Geoquery

Camera-controlled video generation has achieved remarkable progress in recent years. However, existing video-to-video re-rendering methods primarily rely on Supervised Fine-Tuning using synthetic datasets. At present, there is an extreme scarcity of synchronized, multi-view real-world video data. Consequently, the prevailing paradigm often exhibits limited generalization when processing out-of-distribution real-world videos, with models struggling to accurately adhere to physical scales and camera trajectories. To bridge this gap, we propose Geo-Align, the first Reinforcement Learning framework specifically designed for camera-controlled video re-rendering. Built upon a pretrained model, we optimize the model through a scale-aware perceptual reward mechanism. Specifically, we introduce a metric 3D estimator to extract precise camera trajectories from generated videos, explicitly penalizing deviations in rotation and translation. Furthermore, we meticulously designed a data pipeline strategy based on real-world conditioning videos and target camera trajectories derived from synthetic data, eliminating the reliance on paired data. Extensive experiments demonstrate that Geo-Align consistently outperforms existing supervised learning baselines in both precise camera controllability and visual fidelity, indicating the effectiveness of our method.

Spatio-temporal reasoning in vision-language models requires visual representations that preserve physical geometry rather than merely semantic appearance. Recent multimodal models incorporate geometric information through structural branches, 3D-aware supervision, reasoning-stage fusion, or long-horizon memory. While these approaches demonstrate the importance of geometry for spatial intelligence, they typically treat geometric cues as a shared signal across all visual tokens. We note that this overlooks a finer-grained challenge: different visual tokens require different geometric evidence depending on their spatial roles. To address this limitation, we introduce GeoWeaver, a pre-reasoning geometric grounding framework that treats geometry as a representational prerequisite for spatio-temporal reasoning. GeoWeaver constructs a multi-level geometry bank from a frozen geometry encoder and performs token-adaptive geometric evidence allocation, enabling each visual token to retrieve the most relevant geometric abstractions. The selected evidence is incorporated into visual tokens via a residual grounding operation prior to language modeling, yielding geometry-grounded representations for downstream reasoning. Extensive evaluations on spatial reasoning benchmarks demonstrate that GeoWeaver consistently enhances geometry-aware reasoning while retaining general multimodal capabilities. This indicates that geometric information yields the greatest benefit not as a late-fusion auxiliary signal but as a fundamental prerequisite that shapes the representational foundation on which large language models perform reasoning. All source code and models will be released at https://github.com/yahooo-m/GeoWeaver .

Geospatial reasoning requires solving image-grounded problems over the complex spatial structure of a scene. However, developing this capability is hindered by the cost of annotating a vast and combinatorial question space. We propose GeoX, a self-play framework that acquires spatial logic through executable programs that yield verifiable rewards, without relying on large-scale human-curated data Given a satellite or aerial image, our framework employs a single multimodal policy that proposes spatial problems as executable programs and solves them under three reasoning modes-abduction, deduction, and induction-over spatial primitives and an image understanding tool. A verifier executes each program to covert a reward signal that jointly optimizes the two roles via reinforcement learning. GeoX consistently improves its base VLMs by up to 5.5 points on average, matching or exceeding conventional baselines trained on millions of curated data. Along-side the proposed method, we release a benchmark for geospatial understanding accumulated through self-play.

Prompt-level safety probes for large language models use hidden-state representations to separate safe from unsafe prompts, but strong average detection performance does not explain the geometry of this separation. In particular, it remains unclear how safety evidence is formed across layers, which aspects of that layer-wise geometry support low-false-positive decisions, and which geometric biases remain stable under benchmark shift. We study this as an empirical decomposition problem and introduce Geometry-Lite, a compact prompt-level probe that maps each layer's final prompt-token representation to signed margins under centroid, local-neighborhood, and supervised linear-boundary readouts, then summarizes the resulting margin profiles by boundary position, layer-to-layer change, and coarse shape. Across nine instruction-tuned backbones ($1.2$B--$70$B) and seven safety benchmarks, Geometry-Lite improves over single-layer probes while remaining close to raw multi-layer score stacking, making it a useful instrument for analyzing the multi-layer safety signal. The decomposition shows that safety evidence is expressed primarily through persistent boundary-position geometry: final or extremal margins and unsafe-side layer occupancy dominate aggregate detection performance. In contrast, finite-difference drift and structural summaries add little to pooled AUROC, although drift can provide small recall-oriented corrections under shifted low-FPR thresholds. Under benchmark shift, optimized linear boundaries are sharp on the training mixture, whereas class-conditional mean geometry retains separation more reliably on a predefined hard held-out subset. Overall, prompt-level safety evidence is not primarily a layer-to-layer motion signal, but a persistent layer-wise margin geometry whose useful components and readout-level biases become visible in decision-critical regimes.

