Explainable Artificial Intelligence

We propose a new algorithm for compiling Bayesian network classifier (BNC) into class formulas. Class formulas are logical formulas that represent a classifier's input-output behavior, and are crucial in the recent line of work that uses logical reasoning to explain the decisions made by classifiers. Compared to prior work on compiling class formulas of BNCs, our proposed algorithm is not restricted to binary classifiers, shows significant improvement in compilation time, and outputs class formulas as negation normal form (NNF) circuits that are OR-decomposable, which is an important property when computing explanations of classifiers.

As pedestrian navigation increasingly experiments with Generative AI, and in particular Large Language Models, the nature of routing risks transforming from a verifiable geometric task into an opaque, persuasive dialogue. While conversational interfaces promise personalisation, they introduce risks of manipulation and misplaced trust. We categorise these risks using a 2x2 framework based on intent and origin, distinguishing between intentional manipulations (dark patterns) and unintended harms (explainability pitfalls). We propose seamful design strategies to mitigate these harms. We suggest that one robust way to operationalise trustworthy conversational navigation is through neuro-symbolic architecture, where verifiable pathfinding algorithms ground GenAI's persuasive capabilities, ensuring systems explain their limitations and incentives as clearly as they explain the route.

This work proposes a formal abductive explanation framework designed to systematically uncover rationales underlying AI predictions of mental health help-seeking within tech workplace settings. By computing rigorous justifications for model outputs, this approach enables principled selection of models tailored to distinct psychiatric profiles and underpins ethically robust recourse planning. Beyond moving past ad-hoc interpretability, we explicitly examine the influence of sensitive attributes such as gender on model decisions, a critical component for fairness assessments. In doing so, it aligns explanatory insights with the complex landscape of workplace mental health, ultimately supporting trustworthy deployment and targeted interventions.

Deep learning models achieve high accuracy in time series classification, yet understanding their class-level decision behaviour remains challenging. Explanations for time series must respect temporal dependencies and identify patterns that recur across instances. Existing approaches face three limitations: model-agnostic XAI methods developed for images and tabular data do not readily extend to time series, global explanation synthesis for time series remains underexplored, and most existing global approaches are model-specific. We propose L2GTX, a model-agnostic framework that generates class-wise global explanations by aggregating local explanations from a representative set of instances. L2GTX extracts clusters of parameterised temporal event primitives, such as increasing or decreasing trends and local extrema, together with their importance scores from instance-level explanations produced by LOMATCE. These clusters are merged across instances to reduce redundancy, and an instance-cluster importance matrix is used to estimate global relevance. Under a user-defined instance selection budget, L2GTX selects representative instances that maximise coverage of influential clusters. Events from the selected instances are then aggregated into concise class-wise global explanations. Experiments on six benchmark time series datasets show that L2GTX produces compact and interpretable global explanations while maintaining stable global faithfulness measured as mean local surrogate fidelity.

Neuro-symbolic reasoning increasingly demands frameworks that unite the formal rigor of logic with the interpretability of large language models (LLMs). We introduce an end to end explainability by construction pipeline integrating the Automated Theorem Generator Delta1 based on the full triangular standard contradiction (FTSC) with LLMs. Delta1 deterministically constructs minimal unsatisfiable clause sets and complete theorems in polynomial time, ensuring both soundness and minimality by construction. The LLM layer verbalizes each theorem and proof trace into coherent natural language explanations and actionable insights. Empirical studies across health care, compliance, and regulatory domains show that Delta1 and LLM enables interpretable, auditable, and domain aligned reasoning. This work advances the convergence of logic, language, and learning, positioning constructive theorem generation as a principled foundation for neuro-symbolic explainable AI.

