Fundamental Limits

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9 papers in the last four weeks, up 29% on the four weeks before. 0.1% of all new papers.

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  1. Watch, Infer, Coordinate: Inferring Robot Partner Constraints for Zero-Shot Coordination

    Oct 1, 2026Suyu Ye, Zheyuan Zhang, Vaishnav Tadiparthi +5Human-Robot CollaborationFundamental Limits

    Honda Research Institute USA · Johns Hopkins University

  2. Target-Dependent Limits of Causal Repair: A Leading-Log Frontier in a Gaussian Model

    Sep 30, 2026Qinchuan Cheng, Jiaqi Liu, Ruixuan XieCausal InferencesRepair

    Xi’an Jiaotong University · Sichuan University · Southwestern University of Finance and Economics

  3. Structural Limits of the Information-Theoretic Uncertainty Decomposition

    Sep 30, 2026Jakob Lønborg Christensen, Christian F. Baumgartner, Morten Rieger Hannemose +2Dynamic Epistemic LogicUncertainty

    DTU Compute Technical University of Denmark · Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine University of Lucerne

  4. The Planning Limits of Latent World Models

    Sep 30, 2026Ali Alrasheed, Basim Azam, Naveed AkhtarLatent World ModelsWorld Models

    The University of Melbourne, Australia

  5. Faster and Better? Benchmark Bugs and Design Limitations Distort the Evaluation of Vision-Language-Action Acceleration

    Sep 29, 2026Qiwei Chen, Kaijun Zhou, Nuohui Shi +3AccelerationFundamental Limits

    Shanghai Jiao Tong University

  6. Why Cross-Skeleton Retargeting Is Non-Identifiable: Structural Limits of Generative Motion Models

    Sep 29, 2026Zhiyuan Li, Wenyan Yang, Pekka Marttinen +1Cross-Embodiment RetargetingSkeleton

    Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, Finland · Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Finland

  7. MCP Error Messages Written for Developers Hurt the Most Capable Agents Most

    Sep 28, 2026Xiaonan Xu, Wenjing WuModel Context ProtocolFundamental Limits

    College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA · Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA

  8. Concurrent Split Learning Through Stable Client Clustering

    Sep 24, 2026Mohammad Kohankhaki, Valentin Rentschler, Anke SchmeinkClientsFundamental Limits

    Chair of Information Theory and Data Analytics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany

  9. Sharp Limits for Honest Uncertainty in Hard-Budget Repeated Evaluation

    Sep 24, 2026Yezhou Cheng, Runjia Du, Zeming Liu +5Confidence IntervalsControlled Study

    Independent · Northwestern University · Pinterest, Inc.

  10. What Looks Like a Capability Limit in Vision-Language Models Is a Readout Limit

    Sep 23, 2026Alfredo F. Frontera Del ValleReadoutPixels

    Columbia University

  11. High-resolution Nitrogen Dioxide Maps Reveal Exposure Limit Breaches across Europe

    Sep 21, 2026Linus Scheibenreif, Konrad SchindlerAir PollutionGreenhouse Gas

    Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland.

  12. Resolution limits for process comparison from event data

    Sep 17, 2026Antony R. Lee, Peter Tiňo, Iain B. StylesFundamental LimitsComparison

    School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom · School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, United Kingdom

  13. An emancipatory vision for designing (generative) AI for learner flourishing

    Sep 7, 2026Luis P. Prieto, Yannis DimitriadisArtificial Intelligence EducationHuman-Centered Framework

    GSIC-EMIC Research Group, Universidad de Valladolid, Paseo de Belén, 15, 47011 Valladolid, Spain

  14. A Fundamental Limit in Decentralized Decision-Making

    Sep 7, 2026Marco Carpentiero, Felice Scala, Vincenzo Matta +1Decentralized Autonomous OrganizationNetwork Science

    Department of Information and Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics (DIEM), University of Salerno, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy · Institute of Electrical and Micro Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland

  15. CALM: Configuration-Aware Human Intervention Boundaries During Robot Approach

    Sep 7, 2026Xinting Gao, Sipu Zhu, Weimin ZhuangEmergency Braking Intensity PredictionHuman Agency