Monocular 3D hand reconstruction is intrinsically a geometric problem, yet RGB appearance features alone often struggle to resolve severe ambiguities caused by self-occlusions and hand-object interactions. While introducing depth can explicitly provide spatial cues, raw sensor-captured depth maps are extensively noisy and incomplete, limiting their usefulness for fine-grained hand reconstruction. To bridge this gap, we propose GeoHand, a novel framework that unlocks high-quality geometric priors from a frozen foundational monocular geometry estimator (MoGe2). Recognizing that these priors are oriented toward general scenes, we introduce a map-level GeoAdapter to recalibrate the spatial features, specifically adapting them for detailed hand reconstruction. Furthermore, to systematically integrate these adapted priors without overwhelming intrinsic RGB appearance cues, we employ a gated cross-modal token fusion strategy. Finally, to secure precise local articulation, we design a Keypoint-Queried Iterative Refiner (KQIR) that uses projected joint locations to query geometry-aware image features for spatial correction. By combining global geometric disambiguation with local refinement in a unified pipeline, GeoHand achieves state-of-the-art performance on FreiHAND, DexYCB, and HO3Dv3, especially under severe occlusions and hand-object interactions.

Wideband channel estimation (CE) in high-mobility scenarios remains challenging because channel responses vary rapidly, while practical systems can allocate only sparse pilots to accommodate dense users. Fortunately, many high-mobility environments, such as high-speed railways, exhibit scheduled trajectories, predictable velocities, and a limited number of dominant propagation paths. These properties induce a delay--beam power spectrum that is more stable than the instantaneous complex channel frequency response (CFR), less sensitive to the random phase coherence, and rich in geometric information. To exploit such environmental properties, we propose GeoGS-CE, a two-stage channel estimation framework for sparse-pilot high-mobility scenarios. In the offline stage, GeoGS-CE jointly models: 1) a scene-level 3D Gaussian representation that captures the non-line-of-sight (NLoS) geometric scattering support, and 2) a leakage-aware differentiable wireless rendering process that maps the NLoS Gaussians, together with an explicit virtual line-of-sight (LoS) component, to the measured delay--beam power spectrum, while accounting for practical OFDM delay and array leakage effects. In the online stage, the delay--beam power spectrum is predicted for each user location and used as a strong covariance prior, enabling accurate full-band and full-array CFR reconstruction and tracking through a linear MMSE estimator. Simulations based on channels generated from a segment of the Guangshen high-speed railway show that the proposed geometric prior substantially improves CFR reconstruction over pilot-only and non-geometric baselines.

Drone-view geo-localization aims to match a query drone image, often captured under adverse weather conditions (e.g., rain, snow, fog), against a gallery of geo-tagged satellite images. Weather-induced degradations in the drone view, such as noise, reduced visibility, and partial occlusions, severely exacerbate the intrinsic cross-view domain gap. While prior methods predominantly rely on weather-specific architectures or data augmentations, they have largely overlooked road map data, a readily available modality that provides strong, inherently weather-invariant geometric layout cues (e.g., road networks and building footprints) at negligible additional cost. We introduce GeoFuse, a cross-modal fusion framework that integrates precisely aligned road map tiles with satellite imagery to yield more discriminative and weather-resilient representations. We first augment the existing University-1652 and DenseUAV benchmarks with geo-aligned road maps, supplying structural priors robust to meteorological variations. Building on this, we propose a flexible fusion module that combines satellite and road map features via token-level and channel-level interactions, with a lightweight dynamic gating mechanism that adaptively weights modality contributions per instance. Finally, we employ class-level cross-view contrastive learning to promote robust alignment between weather-degraded drone features and the fused satellite-roadmap representations. Extensive experiments under diverse weather conditions show that GeoFuse consistently outperforms state-of-the-art methods, achieving +3.46% and +23.18% Recall@1 accuracy on the University-1652 and DenseUAV benchmarks, respectively.

Interpreting ultra-high-resolution (UHR) remote sensing images requires models to search for sparse and tiny visual evidence across large-scale scenes. Existing remote sensing vision-language models can inspect local regions with zooming and cropping tools, but most exploration strategies follow either a one-shot focus or a single sequential trajectory. Such single-path exploration can lose global context, leave scattered regions unvisited, and revisit or count the same evidence multiple times. To this end, we propose GeoVista, a planning-driven active perception framework for UHR remote sensing interpretation. Instead of committing to one zooming path, GeoVista first builds a global exploration plan, then verifies multiple candidate regions through branch-wise local inspection, while maintaining an explicit evidence state for cross-region aggregation and de-duplication. To enable this behavior, we introduce APE-GRO, a cold-start supervised trajectory corpus that reformulates diverse UHR tasks as Global-Region-Object interactive reasoning processes with a unified, scale-invariant spatial representation. We further design an Observe-Plan-Track mechanism for global observation, adaptive region inspection, and evidence tracking, and align the model with a GRPO-based strategy using step-wise rewards for planning, localization, and final answer correctness. Experiments on RSHR-Bench, XLRS-Bench, and LRS-VQA show that GeoVista achieves state-of-the-art performance. Code and dataset are available at https://github.com/ryan6073/GeoVista.

