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Quantifying the Agreement Between Data-Influence and Data-Similarity to Understand LLM Behavior
Jun 22, 2026Christopher J. Anders, Henrique Da Silva Gameiro, Nico Daheim +1Semantic Similarity Metrics Influence
One Ruler: A Same-Hands Re-Evaluation of Bivariate Causal Direction on Tuebingen, with a Parameter-Free Compression Baseline
Jun 22, 2026Wietse StienstraComparison Structural Causal Model
The Score Granularity Gap in Black-Box LLM Classification: A Comparative Study of Confidence Constructions
Jun 20, 2026Ao Sun, Tian Sun, Jiaxing GengLarge Language Model Uncertainty Inference Cost
Machine Learning Classification of Cryopathy Syndromes: A Comprehensive Comparative Study
Jun 18, 2026Nataliya Shakhovska, Valentyna Chopyak, Ivan Izonin +1Cross Validation Clinical Decision Support
Train, Retrieve, or Both? A Four-Arm Head-to-Head for Correct Statutory Citation on the Ontario Residential Tenancies Act
Jun 18, 2026Ali Asaria, Tony Salomone, Deep GandhiCitations Housing Attributes
Self-Preference Is Weak or Absent in Verifiable Instruction-Following Revision: A Four-Model Test Under Genuine Authorship
Jun 18, 2026William Guey, Pierrick BougaultIterative Self-Correction Authorship
Comparative Study of Neural Surrogate Architectures for Autoregressive Prediction of Internal Battery States
Jun 18, 2026Gihyun Lee, Thorben Menne, Simon Olma +2Lithium-Ion Batteries Autoregressive Model
Leveraging Energy Features for Surface Classification with Deep Learning: A Comparative Analysis Across Three Independent Datasets
Jun 17, 2026Alexander Belyaev, Oleg KushnarevDeep Learning Energy Resources
Multi-Class Brain Tumor Classification Using Advanced Deep Learning Models: A Comparative Study
Jun 17, 2026Asad Channa, Asghar Ali Chandio, Akhtar Hussain Jalbani +2Brain Tumor Classification Deep Learning
Darshana Graph: A Parallel Commentary Corpus for Comparative Indian Philosophy, with Stylometric and Exploratory Graph Analyses
Jun 16, 2026Joy BoseBodhi Stylometric
TNODEV: Toolbox for Neural ODE Verification
Jun 15, 2026Abdelrahman Sayed Sayed, Pierre-Jean Meyer, Mohamed GhazelNeural Network Verification Neural Ordinary Differential Equations
Comparison Patrols on Drifting Orders: Certified Rank Maintenance, Evolving Planar Maxima, and Selection under Drifting Fitness
Jun 12, 2026Faruk Alpay, Levent SariogluRanking Order
A Comparative Study of Deep Learning Architectures for Multi-Horizon Behavioural Forecasting for Mobile Health
Jun 12, 2026Pavlos Nicolaou, Kleanthis Malialis, Artemis Kontou +1Wearable Devices Deep Learning
Reason Twice: Segmentation via Candidate Discovery and Comparative Reasoning
Jun 8, 2026Xinyan Gao, Haoran Hao, Xiangyu YueMulti-Modal Large Language Models Comparison
Culturally-Adapted Red-Teaming Across East and Southeast Asian Contexts: A Methodological and Comparative Analysis
Jun 8, 2026Hyeji Choi, Yongtaek Lim, Minwoo KimMultilingual Safety Cultural Knowledge
Scaffold Effects on GAIA: A Controlled Comparison
Jun 7, 2026Jason StaraceElicitation Comparison
Large-scale empirical tuning and comparison of default optimizers for variational inference
Jun 5, 2026Trevor Campbell, Jonathan H. Huggins, Kyurae Kim +1Variational Inference Bayesian Optimization
Geometry of Semantic Space: Comparative Study of Discrete and Continuous Models
Jun 5, 2026Gabriel Bounias, Sabine PlouxCo-Occurrence Comparison
A Vision-language Framework for Comparative Reasoning in Radiology
Jun 4, 2026Tengfei Zhang, Ziheng Zhao, Xiaoman Zhang +5Radiology Report Generation Comparison
FOXGLOVE: Understanding Goal-Oriented and Anchored Writing Feedback from Experts and LLMs on Argumentative Essays
Jun 4, 2026Yijun Liu, Yifan Song, John Gallagher +2Feedback Learning Abstract Argumentation
Intercomparison of Machine Learning Algorithms for Remote Sensing-based In-season Crop Mapping
Jun 4, 2026August Posch, Jitendra Kumar, Forrest M. Hoffman +1Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Remote Sensing
Ten Headache Specialists versus Artificial Intelligence for Clinical Literature Summarization: A Critical Evaluation and Comparison
Jun 3, 2026Alejandro Lozano, Keiko Ihara, Ping-Hao Yang +13Summarization Critique
Dual Advantage Fields
Jun 2, 2026Alexey Zemtsov, Maxim Bobrin, Alexander Nikulin +5Goal-Conditioned Reinforcement Learning Goal-Conditioned Policy
Multimodal Approaches for Visually-Rich Document Type Classification: A Comparative Analysis
Jun 1, 2026Catyana Heyne, Jürgen Frikel, Filippo RiccioVisual Document Retrieval Multimodal Deep Learning
Emergent Ordinal Geometry in Transformers Trained on Local Comparisons
May 31, 2026Nishit SinghTransformer Architectures Distance
Differing Roles of Leisure and Productivity in GDP - A Machine Learning based comparative analysis of Germany and USA
May 31, 2026Achintya Ranjan, Uma RanjanEconomies German
Sound effects in media:A comparative analysis of recorded and synthetic samples in live-action and animation
May 29, 2026Nelly Garcia, Joshua ReissSonification Synthetic Samples
Knowledge Graph-Enhanced Zero-Shot Topic Classification: A Multi-Strategy Comparative Study
May 28, 2026Shahana Akter, Yatharth Vohra, Ankita Shukla +1Multi-Label Classification Object Classification
Selective QA over Conflicting Multi-Source Personal Memory: A Diagnostic Testbed and Method Comparison
May 28, 2026Tiancheng Yang, Matthias Schonlau, Ilia SucholutskyMulti-Hop Question Answering Benchmarks Large Language Model Baselines
