Clinical Decision-Making

Ask about this topic

Overview

Clinical decision-making is the process of choosing tests, diagnoses, treatments, and care plans from evidence that may be incomplete or uncertain, with consequences for patient outcomes and resource use. Approaches include clinical prediction models, causal and individualized treatment-effect methods, decision-focused optimization, and sequential policies that balance gathering more information against acting or deferring. Large language models and multi-agent systems are increasingly evaluated for interactive tasks such as history-taking, triage, longitudinal record review, and treatment planning, often with retrieval, uncertainty estimates, or clinician oversight. A central challenge is that strong diagnostic or benchmark scores do not ensure safe, stable, fair decisions in real workflows, especially when evidence is missing, patient context shifts, or the costs of errors differ.

Latest papers

CardsList

133 papers21 papers in the last four weeks, up 50% on the four weeks before. 0.1% of all new papers.

  1. What Does the AI Doctor Value? Auditing Pluralism in the Clinical Ethics of Language Models

    May 18, 2026Payal Chandak, Victoria Alkin, David Wu +11Moral Reasoning in Language ModelsHealthcare

  2. Imitation learning for clinical decision support in pediatric ECMO

    May 15, 2026Fateme Golivand, Michael Skinner, Saurabh Mathur +5Latent Action LearningClinical Decision Support

    University of Texas at Dallas · Technische Universität Darmstadt · Swarthmore College +1

  3. Few-Shot Large Language Models for Actionable Triage Categorization of Online Patient Inquiries

    May 15, 2026Liqi Zhou, Jiafu LiHealthcareClinical Triage

  4. RxEval: A Prescription-Level Benchmark for Evaluating LLM Medication Recommendation

    May 14, 2026Shuhao Chen, Weisen Jiang, Changmiao Wang +4Medication RecommendationHealthcare

    The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology · Southern University of Science and Technology · The Chinese University of Hong Kong +2

  5. Modeling Bounded Rationality in Drug Shortage Pharmacists Using Attention-Guided Dynamic Decomposition

    May 13, 2026Yaniv Eliyahu Amiri, Noah Chicoine, Jacqueline Griffin +1Computational Cognitive ModelingClinical Decision-Making

    Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA · Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA · Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA

  6. RealICU: Do LLM Agents Understand Long-Context ICU Data? A Benchmark Beyond Behavior Imitation

    May 13, 2026Chengzhi Shen, Weixiang Shen, Tobias Susetzky +8HealthcareClinical Decision-Making

    Cherise · Technical University of Munich (TUM) · TUM University Hospital +8

  7. EpiGraph: Building Generalists for Evidence-Intensive Epilepsy Reasoning in the Wild

    May 10, 2026Yuyang Dai, Zheng Chen, Jathurshan Pradeepkumar +4KG ConstructionRetrieval-Augmented Generation

    Florida State University · The University of Osaka · University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

  8. Towards Conversational Medical AI with Eyes, Ears and a Voice

    May 10, 2026Meet Shah, Jason Gusdorf, Anil Palepu +50Audio-Visual UnderstandingHealthcare

  9. Feature importance analysis for patient management decisions

    May 6, 2026Michal Valko, Milos HauskrechtFeature AttributionHealthcare

    Department of Computer Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA

  10. Evidence-based anomaly detection in clinical domains

    May 6, 2026Milos Hauskrecht, Michal Valko, Branislav Kveton +2Clinical Decision SupportClinical Decision-Making

    Computer Science Department; 2 Intelligent Systems Program; 3 Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, PA · Intelligent Systems Program; 3 Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, PA

  11. Ask Before You Diagnose: Safe-Psych, a Sequential Evaluation Benchmark for LLMs in Psychiatry

    May 6, 2026Oriana Presacan, Andreea Grama, Larisa Irimină +6Selective PredictionHealthcare

    National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest · Psychiatric Hospital Doctor Gheorghe Preda · Oslo Metropolitan University +3

  12. EQUITRIAGE: A Fairness Audit of Gender Bias in LLM-Based Emergency Department Triage

    May 5, 2026Richard J. Young, Alice M. MatthewsGender Bias in Language ModelsClinical Triage

    University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Lee Business School, Las Vegas, NV, USA · DeepNeuro AI, Las Vegas, NV, USA · Concorde Career Colleges, Dept. of Cardiovascular and Medical Diagnostic Sonography

  13. Algorithmic Authority and the Clinical Standard of Care

    Apr 29, 2026Aizierjiang AiersilanAI AccountabilityHealthcare

    The George Washington University

  14. Single-turn emergency psychiatric triage across 15 frontier AI chatbots

    Apr 28, 2026Veith Weilnhammer, Lennart Luettgau, Christopher Summerfield +5HealthcareClinical Triage

    Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, UK · UK AI Security Institute · Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK +2

  15. A Bayesian Reasoning Framework for Robotic Systems in Autonomous Casualty Triage

    Apr 23, 2026Szymon Rusiecki, Cecilia Morales, Pia Störy +3RoboticsClinical Decision-Making