We introduce GeoBuildBench, a benchmark designed to evaluate whether large language models and multimodal agents can ground informal natural-language plane geometry problems into executable geometric constructions. Unlike existing geometry benchmarks that focus on answer correctness or static diagram interpretation, GeoBuildBench treats geometry diagram as an interactive construction task: given a textual problem, an agent must generate a domain-specific language (DSL) program to produce a diagram satisfying explicitly specified geometric objects and verifiable constraints. The benchmark features 489 Chinese textbook-style problems, curated through automated filtering and human validation to ensure text-complete, constructible problem specifications. We evaluate several state-of-the-art multimodal models in a bounded iterative setting and show that, despite reasonable success rates, models frequently exhibit structural hallucinations, missing objects, and failures to satisfy geometric constraints, with limited ability to exploit visual and constraint-based feedback for self-correction. These results highlight geometry construction as a rigorous testbed for grounded, executable reasoning beyond textual or visual plausibility. Our benchmark and code are publicly available.

3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) has emerged as a prominent paradigm for 3D reconstruction and novel view synthesis. However, it remains vulnerable to severe artifacts when trained under sparse-view constraints. While recent methods attempt to rectify artifacts in rendered views using image diffusion models, they typically rely on multi-view self-attention to retrieve information from reference images. We observe that this mechanism often fails when the rendered novel views output by 3DGS are heavily corrupted: damaged query features lead to erroneous cross-view retrieval, resulting in inconsistent rendering refinement. To address this, we propose GeoQuery, a geometry-guided diffusion framework that integrates generative priors with explicit geometric cues via a novel Geometry-guided Cross-view Attention (GCA) mechanism. First, by leveraging predicted depth maps and camera poses, we construct a geometry-induced correspondence field to sample reference features, forming a geometry-aligned proxy query that replaces the corrupted rendering features. Furthermore, we design a new cross-view feature aggregation pipeline, in which we restrict the cross-view attention to a local window around each proxy query to effectively retrieve useful features while suppressing spurious matches. GeoQuery can be seamlessly integrated into existing diffusion-based pipelines, enabling robust reconstruction even under extreme view sparsity. Extensive experiments on sparse-view novel view synthesis and rendering artifact removal demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.

Geoscience intelligence is expected to understand, reason about, and predict earth system changes to support human decision-making in critical domains such as disaster response, climate adaptation and environmental protection. Although current research has shown promising progress on specific geoscience tasks, such as remote sensing interpretation, geographic question-answering, existing benchmarks remain largely task-specific which failing to capture the open-ended real world geoscience problems. As a result, it remains unclear how far current AI systems are from achieving genuine geoscience intelligence. To address this gap, we present \textbf{GeoR-Bench}, a \underline{Bench}mark for evaluating \underline{Geo}science visual \underline{R}easoning through reasoning informed visual editing tasks. GeoR-Bench contains 440 curated samples spanning 6 geoscience categories and 24 task types, covering earth observation imagery and structured scientific representations such as maps and diagrams. We evaluate outputs along three dimensions, including reasoning, consistency, and quality. Benchmark results of 21 closed- and open-source multimodal models reveal that geoscience reasoning remains a critical bottleneck. The highest-performing model achieves 42.7% overall strict accuracy, while the best open-source models only get 10.3%. Notably, the visual consistency and image quality of the outputs frequently surpass their scientific accuracy. Ultimately, these findings indicate that current models generate superficially plausible results but fail to capture underlying earth science processes.

Out-of-distribution (OOD) robustness is difficult to diagnose when target-domain labels are unavailable. We consider a more restrictive source-only variant of unsupervised accuracy estimation: selecting robust checkpoints using only source-domain representations, with no target samples or target labels. We propose \textbf{TopoGeoScore}, a source-only geometric scorer for label-free OOD checkpoint selection. Given a trained checkpoint, we construct class-conditional mutual $k$-nearest-neighbour graphs from source embeddings and extract three interpretable signals: a torsion-inspired reduced Laplacian log-determinant for global class-manifold complexity, Ollivier--Ricci curvature for local neighbourhood regularity, and higher-order topological summaries for fragmented connectivity, loops, and global--local inconsistency. Instead of fixing their weights by hand, TopoGeoScore learns a non-negative linear score through a self-supervised objective that enforces invariance under approximately geometry-preserving embedding views and separation from structure-breaking views. The score remains interpretable and uses no target-domain samples or labels. Results across CIFAR-based corruption and distribution-shift benchmarks, ImageNet-C, MNLI$\to$HANS transfer, and OGBN-Arxiv suggest that source representations contain measurable global--local--topological evidence of robustness, supporting practical checkpoint selection before deployment under distribution shift.