The use of wearables in medicine and wellness, enabled by AI-based models, offers tremendous potential for real-time monitoring and interpretable event detection. Explainable AI (XAI) is required to assess what models have learned and build trust in model outputs, for patients, healthcare professionals, model developers, and domain experts alike. Explaining AI decisions made on time-series data recorded by wearables is especially challenging due to the data's complex nature and temporal dependencies. Too often, explainability using interpretable features leads to performance loss. We propose a novel XAI method that combines explanation spaces and concept-based explanations to explain AI predictions on time-series data. By using Inherently Interpretable Components (IICs), which encapsulate domain-specific, interpretable concepts within a custom explanation space, we preserve the performance of models trained on time series while achieving the interpretability of concept-based explanations based on extracted features. Furthermore, we define a domain-specific set of IICs for wearable-based health monitoring and demonstrate their usability in real applications, including state assessment and epileptic seizure detection.

This article examines the application of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) in NLP based fake news detection and compares selected interpretability methods. The work outlines key aspects of disinformation, neural network architectures, and XAI techniques, with a focus on SHAP, LIME, and Integrated Gradients. In the experimental study, classification models were implemented and interpreted using these methods. The results show that XAI enhances model transparency and interpretability while maintaining high detection accuracy. Each method provides distinct explanatory value: SHAP offers detailed local attributions, LIME provides simple and intuitive explanations, and Integrated Gradients performs efficiently with convolutional models. The study also highlights limitations such as computational cost and sensitivity to parameterization. Overall, the findings demonstrate that integrating XAI with NLP is an effective approach to improving the reliability and trustworthiness of fake news detection systems.

The rapid proliferation of large language model (LLM)-based agentic systems raises critical concerns regarding digital sovereignty, environmental sustainability, regulatory compliance, and ethical alignment. Whilst existing frameworks address individual dimensions in isolation, no unified architecture systematically integrates these imperatives into the decision-making processes of autonomous agents. This paper introduces the COMPASS (Compliance and Orchestration for Multi-dimensional Principles in Autonomous Systems with Sovereignty) Framework, a novel multi-agent orchestration system designed to enforce value-aligned AI through modular, extensible governance mechanisms. The framework comprises an Orchestrator and four specialised sub-agents addressing sovereignty, carbon-aware computing, compliance, and ethics, each augmented with Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) to ground evaluations in verified, context-specific documents. By employing an LLM-as-a-judge methodology, the system assigns quantitative scores and generates explainable justifications for each assessment dimension, enabling real-time arbitration of conflicting objectives. We validate the architecture through automated evaluation, demonstrating that RAG integration significantly enhances semantic coherence and mitigates the hallucination risks. Our results indicate that the framework's composition-based design facilitates seamless integration into diverse application domains whilst preserving interpretability and traceability.

Tax authorities and public-sector financial agencies rely on large volumes of unstructured and semi-structured fiscal documents - including tax forms, instructions, publications, and jurisdiction-specific guidance - to support compliance analysis and audit workflows. While recent advances in generative AI and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) have shown promise for document-centric question answering, existing approaches often lack the transparency, citation fidelity, and conservative behaviour required in high-stakes regulatory domains. This paper presents a multimodal, citation-enforced RAG framework for fiscal document intelligence that prioritises explainability and auditability. The framework adopts a source-first ingestion strategy, preserves page-level provenance, enforces citations during generation, and supports abstention when evidence is insufficient. Evaluation on real IRS and state tax documents demonstrates improved citation fidelity, reduced hallucination, and analyst-usable explanations, illustrating a pathway toward trustworthy AI for tax compliance.

Heart diseases remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, necessitating accurate and trustworthy differential diagnosis. However, existing artificial intelligence-based diagnostic methods are often limited by insufficient cardiology knowledge, inadequate support for complex reasoning, and poor interpretability. Here we present HeartAgent, a cardiology-specific agent system designed to support a reliable and explainable differential diagnosis. HeartAgent integrates customized tools and curated data resources and orchestrates multiple specialized sub-agents to perform complex reasoning while generating transparent reasoning trajectories and verifiable supporting references. Evaluated on the MIMIC dataset and a private electronic health records cohort, HeartAgent achieved over 36% and 20% improvements over established comparative methods, in top-3 diagnostic accuracy, respectively. Additionally, clinicians assisted by HeartAgent demonstrated gains of 26.9% in diagnostic accuracy and 22.7% in explanatory quality compared with unaided experts. These results demonstrate that HeartAgent provides reliable, explainable, and clinically actionable decision support for cardiovascular care.

