Emergent Behavior in Multi-Agent Systems

Overview

This field asks how interactions among agents create group-level behaviors—such as cooperation, consensus, role specialization, social norms, and collective failure—that are not specified for any one agent. Researchers study these dynamics with multi-agent reinforcement learning, evolutionary game theory, agent-based models, network analysis, and statistical physics, using settings such as public-goods games, naming games, online communities, markets, and robot swarms. Work with large language model agents adds natural-language communication, memory, and persistent social environments, while benchmarks increasingly measure information sharing and group outcomes rather than individual task scores alone. A central tension is that interaction can improve coordination but also amplify bias, conformity, collusion, or instability; predicting which outcome emerges as populations and networks scale remains an open challenge.

Latest papers

CardsList

170 papers20 papers in the last four weeks, down 29% on the four weeks before. 0.1% of all new papers.

  1. Evolutionary Dynamics of Cooperation in Next-Generation LLM Agent Systems: A Cross-Provider Empirical Extension

    May 28, 2026Francisco León Zúñiga BolívarMulti-Agent LLM SystemsLLM Agent Evaluation

  2. Emergence of agriculture in an artificial society of reinforcement learning agents

    May 21, 2026Gautier Hamon, Martí Sánchez-Fibla, Clément Moulin-Frier +1Cultural EvolutionEmergent Behavior in Multi-Agent Systems

  3. Scale-Dependent Collective Adaptation in Self-Amending LLM Societies: A Cross-Family Study of Emergent Governance

    May 17, 2026Kazuya Horibe, Masaomi Hatakeyama, Gen Masumoto +2Multi-Agent LLM SystemsMulti-Agent Coordination

  4. Attributing Emergence in Million-Agent Systems

    May 12, 2026Ling Tang, Jilin Mei, Qian Chen +6Multi-Agent LLM SystemsComputational Social Science

  5. EVOCHAMBER: Test-Time Co-evolution of Multi-Agent System at Individual, Team, and Population Scales

    May 11, 2026Yaolun Zhang, Tianyi Xu, Shengyu Dai +3Multi-Agent LLM SystemsMulti-Agent Collaboration

  6. Internal vs. External: Comparing Deliberation and Evolution for Multi-Agent Constitutional Design

    May 9, 2026Hershraj Niranjani, Ujwal Kumar, Phan Xuan TanEvolutionary OptimizationMulti-Agent Systems

  7. The Moltbook Files: A Harmless Slopocalypse or Humanity's Last Experiment

    May 8, 2026William Brach, Federico Torrielli, Stine Lyngsø Beltoft +3Privacy Leakage in Language ModelsMulti-Agent Systems

  8. Social Theory Should Be a Structural Prior for Agentic AI: A Formal Framework for Multi-Agent Social Systems

    May 8, 2026Lynnette Hui Xian Ng, Iain J. Cruickshank, Adrian Xuan Wei Lim +1Computational Social ScienceMulti-Agent Systems

  9. Hidden Coalitions in Multi-Agent AI: A Spectral Diagnostic from Internal Representations

    May 4, 2026Cameron Berg, Susan L. Schneider, Mark M. BaileyAI Agent MonitoringSpectral Clustering

  10. Causal Foundations of Collective Agency

    Apr 30, 2026Frederik Hytting Jørgensen, Sebastian Weichwald, Lewis HammondAI Agent SafetyCausal Abstraction

  11. A Collective Variational Principle Unifying Bayesian Inference, Game Theory, and Thermodynamics

    Apr 30, 2026Djamel Bouchaffra, Faycal Ykhlef, Mustapha Lebbah +1Nash EquilibriumCooperative Game Theory

  12. Superminds Test: Actively Evaluating Collective Intelligence of Agent Society via Probing Agents

    Apr 24, 2026Xirui Li, Ming Li, Yunze Xiao +4Multi-Agent CoordinationAI Agent Evaluation

  13. AI-Gram: When Visual Agents Interact in a Social Network

    Apr 23, 2026Andrew ShinMulti-Agent LLM SystemsMulti-Agent Systems

  14. Multi-Agent Empowerment and Emergence of Complex Behavior in Groups

    Apr 22, 2026Tristan Shah, Ilya Nemenman, Daniel Polani +1Multi-Agent CoordinationIntrinsic Motivation

  15. CAMO: An Agentic Framework for Automated Causal Discovery from Micro Behaviors to Macro Emergence in LLM Agent Simulations

    Apr 16, 2026Xiangning Yu, Yuwei Guo, Yuqi Hou +2Causal DiscoveryCausal Structure Learning

  16. How memory can affect collective and cooperative behaviors in an LLM-Based Social Particle Swarm

    Apr 14, 2026Taisei Hishiki, Takaya Arita, Reiji SuzukiLarge Language Model-Based Social SimulationEmergent Behavior in Multi-Agent Systems

  17. Evolving Many Worlds: Towards Open-Ended Discovery in Petri Dish NCA via Population-Based Training

    Apr 13, 2026Uljad Berdica, Jakob Foerster, Frank Hutter +1Neural Cellular AutomataOpen-Ended Evolution

  18. Social Reality Construction via Active Inference: Modeling the Dialectic of Conformity and Creativity

    Apr 10, 2026Kentaro Nomura, Takato HoriiComputational Social ScienceCultural Evolution

  19. Aligned Agents, Biased Swarm: Measuring Bias Amplification in Multi-Agent Systems

    Apr 10, 2026Keyu Li, Jin Gao, Dequan WangAlgorithmic BiasMulti-Agent Systems