We introduce Geometric Kolmogorov--Arnold Networks (GeoKANs), a family of geometry-aware KAN-type models in which approximation is carried out in learned, geometry-adapted coordinates rather than in fixed Euclidean input coordinates. GeoKAN achieves this by learning a diagonal Riemannian metric that warps the input before basis expansion and feature mixing. The learned metric provides a geometric inductive bias through local length scaling and volume distortion, and in physics-informed settings it also affects the differential structure seen by the model. Within this framework, we develop three main variants, namely GeoKAN-NNMetric, GeoKAN-$γ$, and LM-KAN. For LM-KAN, we further consider three basis-specific versions, LM-KAN-RBF, LM-KAN-Wav, and LM-KAN-Fourier. These variants allow us to study geometry-aware KAN models both as general function approximators and as surrogates in physics-informed learning. By stretching regions with rapid variation and compressing smoother regions, GeoKAN reallocates representational resolution in a task-dependent manner, allowing the model to place capacity where it is most needed. As a result, GeoKAN is well suited to sharp, stiff, localized, and strongly non-uniform regimes arising in scientific machine learning and differential-equation problems.

Semantic search of Earth observation archives remains challenging. Visual foundation models such as CLAY produce rich embeddings of satellite imagery but lack the natural-language grounding needed for intuitive query, and full contrastive training of a remote-sensing CLIP-style model requires paired data and compute that are unavailable at global scale. To allow natural language querying at global scales, we present GeoQuery, a zero-shot retrieval system that sidesteps data and compute constraints through a two-stage semantic and visual search, leveraging a natural language embedding of a subset (proxy) of global data. Rather than training a joint encoder, we generate language descriptions for a 100k proxy subset of global Sentinel-2 tiles and optimise the description-generation prompt so that distances in the resulting text-embedding space correlate with distances in the frozen CLAY visual-embedding space. Queries are resolved in two stages, with a text-similarity search over the proxy subset followed by a visual nearest-neighbour search over worldwide CLAY embeddings On 76 disaster-location queries covering UK floods, US wildfires, and US droughts, GeoQuery achieves 31.6% accuracy within 50,km, with the strongest performance on floods (50% within 50,km) where terrain features are well captured by RGB embeddings. Deployed within a crisis response system called \ECHO{}, GeoQuery identified vulnerable areas during Brisbane's 2025 Cyclone Alfred, with downstream flood simulations reproducing historical patterns. Prompt-aligned proxies offer a practical bridge between EO foundation models and operational retrieval when full contrastive training is out of reach.

Diffusion-based voxel prior modelling is challenging for the reconstruction of large-scale 3D porous microstructures. Due to the demanding requirements for simultaneously modelling both the continuous pore morphology and the discrete pore-throat topology, the diffusion models require fully observed CT scans to provide topology-faithful priors, which results in an inherent trade-off among throughput, topological fidelity, and field of view in practical industrial applications. We propose GeoTopoDiff, a graph diffusion-based framework for reconstructing 3D porous microstructures from sparse CT slices. GeoTopoDiff transfers the learning of diffusion priors from a voxel-based space to a mixed graph state space, which simultaneously encompasses continuous pore geometry and discrete pore-throat topology. A topology-aware partial graph prior from sparsely observed CT slices is introduced to constrain the reverse denoising process. Experiments on anisotropic PTFE and Fontainebleau sandstone show that GeoTopoDiff reduces morphology-related errors by 19.8% and topology-sensitive transport errors by 36.5% on average. Our findings suggest that the mixed graph state space promotes the diffusion denoising process to reduce posterior uncertainty under a sparse observations. All models and code have been made publicly available to facilitate the exploration of diffusion models in the field of 3D porous microstructures simulation.

Lithology classification aims to infer subsurface rock types from well-logging signals, supporting downstream applications like reservoir characterization. Despite substantial progress, most existing methods still treat lithology classification as a single-pass classification task. In contrast, practical experts incorporate geological principles, external knowledge, and tool-use capabilities to perform accurate classification. In this work, we propose GeoDecider, a coarse-to-fine agentic workflow that enables accurate and explainable lithology classification through training-free use of large language models (LLMs). GeoDecider reformulates lithology classification as an expert-like structured process and organizes it into a multi-stage workflow involving coarse-to-fine reasoning. Specifically, GeoDecider includes the following stages: (1) base classifier-guided coarse classification, which uses a pre-trained classifier to provide a rough reference for downstream tasks, thus reducing the overall cost of downstream reasoning, (2) tool-augmented reasoning, which utilizes several tools such as contextual analysis and neighbor retrieval to achieve finer and more precise classifications, (3) geological refinement, which post-processes the final results to enforce geological consistency. Experiments on four benchmarks show that GeoDecider outperforms representative baselines. Further analysis demonstrates that the proposed framework produces geologically interpretable predictions while achieving a better trade-off between classification performance and inference efficiency.