Advancements in data-driven machine learning have emerged as a pivotal element in supporting automotive software systems (ASSs) engineering across various levels of the V-development process. Duringsystemverificationandvalidation,theintegrationofanintelligent fault detection anddiagnosis (FDD) model with test recordings analysis process serves as a powerful tool for efficiency ensuring functional safety. However, the lack of interpretability of the black-box FDD models developed not only hinders understanding of the cause underlying the prediction, but also prevents the model from being adapted based on the prediction result. This, in turn, increases the computational cost required for developingacomplexFDDmodelandlimitsconfidenceinreal-timesafety-criticalapplications.To address this challenge, a novel explainable method for fault detection, identification, and localization is proposed in this article with the aim of providing a clear understanding of the logic behind the prediction outcome. To this end, a hybrid 1dCNN-GRU-based intelligent model was developed to analyze the recordings from the real-time validation process of ASSs. The employment of explainable AI techniques, i.e., IGs, DeepLIFT, Gradient SHAP, and DeepLIFT SHAP, was instrumental in enabling model adaptation and facilitating the root cause analysis (RCA). The proposed approach is applied to the real time dataset collected during a virtual test drive performed by the user on hardware in the loop system.

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) seeks to enhance the transparency and accountability of machine learning systems, yet most methods follow a one-size-fits-all paradigm that neglects user differences in expertise, goals, and cognitive needs. Although Large Language Models can translate technical explanations into natural language, they introduce challenges related to faithfulness and hallucinations. To address these challenges, we present PONTE (Personalized Orchestration for Natural language Trustworthy Explanations), a human-in-the-loop framework for adaptive and reliable XAI narratives. PONTE models personalization as a closed-loop validation and adaptation process rather than prompt engineering. It combines: (i) a low-dimensional preference model capturing stylistic requirements; (ii) a preference-conditioned generator grounded in structured XAI artifacts; and (iii) verification modules enforcing numerical faithfulness, informational completeness, and stylistic alignment, optionally supported by retrieval-grounded argumentation. User feedback iteratively updates the preference state, enabling quick personalization. Automatic and human evaluations across healthcare and finance domains show that the verification-refinement loop substantially improves completeness and stylistic alignment over validation-free generation. Human studies further confirm strong agreement between intended preference vectors and perceived style, robustness to generation stochasticity, and consistently positive quality assessments.

While explainable AI (XAI) is often heralded as a means to enhance transparency and trustworthiness in closed-loop neurotechnology for psychiatric and neurological conditions, its real-world prevalence remains low. Moreover, empirical evidence suggests that the type of explanations provided by current XAI methods often fails to align with clinicians' end-user needs. In this viewpoint, we argue that clinically meaningful explainability (CME) is essential for AI-enabled closed-loop medical neurotechnology and must be addressed from an ethical, technical, and clinical perspective. Instead of exhaustive technical detail, clinicians prioritize clinically relevant, actionable explanations, such as clear representations of input-output relationships and feature importance. Full technical transparency, although theoretically desirable, often proves irrelevant or even overwhelming in practice, as it may lead to informational overload. Therefore, we advocate for CME in the neurotechnology domain: prioritizing actionable clarity over technical completeness and designing interface visualizations that intuitively map AI outputs and key features into clinically meaningful formats. To this end, we introduce a reference architecture called NeuroXplain, which translates CME into actionable technical design recommendations for any future neurostimulation device. Our aim is to inform stakeholders working in neurotechnology and regulatory framework development to ensure that explainability fulfills the right needs for the right stakeholders and ultimately leads to better patient treatment and care.