    AGH University of Krakow, Krak´ow, Poland · Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA · Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany +1

  16. From Prediction to Intervention: The Evolution of AI in Biomedicine

    Apr 14, 2026Andrew Feinberg, Aleksandr Sarachakov, Viktor Svekolkin +3Clinical Decision-MakingClinical Decision Support

    BostonGene Corporation, Waltham, MA, USA

  17. Beyond the Individual: Virtualizing Multi-Disciplinary Reasoning for Clinical Intake via Collaborative Agents

    Apr 10, 2026Huangwei Chen, Wu Li, Junhao Jia +7Clinical ReasoningClinical Decision-Making

    Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Accessible Perception and Intelligent Systems, College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University · Hangzhou Pujian Medical Technology Co., Ltd, China · School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University +1

  18. Grounding Clinical AI Competency in Human Cognition Through the Clinical World Model and Skill-Mix Framework

    Apr 9, 2026Seyed Amir Ahmad Safavi-Naini, Elahe Meftah, Josh Mohess +11Human-AI Decision MakingClinical Decision-Making

    Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland · Department of Digital Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland · Division of Data-Driven and Digital Medicine (D3M), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States +9

  19. MedDialBench: Benchmarking LLM Diagnostic Robustness under Parametric Adversarial Patient Behaviors

    Apr 8, 2026Xiaotian Luo, Xun Jiang, Jiangcheng WuAdversarial Robustness of Language ModelsMedical LLMs

    Shanda Group

  20. GraphDx: A Cost-Aware Knowledge-Enhanced Multi-Agent Framework for Sequential Diagnosis

    Apr 8, 2026Shaoting Tan, Ning Liu, Yuntao Du +7Clinical Decision-MakingMulti-Agent LLM Systems

    Shandong University · Nankai University · East China Normal University +1

  21. Uncertainty-Guided Latent Diagnostic Trajectory Learning for Sequential Clinical Diagnosis

    Apr 6, 2026Xuyang Shen, Haoran Liu, Dongjin Song +1Medical DiagnosisClinical Decision-Making

    University of Connecticut · Texas A&M University · NEC Laboratories America

  22. CARE: Privacy-Compliant Agentic Reasoning with Evidence Discordance

    Apr 1, 2026Haochen Liu, Weien Li, Rui Song +6Privacy-Preserving Language ModelsHealthcare

    University of Cambridge · McGill University · MBZUAI - Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence +2

  23. ClinicalAgents: Multi-Agent Orchestration for Clinical Decision Making with Dual-Memory

    Mar 27, 2026Zhuohan Ge, Haoyang Li, Yubo Wang +3Clinical Decision-MakingMulti-Agent LLM Systems

    The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China · The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China

  24. Rethinking Health Agents: From Siloed AI to Collaborative Decision Mediators

    Mar 26, 2026Ray-Yuan Chung, Xuhai Xu, Ari PollackHuman-AI CollaborationHealthcare

    University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA · Columbia University New York, NY, USA · Seattle Children’s Hospital Seattle, WA, USA

  25. Integrating Causal Machine Learning into Clinical Decision Support Systems: Insights from Literature and Practice

    Mar 25, 2026Domenique Zipperling, Lukas Schmidt, Benedikt Hahn +2Clinical Decision SupportClinical Decision-Making

    University of Bayreuth and Fraunhofer FIT, Bayreuth, Germany · Technical University of Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany · Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States

  26. GSEM: Graph-based Self-Evolving Memory for Experience Augmented Clinical Reasoning

    Mar 23, 2026Xiao Han, Yuzheng Fan, Sendong Zhao +2Memory-Augmented Language Model AgentsGraph-Based Agent Memory

    Research Center for Social Computing and Interactive Robotics, Harbin Institute of Technology, China

  27. Cerebra: A Multidisciplinary AI Board for Multimodal Dementia Characterization and Risk Assessment

    Mar 23, 2026Sheng Liu, Long Chen, Zeyun Zhao +16Clinical Risk PredictionClinical Decision-Making

    Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University · Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University · Center for Data Science, New York University +13

  28. Medical Reasoning with Large Language Models: A Survey and MR-Bench

    Mar 17, 2026Xiaohan Ren, Chenxiao Fan, Wenyin Ma +4Medical ReasoningClinical Reasoning

    School of Cyber Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, China · School of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, China · Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Anhui, China +2

  29. DERM-3R: A Resource-Efficient Multimodal Agents Framework for Dermatologic Diagnosis and Treatment in Real-World Clinical Settings

    Mar 6, 2026Jirui Dai, Zhendong Wang, Chongjing Wang +7Traditional Chinese MedicineDermatology

  30. From Physician Expertise to Clinical Agents: Preserving, Standardizing, and Scaling Physicians' Medical Expertise with Lightweight LLM

    Mar 6, 2026Chanyong Luo, Jirui Dai, Zhendong Wang +14Traditional Chinese MedicineMedical LLMs

    the Infectious disease department, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China · the Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA · the Gulou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing，Beijing, China +8