Brain MRI foundation models learn rich representations of anatomy, but interpreting what clinical information they encode remains an open problem. Standard sparse autoencoders (SAEs) suffer from severe feature collapse in deep transformer layers, and in Alzheimer's disease (AD) research, aging confounds nearly every clinical variable, making naive annotation unreliable. We propose GeoSAE, a geometry-guided SAE framework that uses the foundation model's learned manifold structure to prevent feature collapse and annotates each surviving feature via age-deconfounded partial correlations. Applied to ~14k T1-weighted MRI scans from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) and the Australian Imaging biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) datasets, GeoSAE identifies a compact, fully interpretable feature set that predicts mild cognitive impairment (MCI)-to-AD conversion (AUC 0.746) using only 2% of the embedding dimensions, while comorbidity-annotated features achieve only chance-level performance. The identified features replicate across cohorts without retraining (r=0.97) and localize to neuroanatomically distinct regions consistent with Braak staging. This shows that geometry-guided SAEs can extract interpretable, biomarkers from frozen brain MRI foundation models.

Reliable spatial analysis in GIScience requires preserving coordinate semantics, topology, units, and geographic plausibility. Current LLM-based GIS systems generate fluent scripts but rarely enforce these geographic rules at scale. We present GeoContra, a verification and repair framework for LLM-driven Python GIS workflows. It represents each task as an executable geospatial contract-including natural-language questions, schemas, CRS metadata, expected outputs, spatial predicates, topology, metrics, required operations, and forbidden shortcuts. Generated programs undergo static rule inspection, runtime validation, and semantic verification, with violations fed back into a bounded repair loop. Evaluated on 7,079 real geospatial tasks across 15 Boston-area zones, 9 task families, and 11 open-source models (600 runs each), GeoContra improves spatial correctness on closed models from 47.6% to 77.5% for DeepSeek-V4 and from 57.7% to 81.5% for Kimi-K2.5. Across 11 open models, average correctness rises by 26.6%. GeoContra turns fluent code production into verifiable spatial analysis, catching negative travel times, CRS/field-schema violations, missing predicates, and brittle output casts that otherwise yield executable but geographically invalid results.

Super-resolution (SR) techniques have made major advances in reconstructing high-resolution images from low-resolution inputs. The increased resolution provides visual enhancement and utility for monitoring tasks. In particular, SR has been increasingly developed for satellite-based Earth observation, with applications in urban planning, agriculture, ecology, and disaster response. However, existing SR studies and benchmarks typically use fidelity metrics such as PSNR or SSIM, whereas the true utility of super-resolved images lies in supporting downstream tasks such as land cover classification, biomass estimation, and change detection. To bridge this gap, we introduce GeoSR-Bench, a downstream task-integrated SR benchmark dataset to evaluate SR models beyond fidelity metrics. GeoSR-Bench comprises spatially co-located, temporally aligned, and quality-controlled image pairs from about 36,000 locations across diverse land covers, spanning resolutions from 500m to 0.6m. To the best of our knowledge, GeoSR-Bench is the first SR benchmark that directly connects improved image resolution from SR models with downstream Earth monitoring tasks, including land cover segmentation, infrastructure mapping, and biophysical variable estimation. Using GeoSR-Bench, we benchmark GAN, transformer, neural operator, and diffusion-based SR models on perceptual quality and downstream task performance. We conduct experiments with 270 settings, covering 2 cross-platform SR tasks, 9 SR models, 3 downstream task models, and 5 downstream tasks for each SR task. The results show that improvements in traditional SR metrics often do not correlate with gains in task performance, and the correlations can be negative, indicating that these metrics provide limited guidance for selecting superior models for downstream tasks. This reveals the need to integrate downstream tasks into SR model development and evaluation.

Worldwide image geo-localization aims to infer the geographic location of an image captured anywhere on Earth, spanning street, city, regional, national, and continental scales. Existing methods rely on visual features that are sensitive to environmental variations (e.g., lighting, season, and weather) and lack effective post-processing to filter outlier candidates, limiting localization accuracy. To address these limitations, we propose DualGeo, a two-stage framework for worldwide image geo-localization. First, it establishes a geo-representational foundation by fusing image and semantic segmentation features via bidirectional cross-attention. The fused features are then aligned with GPS coordinates through dual-view contrastive learning to build a global retrieval database. Second, it performs geo-cognitive refinement by re-ranking retrieved candidates using geographic clustering. It then feeds them into large multimodal models (LMMs) for final coordinate prediction. Experiments on IM2GPS, IM2GPS3k, and YFCC4k show that DualGeo outperforms state-of-the-art methods, improving street-level (<1 km) and city-level (<25 km) localization accuracy by 3.6%-16.58% and 1.29%-8.77%, respectively. Our code and datasets are available : https://github.com/CJ310177/DualGeo.