Large Language Model (LLM)-based coding agents show promise in automating software development tasks, yet they frequently fail in ways that are difficult for developers to understand and debug. While general-purpose LLMs like GPT can provide ad-hoc explanations of failures, raw execution traces remain challenging to interpret even for experienced developers. We present a systematic explainable AI (XAI) approach that transforms raw agent execution traces into structured, human-interpretable explanations. Our method consists of three key components: (1) a domain-specific failure taxonomy derived from analyzing real agent failures, (2) an automatic annotation system that classifies failures using defined annotation schema, (3) a hybrid explanation generator that produces visual execution flows, natural language explanations, and actionable recommendations. Through a user study with 20 participants (10 technical, 10 non-technical), we demonstrate that our approach enables users to identify failure root causes 2.8 times faster and propose correct fixes with 73% higher accuracy compared to raw execution traces. Importantly, our structured approach outperforms ad-hoc state of the art models explanations by providing consistent, domain-specific insights with integrated visualizations. Our work establishes a framework for systematic agent failure analysis, addressing the critical need for interpretable AI systems in software development workflows

We present NotAI.AI, an explainable AI-generated text detection system. Instead of returning only a binary label or confidence score, the system shows which signals influenced the prediction and lets users inspect an attribution-based sensitivity estimate obtained by subtracting selected local contributions. NotAI.AI combines sentence-level conditional probability curvature, a neural detector score, and interpretable stylometric and readability features in an XGBoost meta-classifier. It explains predictions with TreeSHAP feature contributions and can turn the resulting evidence into a concise natural-language explanation. We evaluate the system on a category-balanced subset of RAID containing human-written, clean AI-generated, and attacked AI-generated texts. The full model outperforms variants based on individual feature families, reaching 0.9685 F1 on the held-out within-subset test split. In an automatic evaluation, two model judges rate 94.5-98.6% of generated explanations as faithful to the supplied detector evidence. The web interface (https://notai-ai.vercel.app), source code (https://github.com/Oleksandr-MB/EMNLP2026DEMO_NotAI.AI), and demonstration video(https://youtu.be/l8Nk8kdBTHQ) are publicly available.

Model Medicine is the science of understanding, diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders in AI models, grounded in the principle that AI models -- like biological organisms -- have internal structures, dynamic processes, heritable traits, observable symptoms, classifiable conditions, and treatable states. This paper introduces Model Medicine as a research program, bridging the gap between current AI interpretability research (anatomical observation) and the systematic clinical practice that complex AI systems increasingly require. We present five contributions: (1) a discipline taxonomy organizing 15 subdisciplines across four divisions -- Basic Model Sciences, Clinical Model Sciences, Model Public Health, and Model Architectural Medicine; (2) the Four Shell Model (v3.3), a behavioral genetics framework empirically grounded in 720 agents and 24,923 decisions from the Agora-12 program, explaining how model behavior emerges from Core--Shell interaction; (3) Neural MRI (Model Resonance Imaging), a working open-source diagnostic tool mapping five medical neuroimaging modalities to AI interpretability techniques, validated through four clinical cases demonstrating imaging, comparison, localization, and predictive capability; (4) a five-layer diagnostic framework for comprehensive model assessment; and (5) clinical model sciences including the Model Temperament Index for behavioral profiling, Model Semiology for symptom description, and M-CARE for standardized case reporting. We additionally propose the Layered Core Hypothesis -- a biologically-inspired three-layer parameter architecture -- and a therapeutic framework connecting diagnosis to treatment.

