijoy DasAI Agent ReliabilityMulti-Agent Systems

    University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA · The University of Akron, OH 44325, USA

  17. A Physics-Grounded Benchmark for Multi-Agent Dynamics in World Models

    Jun 27, 2026Nuo Chen, Lulin Liu, Zihao Li +12Physical Consistency in Video GenerationAutonomous Driving Safety Evaluation

    Texas A&M University · University of Minnesota · Marquette University +6

  18. Digitizing Coaching Intelligence: An Agentic Framework for Holistic Athlete Profiling using VLM and RAG

    Jun 26, 2026Deep Ghosal, Ishani Sen, Wazib Ansar +1Sports Video AnalysisMulti-Agent Systems

    A.K. Choudhury School of Information Technology University of Calcutta Kolkata, India

  19. GBC: Gradient-Based Connections for Optimizing Multi-Agent Systems

    Jun 26, 2026Xiaocheng Yang, Abdulrahman Alrabah, Dilek Hakkani-Tür +1Gradient-Based AttributionMulti-Agent LLM Systems

    University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

  20. MMAO: A Metabolic Multi-Agent Optimizer with Endogenous Resource Allocation for Continuous and Discrete Optimization

    Jun 26, 2026Jinliang Xu, Liping MaMulti-Agent System OptimizationMetaheuristic Optimization

    Department of Disease Control and Prevention, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China

  21. An Algebraic Framework for Quantitative Semantics of Spatio-Temporal Logic with Graph Operators

    Jun 25, 2026Sheryl Paul, Vidisha Kudalkar, Anand Balakrishnan +3Signal Temporal LogicMulti-Agent Systems

    University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA · University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA · ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

  22. On the Necessity of a Liquid Substrate for Mesh Intelligence

    Jun 25, 2026Hongwei XuLiquid Neural NetworksMulti-Agent Systems

  23. Surviving by Serving: Functional Relevance Drives Self-Organization in Complex Adaptive Systems

    Jun 25, 2026Claus Metzner, Ali Ghebleh, Achim Schilling +3Multi-Agent Systems

    Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Germany · Neuromodulation and Neuroprosthetics, University Hospital Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Germany · Neuroscience Lab, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany +1

  24. Multi-Agent Goal Recognition with Team- and Goal-Conditioned Reinforcement Learning and Factorized Branch-and-Bound

    Jun 24, 2026Thiago Thomas, Gabriel de Oliveira Ramos, Felipe MeneguzziBranch and BoundMulti-Agent Systems

    Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) · Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (Unisinos) · University of Aberdeen

  25. Robustness and Leadership in Markov-switching Consensus Networks

    Jun 24, 2026Sarah H. Cen, Vaibhav Srivastava, Naomi Ehrich LeonardMulti-Agent CoordinationRegime-Switching Dynamical Systems

    Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA · Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA · Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA

  26. EvoFlock: evolved inverse design of multi-agent motion

    Jun 24, 2026Craig ReynoldsMulti-Agent System OptimizationMulti-Agent Systems

    unaffiliated researcher

  27. Kiko: Programming Agents to Enact Interaction Protocols

    Jun 23, 2026Samuel H. Christie, Munindar P. Singh, Amit K. ChopraAgent Communication ProtocolsMulti-Agent Systems

    North Carolina State University · Lancaster University

  28. ReM-MoA: Reasoning Memory Sustains Mixture-of-Agents Scaling

    Jun 23, 2026Heng Ping, Arijit Bhattacharjee, Peiyu Zhang +5Multi-Agent System OptimizationLLM Agent Memory

    University of Southern California · Iowa State University · Cisco AI Research

  29. Distilling Collaborative Dynamics into Latent Space for Implicit Coordination in Decentralized Multi-Agent Manipulation

    Jun 22, 2026Chanyoung Park, Minsung Yoon, Andrew Jeong +1Multi-Agent CoordinationCentralized Training with Decentralized Execution

    School of Computing at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea

  30. Monitoring Diameters of Causal Communication Graph with Spatio-Temporal Logic

    Jun 19, 2026Lydia Bakiri, Jérémy Dubut, Sergio MoverReachability AnalysisSpatiotemporal Reasoning

    LIX, CNRS, École polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France