Diffusion models are a leading paradigm for data generation, but training-free editing typically re-runs the full denoising trajectory for every edit strength, making iterative refinement expensive. To address this issue, we instead edit near the data manifold, where small local updates can replace repeated re-synthesis. To enable this, we estimate a local manifold tangent space directly from perturbed samples and prove that this sample-based estimator closely approximates the true tangent. Building on this guarantee, we devise a Jacobian-free algorithm that constructs a tangent frame via small perturbations to the initial noise and alternates small tangent moves with diffusion-based projections. Updates within this frame follow principled on-manifold directions while suppressing off-manifold drift, enabling fine-grained edits without full re-diffusion or additional training. Edit strength is controlled by the number of steps for rapid, continuous adjustments that preserve fidelity and plug into existing samplers. Empirically, the resulting tangent directions yield smooth, semantic unsupervised traversals and effective CLIP-guided optimization, demonstrating practical interactive continuous editing.

Forecasting systems in science must be accurate, physically consistent, and certifiably reliable. Most existing models address prediction, constraint enforcement, and verification separately, limiting scalability and interpretability. We introduce GeoCert, a geometric AI framework that unifies forecasting, physical reasoning, and formal verification within a single differentiable computation. GeoCert formulates forecasting as evolution along a hyperbolic manifold, where negative curvature induces contraction dynamics, intrinsic robustness, and logarithmic-time certification. A hierarchical constraint architecture separates universal physical laws from domain-specific dynamics, enabling certified generalization across energy, climate, finance, and transportation systems. GeoCert achieves state-of-the-art accuracy while reducing computational cost by 97.5% and maintaining better certification rates. By embedding verification into the geometry of learning, GeoCert transforms forecasting from empirical approximation to formally verified inference, offering a scalable foundation for trustworthy, reproducible, and physically grounded scientific AI.

This paper proposes ReaGeo, an end-to-end geocoding framework based on large language models, designed to overcome the limitations of traditional multi-stage approaches that rely on text or vector similarity retrieval over geographic databases, including workflow complexity, error propagation, and heavy dependence on structured geographic knowledge bases. The method converts geographic coordinates into geohash sequences, reformulating the coordinate prediction task as a text generation problem, and introduces a Chain-of-Thought mechanism to enhance the model's reasoning over spatial relationships. Furthermore, reinforcement learning with a distance-deviation-based reward is applied to optimize the generation accuracy. Comprehensive experiments show that ReaGeo can accurately handle explicit address queries in single-point predictions and effectively resolve vague relative location queries. In addition, the model demonstrates strong predictive capability for non-point geometric regions, highlighting its versatility and generalization ability in geocoding tasks.

Reconstructing dynamic 3D scenes from sparse multi-view videos is highly ill-posed, often leading to geometric collapse, trajectory drift, and floating artifacts. Recent attempts introduce generative priors to hallucinate missing content, yet naive integration frequently causes structural drift and temporal inconsistency due to the mismatch between stochastic 2D generation and deterministic 3D geometry. In this paper, we propose GeoRect4D, a novel unified framework for sparse-view dynamic reconstruction that couples explicit 3D consistency with generative refinement via a closed-loop optimization process. Specifically, GeoRect4D introduces a degradation-aware feedback mechanism that incorporates a robust anchor-based dynamic 3DGS substrate with a single-step diffusion rectifier to hallucinate high-fidelity details. This rectifier utilizes a structural locking mechanism and spatiotemporal coordinated attention, effectively preserving physical plausibility while restoring missing content. Furthermore, we present a progressive optimization strategy that employs stochastic geometric purification to eliminate floaters and generative distillation to infuse texture details into the explicit representation. Extensive experiments demonstrate that GeoRect4D achieves state-of-the-art performance in reconstruction fidelity, perceptual quality, and spatiotemporal consistency across multiple datasets.

Relighting a person from a single photo is an attractive but ill-posed task, as a 2D image ambiguously entangles 3D geometry, intrinsic appearance, and illumination. Current methods either use sequential pipelines that suffer from error accumulation, or they do not explicitly leverage 3D geometry during relighting, which limits physical consistency. Since relighting and estimation of 3D geometry are mutually beneficial tasks, we propose a unified Multi-Modal Diffusion Transformer (DiT) that jointly solves for both: GeoRelight. We make this possible through two key technical contributions: isotropic NDC-Orthographic Depth (iNOD), a distortion-free 3D representation compatible with latent diffusion models; and a strategic mixed-data training method that combines synthetic and auto-labeled real data. By solving geometry and relighting jointly, GeoRelight achieves better performance than both sequential models and previous systems that ignored geometry.