    School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, China · Architectural Design & Research Institute of Tsinghua University, China

  16. A Non-Formulable Theorem: A Fundamental Limit of Finite Syntactic Systems and Its Consequences for Security and AI

    Sep 3, 2026Fabio F. G. BuonoFormal VerificationSecurity

    Independent Researcher

  17. A Formal Limitation on Learning Human Language From Textual Corpora

    Aug 28, 2026Emily Cheng, Ryan CotterellLinguisticsNatural Language Processing

    Universitat Pompeu Fabra · ETH Zürich

  18. Tree-of-Concerns: Hierarchical Multi-Agent Debate for Unstated-Limitation Extraction in Scientific Critique

    Aug 21, 2026Sahil Mishra, Niranjan Rajeev, Tanmoy ChakrabortyScientific DiscoveryMulti-Agent Debate

    Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi

  19. On the Structural Limits of Machine Learning Decision Systems: An Information-Theoretic, Interaction-Based, and Stochastic-Dynamical Perspective

    Aug 13, 2026Nestor R. Barraza, Gabriel PenaFundamental LimitsProbabilistic Inference

    Universidad Nacional de Tres de Febrero. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología. · Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería.

  20. Numeracy in Large Language Models: Fundamental Limitations and Paths to Improvement

    Aug 13, 2026Aoxin NiMathematical Reasoning BenchmarksFundamental Limits

    Department of Computer Science University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

  21. Universal Function Approximation via Diffractive Optical Processors: Physical Limits, Error Bounds, and Learnability

    Aug 5, 2026Md Sadman Sakib Rahman, Che-Yung Shen, Aydogan OzcanOpticalFourier

    Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA · Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA · California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA

  22. STRIVE: Probing Reasoning Limits in Graded Plausibility Generation and Evaluation

    Aug 5, 2026Bhiman Kumar Baghel, Anna Chrabaszcz, Tessa Warren +3Physical PlausibilityReasoning Skills

    University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA · University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA

  23. The Label Defines the Timescale: Trait-State Limits of Temporal-Aggregate Learning

    Aug 3, 2026Xizhe ZhangTimescaleTraining Time

  24. More Debate, Same Evidence: Structural Limits of Homogeneous Multi-Agent Groundedness

    Jul 31, 2026Yuelyu JiMulti-Agent DebateCitation Hallucination Detection

  25. PARALLEL: A Prefrontal-Aligned Reinforcement inspired Approach for Language-Model Learning under Explicit Limits

    Jul 31, 2026Namkyung Yoon, Sanghong Kim, Hwangnam KimLarge Language Model AdaptationLanguage Modeling

    School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea

  26. Guarantees by Construction for Learned Finite Volume Schemes on Steady Supersonic Flow

    Jul 22, 2026Denis GueyffierVortexTurbulent Flows

    ONERA -- Institut Polytechnique de Paris · Direction Scientifique G´en´erale, ONERA · Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France

  27. Fundamental limits of distributed multiclass classification from simple binary decisions

    Jul 21, 2026Ioannis Papageorgiou, Srinivas Nomula, Ayalvadi Ganesh +2Multiclass ClassificationGaussian Mixture Models

    School of Mathematics, University of Bristol · Department of Electrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Science.

  28. Rate-Distortion-Perception Theory: Redefining the Fundamental Limits of Information Representation

    Jul 19, 2026Photios A. Stavrou, Giuseppe Serra, Marios KountourisRate-Distortion TheorySource-Channel Coding

  29. The Information Shadow: Measuring Structural Limits on What Language Models Can Learn

    Jul 17, 2026Priyansh Srivastava, Romit ChatterjeeFundamental LimitsLanguage Modeling

    Sirena Ai · Independent Researcher

  30. The Cost and Network Limits of Space-Based AI Compute

    Jul 15, 2026Kees van BerkelArtificial Intelligence InfrastructureLow Earth Orbit Satellite Networks

    Technical University Eindhoven, Dept. of Math. & Computer Science P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands

  31. Fundamental Limitations of Fixed-Budget Best-Arm Identification

    Jul 13, 2026Motti GoldbergerStochastic Multi-Armed BanditsToken Budget Allocation