Multimodal Transformers often produce predictions without clarifying how different modalities jointly support a decision. Most existing multimodal explainable AI (MXAI) methods extend unimodal saliency to multimodal backbones, highlighting important tokens or patches within each modality, but they rarely pinpoint which cross-modal feature pairs provide complementary evidence (synergy) or serve as reliable backups (redundancy). We present Feature-level I2MoE (FL-I2MoE), a structured Mixture-of-Experts layer that operates directly on token/patch sequences from frozen pretrained encoders and explicitly separates unique, synergistic, and redundant evidence at the feature level. We further develop an expert-wise explanation pipeline that combines attribution with top-K% masking to assess faithfulness, and we introduce Monte Carlo interaction probes to quantify pairwise behavior: the Shapley Interaction Index (SII) to score synergistic pairs and a redundancy-gap score to capture substitutable (redundant) pairs. Across three benchmarks (MMIMDb, ENRICO, and MMHS150K), FL-I2MoE yields more interactionspecific and concentrated importance patterns than a dense Transformer with the same encoders. Finally, pair-level masking shows that removing pairs ranked by SII or redundancy-gap degrades performance more than masking randomly chosen pairs under the same budget, supporting that the identified interactions are causally relevant. Code is available at https://github.com/dut0817/FL-I2MoE.

Continuous physiological monitoring is central to emergency care, yet deploying trustworthy AI is challenging. While LLMs can translate complex physiological signals into clinical narratives, it is unclear how agentic systems perform relative to zero-shot inference. To address these questions, we present Vivaldi, a role-structured multi-agent system that explains multivariate physiological time series. Due to regulatory constraints that preclude live deployment, we instantiate Vivaldi in a controlled, clinical pilot to a small, highly qualified cohort of emergency medicine experts, whose evaluations reveal a context-dependent picture that contrasts with prevailing assumptions that agentic reasoning uniformly improves performance. Our experiments show that agentic pipelines substantially benefit non-thinking and medically fine-tuned models, improving expert-rated explanation justification and relevance by +6.9 and +9.7 points, respectively. Contrarily, for thinking models, agentic orchestration often degrades explanation quality, including a 14-point drop in relevance, while improving diagnostic precision (ESI F1 +3.6). We also find that explicit tool-based computation is decisive for codifiable clinical metrics, whereas subjective targets, such as pain scores and length of stay, show limited or inconsistent changes. Expert evaluation further indicates that gains in clinical utility depend on visualization conventions, with medically specialized models achieving the most favorable trade-offs between utility and clarity. Together, these findings show that the value of agentic AI lies in the selective externalization of computation and structure rather than in maximal reasoning complexity, and highlight concrete design trade-offs and learned lessons, broadly applicable to explainable AI in safety-critical healthcare settings.

The integration of symbolic computing with neural networks has intrigued researchers since the first theorizations of Artificial intelligence (AI). The ability of Neuro-Symbolic (NeSy) methods to infer or exploit behavioral schema has been widely considered as one of the possible proxies for human-level intelligence. However, the limited semantic generalizability and the challenges in declining complex domains with pre-defined patterns and rules hinder their practical implementation in real-world scenarios. The unprecedented results achieved by connectionist systems since the last AI breakthrough in 2017 have raised questions about the competitiveness of NeSy solutions, with particular emphasis on the Natural Language Processing and Computer Vision fields. This survey examines task-specific advancements in the NeSy domain to explore how incorporating symbolic systems can enhance explainability and reasoning capabilities. Our findings are meant to serve as a resource for researchers exploring explainable NeSy methodologies for real-life tasks and applications. Reproducibility details and in-depth comments on each surveyed research work are made available at https://github.com/disi-unibo-nlp/task-oriented-neuro-symbolic.git.

As autonomous coding agents become deeply embedded in software development workflows, their high operational velocity introduces a critical oversight challenge: the accumulating divergence between agentic actions and architectural intent. We term this process agentic entropy: a systemic drift that traditional code diff-based and HCXAI methods fail to capture, as they address local outputs rather than global agentic behaviour. To close this gap, we propose a process-oriented explainability framework that exposes how agentic decisions unfold across time, tool calls, and architectural boundaries. Built around three pillars (conformity seeding, reasoning monitoring, and a causal graph interface) our approach provides intent-level telemetry that complements, rather than replaces, existing review practices. We demonstrate its relevance across two user profiles: lay users engaged in vibe coding, who gain structural visibility otherwise masked by functional success; and professional developers, who gain richer contextual grounding for code review without increased overhead. By treating cognitive drift as a first-class concern alongside code quality, our framework supports the minimum level of human comprehension required for agentic oversight to remain substantive.