Generative answer engines expose content through selective citation rather than ranked retrieval, fundamentally altering how visibility is determined. This shift calls for new optimization methods beyond traditional search engine optimization. Existing generative engine optimization (GEO) approaches primarily rely on token-level text rewriting, offering limited interpretability and weak control over the trade-off between citation visibility and content quality. We propose FeatGEO, a feature-level, multi-objective optimization framework that abstracts webpages into interpretable structural, content, and linguistic properties. Instead of directly editing text, FeatGEO optimizes over this feature space and uses a language model to realize feature configurations into natural language, decoupling high-level optimization from surface-level generation. Experiments on GEO-Bench across three generative engines demonstrate that FeatGEO consistently improves citation visibility while maintaining or improving content quality, substantially outperforming token-level baselines. Further analyses show that citation behavior is more strongly influenced by document-level content properties than by isolated lexical edits, and that the learned feature configurations generalize across language models of different scales.

Recent image-to-audio models have shown impressive performance on object-centric visual scenes. However, their application to satellite imagery remains limited by the complex, wide-area semantic ambiguity of top-down views. While satellite imagery provides a uniquely scalable source for global soundscape generation, matching these views to real acoustic environments with unique spatial structures is inherently difficult. To address this challenge, we introduce Geo2Sound, a novel task and framework for generating geographically realistic soundscapes from satellite imagery. Specifically, Geo2Sound combines structural geospatial attributes modeling, semantic hypothesis expansion, and geo-acoustic alignment in a unified framework. A lightweight classifier summarizes overhead scenes into compact geographic attributes, multiple sound-oriented semantic hypotheses are used to generate diverse acoustically plausible candidates, and a geo-acoustic alignment module projects geographic attributes into the acoustic embedding space and identifies the candidate most consistent with the candidate sets. Moreover, we establish SatSound-Bench, the first benchmark comprising over 20k high-quality paired satellite images, text descriptions, and real-world audio recordings, collected from the field across more than 10 countries and complemented by three public datasets. Experiments show that Geo2Sound achieves a SOTA FAD of 1.765, outperforming the strongest baseline by 50.0%. Human evaluations further confirm substantial gains in both realism (26.5%) and semantic alignment, validating our high-fidelity synthesis on scale. Project page and source code: https://github.com/Blanketzzz/Geo2Sound

Novel view synthesis requires strong 3D geometric consistency and the ability to generate visually coherent images across diverse viewpoints. While recent camera-controlled video diffusion models show promising results, they often suffer from geometric distortions and limited camera controllability. To overcome these challenges, we introduce GeoNVS, a geometry-grounded novel-view synthesizer that enhances both geometric fidelity and camera controllability through explicit 3D geometric guidance. Our key innovation is the Gaussian Splat Feature Adapter (GS-Adapter), which lifts input-view diffusion features into 3D Gaussian representations, renders geometry-constrained novel-view features, and adaptively fuses them with diffusion features to correct geometrically inconsistent representations. Unlike prior methods that inject geometry at the input level, GS-Adapter operates in feature space, avoiding view-dependent color noise that degrades structural consistency. Its plug-and-play design enables zero-shot compatibility with diverse feed-forward geometry models without additional training, and can be adapted to other video diffusion backbones. Experiments across 9 scenes and 18 settings demonstrate state-of-the-art performance, achieving 11.3% and 14.9% improvements over SEVA and CameraCtrl, with up to 2x reduction in translation error and 7x in Chamfer Distance.

Intrinsic image decomposition aims to estimate physically based rendering (PBR) parameters such as albedo, roughness, and metallicity from images. While recent methods achieve strong single-view predictions, applying them independently to multiple views of the same scene often yields inconsistent estimates, limiting their use in downstream applications such as editable neural scenes and 3D reconstruction. Video-based models can improve cross-frame consistency but require dense, ordered sequences and substantial compute, limiting their applicability to sparse, unordered image collections. We propose Geo-ID, a novel test-time framework that repurposes pretrained single-view intrinsic predictors to produce cross-view consistent decompositions by coupling independent per-view predictions through sparse geometric correspondences that form uncertainty-aware consensus targets. Geo-ID is model-agnostic, requires no retraining or inverse rendering, and applies directly to off-the-shelf intrinsic predictors. Experiments on synthetic benchmarks and real-world scenes demonstrate substantial improvements in cross-view intrinsic consistency as the number of views increases, while maintaining comparable single-view decomposition performance. We further show that the resulting consistent intrinsics enable coherent appearance editing and relighting in downstream neural scene representations.

Collaborative perception (CP) improves scene understanding through multi-agent information sharing, yet LiDAR-centric systems remain costly and vulnerable in adverse weather. Camera--4D radar offers a practical alternative, but their synergy is still underexplored in CP. We introduce RC-GeoCP, which promotes low-cost, weather-resilient, and geometrically stable radar from an ego-level auxiliary cue to a cross-agent collaboration anchor. To resolve misalignment caused by depth ambiguity and spatial dispersion across agents, RC-GeoCP establishes an ego-normalized geometric consensus: the same radar-derived reliability prior is reused to ground local BEV features, select complementary messages, and weight received evidence. Specifically, Geometric Structure Rectification (GSR) aligns visual semantics with geometry derived from radar to generate spatially grounded, geometry-consistent representations. Uncertainty-Aware Communication (UAC) then serves as an information filter that inherits rectified features from GSR, leveraging inter agent disagreement to steer selective communication toward the most informative regions. Finally, the Consensus-Driven Assembler (CDA) aggregates multi-agent information via ego-normalized geometric anchors to form a spatially coherent representation. We establish a unified radar-camera CP evaluation protocol on V2X-Radar and V2X-R, demonstrating a strong accuracy--communication trade-off. Code will be released soon.