    Yale University

  32. Learning to Fine-tune Foundation Models under Resource Limitations

    Jul 12, 2026Thomas Tsouparopoulos, Iordanis KoutsopoulosContinual Fine-TuningWireless Foundation Models

    Department of Informatics Athens University of Economics and Business Athens, Greece

  33. Write-Protected Discrete Bottlenecks for Language-Grounded World Models: A Structural Limitation and Sufficient Fix

    Jul 9, 2026Jiayi FangLatent World ModelsLarge Language Model Fine-Tuning

    Shanghai University of Finance and Economics

  34. The Fundamental Limits of Valid Transport Map Estimation

    Jun 29, 2026Sivaraman BalakrishnanGenerative ModelsDiffusion Models

    Department of Statistics and Data Science† · Machine Learning Department‡

  35. Differentiable design of the PIAA-ZWFS: a flexible wavefront sensor that approaches the fundamental limit

    Jun 26, 2026A. K. Taras, S. Y. Haffert, L. DesdoigtsOpticalDifferentiable Physics

    Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands

  36. No-Free-Fairness: Fundamental Limits and Trade-offs in Learning Systems

    Jun 16, 2026Khoat ThanAlgorithmic FairnessLearnability

    Hanoi University of Science and Technology

  37. LLMs on Tabular Data with Limited Semantics: Evidence from Industrial Car Retrofit Prediction

    Jun 13, 2026Aina Vila Pons, Ioannis Tzachristas, Constantinos AntoniouTabular DataPredictive Maintenance

    Chair of Transportation Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Germany · BMW Group, Munich, Germany

  38. Can Machine Learning Forecast Rice Yields in Data-Constrained Settings? Satellite Climate Data, National Crop Statistics, and Lessons from Sierra Leone

    Jun 11, 2026Ibrahim Denis FofanahAgricultural PredictionSri Lanka

    Seidenberg School of Computer Science & Information Systems, Pace University, New York, USA · RiseAfrica Foundation for STEM and Innovation, Sierra Leone, West Africa

  39. Generating in the Limit with Infinitely Many Hallucinations

    Jun 8, 2026Irene Strauss, Alexandra Butoi, Ryan CotterellLarge Language Models FailFundamental Limits

    ETH Zürich

  40. Limit Analysis of Graph Neural Networks with Wireless Conflict Graphs

    Jun 2, 2026Romina Garcia Camargo, Zhiyang Wang, Alejandro RibeiroInhomogeneous Random GraphsGraph Neural Networks

    Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA · Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, UCSD, La Jolla, CA

  41. Revisiting Parameter-Based Knowledge Editing in Large Language Models: Theoretical Limits and Empirical Evidence

    May 30, 2026Wanying Ren, Xin Song, Futing Wang +2Multimodal Knowledge EditingFundamental Limits

    East China Normal University, Shanghai, China · Westlake University, Hangzhou, China · Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

  42. The Routing Plateau: Understanding the Accuracy Limits of LLM Routers

    May 27, 2026Yifan Lu, Qiyue Zhang, Shenrun Zhang +4Large Language Model RoutingBottlenecks

    Rice University · Amazon

  43. The Fundamental Limits of Fraud Detection in Card Payment Networks

    May 26, 2026Gaurav DhamaFraud DetectionPayment Networks

    Mastercard

  44. PRIMA: Operational Patterns for Resilient Multi-Agent Research with Verifiable Identity and Convergent Feedback

    May 23, 2026Sasank AnnapureddyResilienceFundamental Limits

  45. Fundamental Limitation in Explaining AI

    May 23, 2026Atsushi Suzuki, Jing WangExplainable Artificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence Governance

    Department of Mathematics Faculty of Science The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR · School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences Faculty of Engineering and Science University of Greenwich United Kingdom

  46. The Accessibility Capability Boundary: Operational Limits and Expansion Potential of AI-Generated Browser-Native Accessibility Systems

    May 19, 2026Rizwan Jahangir, Daisuke IshiiAccessibilityAssistive Agents

    NUST Business School, NUST, Islamabad, Pakistan · Kiara Inc., Tokyo, Japan

  47. Mix, Don't Tune: Bilingual Pre-Training Outperforms Hyperparameter Search in Data-Constrained Settings

    May 13, 2026Paul Jeha, Anastasiia Sedova, Louis Béthune +4Multilingual Language ModelsHyperparameter