When automating plan generation for a real-world sequential decision problem, the goal is often not to replace the human planner, but to facilitate an iterative reasoning and elicitation process, where the human's role is to guide the AI planner according to their preferences and expertise. In this context, explanations that respond to users' questions are crucial to improve their understanding of potential solutions and increase their trust in the system. To enable natural interaction with such a system, we present a multi-agent Large Language Model (LLM) architecture that is agnostic to the explanation framework and enables user- and context-dependent interactive explanations. We also describe an instantiation of this framework for goal-conflict explanations, which we use to conduct a user study comparing the LLM-powered interaction with a baseline template-based explanation interface.

Logic-based methods for explaining neural network decisions offer formal guarantees of correctness and non-redundancy, but they often suffer from high computational costs, especially for large networks. In this work, we improve the efficiency of such methods by combining bound propagation with constraint simplification. These simplifications, derived from the propagation, tighten neuron bounds and eliminate unnecessary binary variables, making the explanation process more efficient. Our experiments suggest that combining these techniques reduces explanation time by up to 89.26%, particularly for larger neural networks.

Machine learning models support decision-making, yet the reasons behind their predictions are opaque. Clear and reliable explanations help users make informed decisions and avoid blindly trusting model outputs. However, many existing explanation methods fail to guarantee correctness. Logic-based approaches ensure correctness but often offer overly constrained explanations, limiting coverage. Recent work addresses this by incrementally expanding explanations while maintaining correctness. This process is performed separately for each feature, adjusting both its upper and lower bounds. However, this approach faces a trade-off: smaller increments incur high computational costs, whereas larger ones may lead to explanations covering fewer instances. To overcome this, we propose two novel methods. Onestep builds upon this prior work, generating explanations in a single step for each feature and each bound, eliminating the overhead of an iterative process. Twostep takes a gradual approach, improving coverage. Experimental results show that Twostep significantly increases explanation coverage (by up to 72.60% on average across datasets) compared to Onestep and, consequently, to prior work.

This technical report provides an extended validation of the Explainability Solution Space (ESS) through cross-domain evaluation. While initial validation focused on employee attrition prediction, this study introduces a heterogeneous intelligent urban resource allocation system to demonstrate the generality and domain-independence of the ESS framework. The second case study integrates tabular, temporal, and geospatial data under multi-stakeholder governance conditions. Explicit quantitative positioning of representative XAI families is provided for both contexts. Results confirm that ESS rankings are not domain-specific but adapt systematically to governance roles, risk profiles, and stakeholder configurations. The findings reinforce ESS as a generalizable operational decision-support instrument for explainable AI strategy design across socio-technical systems.

Argumentative LLMs (ArgLLMs) are an existing approach leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) and computational argumentation for decision-making, with the aim of making the resulting decisions faithfully explainable to and contestable by humans. Here we propose a web-based system implementing ArgLLM-empowered agents for binary tasks. ArgLLM-App supports visualisation of the produced explanations and interaction with human users, allowing them to identify and contest any mistakes in the system's reasoning. It is highly modular and enables drawing information from trusted external sources. ArgLLM-App is publicly available at https://argllm.app, with a video demonstration at https://youtu.be/vzwlGOr0sPM.

At present, there are no easily understood explainable artificial intelligence (AI) methods for discrete token inputs, like text. Most explainable AI techniques do not extend well to token sequences, where both local and global features matter, because state-of-the-art models, like transformers, tend to focus on global connections. Therefore, existing explainable AI algorithms fail by (i) identifying disparate tokens of importance, or (ii) assigning a large number of tokens a low value of importance. This method for explainable AI for tokens-based classifiers generalizes a mask-based explainable AI algorithm for images. It starts with an Explainer neural network that is trained to create masks to hide information not relevant for classification. Then, the Hadamard product of the mask and the continuous values of the classifier's embedding layer is taken and passed through the classifier, changing the magnitude of the embedding vector but keeping the orientation unchanged. The Explainer is trained for a taxonomic classifier for nucleotide sequences and it is shown that the masked segments are less relevant to classification than the unmasked ones. This method focused on the importance the token as a whole (i.e., a segment of the input sequence), producing a human-readable explanation.