Previous works that leverage video models for image-to-3D scene generation often suffer from geometric distortions and blurry content. Using video generation models to implicitly maintain geometric consistency according to a single-frame input is ineffective. In this paper, we present a two-stage method, named $\textbf{GeoWorld}$, that renovates the image-to-3D scene generation pipeline by providing full-frame geometry features. The first-stage video generation model, followed by a multi-view geometry model, produces $\textbf{full-frame}$ geometry features, which are then used as a mental draft of geometric conditions to aid the second-stage video-generation model. A geometric loss is proposed to impose real-world geometric constraints, and a geometry adaptation module is introduced to ensure the effective utilization of geometry features. Thanks to full-frame geometric modeling, the two smaller video models in our two-stage method can generate higher-fidelity 3D scenes than SOTA methods, while being even faster, e.g. 7.5$\times$ faster than Hunyuan-Voyager. Project page: https://peaes.github.io/GeoWorld.

The data for remote sensing is constantly acquired, and new data comes from a growing number and diversity of satellites, while the vast majority of labeled data comes from older satellites. As remote-sensing foundation models for Earth observation scale up, the cost of (re-)training to support new satellites grows too, so cross-band generalization across sensors and satellites is increasingly important. We introduce GeoCrossBench, an extension of the popular GeoBench benchmark with a new evaluation protocol for cross-band generalization across sensors and satellites: it tests standard in-distribution performance with the same bands for train and test, generalization to inputs with no intersection between train and test; and generalization to test inputs containing a superset of the training bands. We develop $χ$ViT, a self-supervised extension of the band-agnostic ChannelViT, as a supporting baseline for cross-band generalization. We evaluate a representative set of remote-sensing-specific and general-purpose vision models, characterize current performance, and identify directions for improvement through 11,900 H100 GPU-hours of experiments. When averaging dataset-specific metric scores, DOFA leads the in-distribution setting (61.30), frozen Panopticon leads the no-overlap setting (22.75), and ImageNet-pretrained ViT-B leads both the superset setting (56.19) and the overall average across settings (45.27). While top rankings in each setting are close, we clearly see that all models suffer significant performance losses when evaluated on unseen bands. We will publicly release the code and datasets to support the development of more future-proof remote sensing models with stronger cross-band generalization.

Standard large language model prompting treats geospatial inference as independent, instance-wise prediction, ignoring the fundamental spatial dependencies that govern geographic reality. Consequently, even advanced models struggle with spatial consistency and exhibit severe biases toward populous regions. To bridge this gap, we propose GeoGR^2 (Geospatial Graph Refine Reasoning), a framework that formalizes zero-shot geospatial prediction as an iterative message-passing process on a dynamically constructed graph. Unlike static retrieval methods, GeoGR^2 instantiates three dynamic operators via collaborating operators: (1) a Topology Operator that constructs graph topology to enforce the Spatial Markov property; (2) a Feature Operator that enriches nodes with task-relevant semantic covariates; and (3) an Update Operator that performs natural language message passing to iteratively minimize spatial discrepancy. Theoretically, we frame this refinement as a contraction mapping that approximates the fixed point of a global consistency equation. Empirically, we validate GeoGR^2 on diverse physical and socioeconomic tasks. Results demonstrate that by explicitly embedding geostatistical inductive biases, GeoGR^2 significantly outperforms standard prompting baselines, while effectively mitigating systematic geographic bias. Our framework leverages large language models' intrinsic capacity for understanding spatial correlations through explicit topological scaffolding, without resorting to general graph reasoning paradigms. The code of GeoGR^2 is available at https://github.com/JinfanTang/GeoGRR.

Worldwide image geolocalization-the task of predicting GPS coordinates from images taken anywhere on Earth-poses a fundamental challenge due to the vast diversity in visual content across regions. While recent approaches adopt a two-stage pipeline of retrieving candidates and selecting the best match, they typically rely on simplistic similarity heuristics and point-wise supervision, failing to model spatial relationships among candidates. In this paper, we propose GeoRanker, a distance-aware ranking framework that leverages large vision-language models to jointly encode query-candidate interactions and predict geographic proximity. In addition, we introduce a multi-order distance loss that ranks both absolute and relative distances, enabling the model to reason over structured spatial relationships. To support this, we curate GeoRanking, the first dataset explicitly designed for geographic ranking tasks with multimodal candidate information. GeoRanker achieves state-of-the-art results on two well-established benchmarks (IM2GPS3K and YFCC4K), significantly outperforming current best methods.