First head-to-head comparison of agentic AI applied to the analysis of simulated data of the Einstein Telescope
May 27, 2026Gianluca IngugliaArtificial Intelligence Scientists Agentic Workflows
How Should We Teach Robots? A Comparison of Kinesthetic, Joystick, and Gesture-Based Teaching
May 27, 2026Petr Vanc, Jan Kristof Behrens, Václav Hlaváč +1Teleoperation Human-To-Robot Transfer
Explainable Comparison of Feature-Based and Deep Learning Models for TROPOMI Methane Plume Screening
May 26, 2026Solomiia Kurchaba, Joannes D. Maasakkers, Berend J. Schuit +1Flames Comparison
Comparative Study of Vision-Based Metric Measurement for Large-Scale Planar Scenes
May 26, 2026ZhiXin SunLight Detection And Ranging Long-Range Temporal Dependencies
A comparative study of accuracy and rollout stability of temporal surrogate models
May 24, 2026Rajarshi BiswasLong-Horizon Forecasting Surrogate Models
Side-by-side Comparison Amplifies Dialect Bias in Language Models
May 23, 2026Kritee Kondapally, Claire J. Smerdon, Pooja C. Patel +5Large Language Model Bias Dialects
Security of LLM-generated Code: A Comparative Analysis
May 21, 2026Srivathsan G Morkonda, Mahmoud Selim, Hala AssalCode Generation Large Language Model Safety
A Comparative Study of Language Models for Khmer Retrieval-Augmented Question Answering
May 21, 2026Sereiwathna Ros, Phannet Pov, Ratanaktepi Chhor +3Comparison
The Shape of Testimony: A Scalable Framework for Oral History Archive Comparison
May 20, 2026Itamar Trainin, Renana Keydar, Amit PinchevskiComparison History
Comparative Analysis of Military Detection Using Drone Imagery Across Multiple Visual Spectrums
May 20, 2026Sourov Roy Shuvo, Prajwal Panth, Rajesh Chowdhury +3Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Detection Real-World Mixed Spectra
A Comprehensive Comparison of Deep Learning Architectures for COVID-19 Classification on CT & X-ray Imagery
May 19, 2026Sarmad Khan, Arslan Shaukat, Umer Asgher +1Computed Tomography Dataset Covid-19
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May 19, 2026Rajan Bastakoti, Sagar Bhetwal, Nirajan Acharya +1Financial Sentiment Analysis Graph-Based Retrieval Augmented Generation
Less Back-and-Forth: A Comparative Study of Structured Prompting
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Vector RAG vs LLM-Compiled Wiki: A Preregistered Comparison on a Small Multi-Domain Research
May 18, 2026Theodore O. CochranHievi-Rag Citations
Control of Fully Actuated Aerial Vehicles: A Comparison of Model-based and Sensor-based Dynamic Inversion
May 12, 2026Ali Sidar Yilmaz, Buday Turan, Lukas Pries +1Quadrotor Control Inverse Dynamics
A Comparative Study of Model Selection Criteria for Symbolic Regression
May 11, 2026Ali Soltani, Gabriel Kronberger, Fabricio Olivetti de Franca +2Symbolic Regression Model Selection
A Comparative Study of Machine Learning and Deep Learning for Out-of-Distribution Detection
May 11, 2026Jihyeon Baek, Seunghoon Lee, Gitaek Kwon +1Out-Of-Distribution Detection Deep Learning
ASTRA-QA: A Benchmark for Abstract Question Answering over Documents
May 11, 2026Shu Wang, Shansong Zhou, Xinyang Wang +3Multi-Hop Question Answering Benchmarks Comparison
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May 10, 2026Md Nasiat Hasan Fahim, Md. Abid Ullah Muhib, Rayhanul Amin Tanvir +1Full Waveform Inversion Object Classification
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May 8, 2026Erma Daniar Safitri, Lia Hana Ichisasmita, Citra Agustin +3Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency Sentiment Analysis
Activation Differences Reveal Backdoors: A Comparison of SAE Architectures
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Eliciting associations between clinical variables from LLMs via comparison questions across populations
May 7, 2026Fabian Kabus, Kian Kordtomeikel, Thomas Brox +3Clinical Spurious Correlations
Visual Fingerprints for LLM Generation Comparison
May 7, 2026Amal Alnouri, Andreas Hinterreiter, Christina Humer +2Large Language Model Output Text Generation
A Comparative Study of INDI and NDI with Nonlinear Disturbance Observer for Aerial Robotics
May 7, 2026Benedetta Rota, Mirko Mizzoni, Amr Afifi +2Aerial Robots Comparison
A Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models for Tweet Sentiment Classification: A Case Study on the Sentiment140 Dataset
May 6, 2026Vita Anggraini, Cintya Bella, Bastian +3Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency Sentiment Analysis
A Comparative Study of PyCaret AutoML and CNN-BiLSTM for Binary Hate Speech Detection in Indonesian Twitter
May 6, 2026Tanty Widiyastuti, Mayada, Adisty Syawalda Ariyanto +3Indonesian E-Commerce Reviews Hate Speech
How Does Thinking Mode Change LLM Moral Judgments? A Controlled Instant-vs-Thinking Comparison Across Five Frontier Models
May 6, 2026Sai Sourabh MadurMoral Reasoning Frontier Models
Geolocating News about Extreme Climate Events: A Comparative Analysis of Off-the-Shelf Tools for Toponym Identification in German
May 5, 2026Brielen Madureira, Mariana Madruga de Brito, Andreas NieklerGerman Named-Entity Recognition
From Spherical to Gaussian: A Comparative Analysis of Point Cloud Cropping Strategies in Large-Scale 3D Environments
May 3, 2026Maximilian Kellner, Dominik Merkle, Michael Brunklaus +13D Environments Sphere
Psychologically Potent, Computationally Invisible: LLMs Generate Social-Comparison-Eliciting Posts They Fail to Detect
May 1, 2026Hua Zhao, Jiapei Gu, Michelle Mingyue GuHuman-Written Text Machine-Generated Text Detection