Explaining opaque Machine Learning (ML) models has become an increasingly important challenge. However, current eXplanation in AI (XAI) methods suffer several shortcomings, including insufficient abstraction, limited user interactivity, and inadequate integration of symbolic knowledge. We propose ReasonX, an explanation tool based on expressions (or, queries) in a closed algebra of operators over theories of linear constraints. ReasonX provides declarative and interactive explanations for decision trees, which may represent the ML models under analysis or serve as global or local surrogate models for any black-box predictor. Users can express background or common sense knowledge as linear constraints. This allows for reasoning at multiple levels of abstraction, ranging from fully specified examples to under-specified or partially constrained ones. ReasonX leverages Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) to reason over the features of factual and contrastive instances. We present here the architecture of ReasonX, which consists of a Python layer, closer to the user, and a Constraint Logic Programming (CLP) layer, which implements a meta-interpreter of the query algebra. The capabilities of ReasonX are demonstrated through qualitative examples, and compared to other XAI tools through quantitative experiments.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains one of the leading global health challenges, accounting for more than 19 million deaths worldwide. To address this, several tools that aim to predict CVD risk and support clinical decision making have been developed. In particular, the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) is one of the most widely used and recommended worldwide. However, it does not explain why a patient was assigned to a particular risk category nor how it can be reduced. Due to this lack of transparency, we present a logical explainer for the FRS. Based on first-order logic and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) fundaments, the explainer is capable of identifying a minimal set of patient attributes that are sufficient to explain a given risk classification. Our explainer also produces actionable scenarios that illustrate which modifiable variables would reduce a patient's risk category. We evaluated all possible input combinations of the FRS (over 22,000 samples) and tested them with our explainer, successfully identifying important risk factors and suggesting focused interventions for each case. The results may improve clinician trust and facilitate a wider implementation of CVD risk assessment by converting opaque scores into transparent and prescriptive insights, particularly in areas with restricted access to specialists.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is unpredictable, and its prediction in Chagas cardiomyopathy (CC) remains a significant challenge, especially in patients not classified as high risk. While AI and machine learning models improve risk stratification, their adoption is hindered by a lack of transparency, as they are often perceived as black boxes with unclear decision-making processes. Some approaches apply heuristic explanations without correctness guarantees, leading to mistakes in the decision-making process. To address this, we apply a logic-based explainability method with correctness guarantees to the problem of SCD prediction in CC. This explainability method, applied to an AI classifier with over 95% accuracy and recall, demonstrated strong predictive performance and 100% explanation fidelity. When compared to state-of-the-art heuristic methods, it showed superior consistency and robustness. This approach enhances clinical trust, facilitates the integration of AI-driven tools into practice, and promotes large-scale deployment, particularly in endemic regions where it is most needed.

Counterfactual explanation (CE) is an important domain within post-hoc explainability. However, the explanations generated by most CE generators are often highly redundant. This work introduces an open-source Python library xai-cola, which provides an end-to-end pipeline for sparsifying CEs produced by arbitrary generators, reducing superfluous feature changes while preserving their validity. It offers a documented API that takes as input raw tabular data in pandas DataFrame form, a preprocessing object (for standardization and encoding), and a trained scikit-learn or PyTorch model. On this basis, users can either employ the built-in or externally imported CE generators. The library also implements several sparsification policies and includes visualization routines for analysing and comparing sparsified counterfactuals. xai-cola is released under the MIT license and can be installed from PyPI. Empirical experiments indicate that xai-cola produces sparser counterfactuals across several CE generators, reducing the number of modified features by up to 50% in our setting. The source code is available at https://github.com/understanding-ml/COLA.