    1Apple · 2DTU

  48. On Hallucinations in Inverse Problems: Fundamental Limits and Provable Assessment Methods

    May 13, 2026David Iagaru, Nina M. Gottschling, Anders C. Hansen +1Hallucination RateInverse Problem

    CMAP, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France. · German Aerospace Center (DLR), Remote Sensing Technology Institute, Wessling, Germany. · Computing and Computational Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. +2

  49. NOVA: Fundamental Limits of Knowledge Discovery Through AI

    May 12, 2026Salman Avestimehr, Ken Duffy, Muriel MédardFundamental LimitsRecursive Self-Improvement

    University of Southern California · Northeastern University · Massachusetts Institute of Technology

  50. Theoretical Limits of Language Model Alignment

    May 8, 2026Lucas Monteiro Paes, Natalie Mackraz, Barry-John Theobald +1Large Language Model AlignmentFundamental Limits

    Apple

  51. Lateral String Stability for Vehicle Platoons: Formulation, Definition, and Analysis

    May 3, 2026Sixu Li, Swaroop Darbha, Yang ZhouVehicle DynamicsLateral String Stability

    Zachry Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA · J. Mike Walker ’66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA

  52. Practical Limits of Autonomous Test Repair: A Multi-Agent Case Study with LLM-Driven Discovery and Self-Correction

    May 2, 2026Hyukjoo LeeTest GenerationAutomated Program Repair

    Independent Researcher Republic of Korea

  53. The Likelihood Ratio Wall: Structural Limits on Accurate Risk Assessment for Rare Violence

    Apr 30, 2026Marco PollanenViolence DetectionRare Events

    Trent University, Canada · Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada

  54. Evaluating TabPFN for Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer's Disease Conversion in Data Limited Settings

    Apr 29, 2026Brad Ye, Bulent Soykan, Gulsah Hancerliogullari Koksalmis +2Mild Cognitive ImpairmentAlzheimer

    Department of Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA · NIMBUS Lab, University of Central Florida · Department of Mechanical, Industrial & Manufacturing Eng., The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA +3

  55. A Limit Theory of Foundation Models: A Mathematical Approach to Understanding Emergent Intelligence and Scaling Laws

    Apr 27, 2026Jun Shu, Junxiong Jia, Deyu Meng +1General IntelligenceEmergence

    School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi’an Jiaotong University.

  56. Exploiting Correlations in Federated Learning: Opportunities and Practical Limitations

    Apr 16, 2026Adrian Edin, Michel Kieffer, Mikael Johansson +1Federated LearningGenerative Image Compression

    Department of Electrical Engineering (ISY), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden · CentraleSupélec, CNRS, L2S, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, FR-91192, France · Division of Decision and Control Systems, School of EECS, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden

  57. On the Expressive Power and Limitations of Multi-Layer SSMs

    Apr 16, 2026Nikola Zubić, Qian Li, Yuyi Wang +1State Space ModelsExpressivity

    Robotics and Perception Group University of Zurich · Shenzhen International Center For Industrial And Applied Mathematics Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data · Tengen Intelligence Institute2026 CRRC Zhuzhou Institute

  58. Fundamental Limits for Sensor-Based Control via the Gibbs Variational Principle

    Mar 19, 2026Vincent Pacelli, Evangelos A. TheodorouRobust ControlVariational

    Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA, 30308

  59. Constant-Stepsize Stochastic Approximation: Finite-Time Convergence, Gaussian Approximation, and Tail Bounds

    Feb 15, 2026Zedong Wang, Yuyang Wang, Ijay Narang +3Stochastic ApproximationFinite Time Analysis

    H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA · Department of Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA · School of Computer Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA +2

  60. LLMs and their Limited Theory of Mind: Evaluating Mental State Annotations in Situated Dialogue

    Sep 2, 2025Katharine Kowalyshyn, Matthias ScheutzLarge Language Model AnnotationsDialogue

    Department of Computer Science Tufts University