Jun 22, 2026 · cs.LGJ/K move · Enter open · S save

Quantifying the Agreement Between Data-Influence and Data-Similarity to Understand LLM Behavior

Christopher J. Anders, Henrique Da Silva Gameiro, Nico Daheim, Mohammad Emtiyaz Khan

RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Tokyo, Japan · Section of Computer Science, EPFL Lausanne, Switzerland · Ubiquitous Knowledge Processing Lab (UKP Lab),2026 Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Darmstadt · National Research Center for Applied Cybersecurity ATHENE, Germany · TU Darmstadt & Hessian Center for AI (hessian.AI), Darmstadt, Germany

One way to understand LLM behavior is to trace its output back to the training data. Two types of measures are commonly used for output tracing: data-similarity and data-influence. The former is cheaper while the latter is believed to be more accurate. Even though many works have compared them for ground-truth tasks, no such comparisons exist for output tracing. Here, we fill this gap and precisely quantify the commonalities and differences between the two measures. We do this by first ranking the training documents according to each measure and then computing the overlap between the two rankings. Our main finding is that the two rankings agree significantly, but there is an asymmetry between them: The top documents of data-similarity are assigned more consistent ranks by data-influence than the other way around. This result is valid across a range of experiments involving OLMo2-1B, Qwen3-1.7B, LlaMa3.2-1B, Gemma3-1B, and GPT2. We exploit the asymmetry to obtain a favorable cost-accuracy trade-off by using the costly data-influence to refine the results of data-similarity.

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