Interaction Data

Agentic AI systems can plan over multiple steps, use tools, and execute tasks over time. When such systems cause harm, tort law struggles to allocate responsibility because the harmful path may be neither fully chosen by the user nor specifically foreseen by the developer. This paper proposes an interaction-based framework for agentic torts, drawing on Michael Bratman's planning theory and on the common law's treatment of human-human concerted action. We distinguish three interaction types: autonomous drift, pure tool use, and collaborative planning. Pure tool cases remain governed by ordinary product-defect and warning doctrines; collaborative planning cases map onto the independent contractor control test, professional malpractice, and negligent misrepresentation; autonomous drift maps onto frolic and detour under respondeat superior and strict product liability. The framework treats the stateful interaction log as the primary evidentiary trace, allowing courts to infer where the human-AI trajectory departed from the authorized undertaking and where liability should attach. We resolve four incident-anchored cases, situate the account alongside strict-liability and insurance-based proposals, note its relationship to regulatory oversight, and propose a ``Reasonable Agent'' standard built around constraint verification, epistemic transparency, runtime grounding, and forensic logging.

The use of Generative AI Conversational User Interfaces (CUI) as a new way to access and analyze data is growing in all sectors, and the industrial one is no exception. There, large amounts of data produced by IoT devices are flowing through user interfaces and may require them a new adaptation to the new analyses needs of decision-makers. LLM-based CUIs are promising a new way to directly interact with those data through the directness of natural language and without the learning costs that every GUI design has. Moreover, the capabilities of LLMs and their agency open up the possibility to automate some tasks and help with the reasoning during decision-making activities. But are this promises well founded? We try to scope this general question with a mixed-approach study comparing a state-of-the-art dashboard with a conversational agent. A total of 20 participants used both interfaces to complete four simulated industrial decision tasks of varying complexity. We combined measures of mental workload, completion time, and decision accuracy with a post-study questionnaire and semi-structured interviews analyzed through thematic analysis. The findings suggest that the conversational agent can reduce interactional effort by supporting more direct access to information, while the dashboard remains valuable for overview and verification. However, these benefits may vary across tasks and require validation through larger-scale studies.

LLM-based multi-agent systems have demonstrated remarkable performance on complex tasks through collaborative reasoning. However, these systems tend to rapidly accumulate extremely long conversation histories during interaction. As conversations lengthen, relevant information is increasingly diluted by irrelevant context, leading to degraded performance. In this work, we present Agent-Radar, a training-free context management method that dynamically steers each agent's attention toward relevant context with a novel temporal and spatial decay mechanism. Our experiments demonstrate that Agent-Radar outperforms state-of-the-art methods across five different benchmarks, yielding gains of up to 7.64 absolute points. Furthermore, our analysis shows that Agent-Radar remains effective and robust as the number of agents and interaction rounds increases. Finally, the ablation study shows that core components in Agent-Radar are crucial to performance and generalizable in different settings.

Scaling individual robot capabilities is common but costly. Here we investigate a system-level design question in real-world multi-robot coordination: given matched hardware budgets, does restructuring communication among robots yield larger gains than increasing onboard model size? Using a representative transport-and-mapping task with 10 physical robots (5 runs per condition, 60 runs total), we find that switching from fully connected to modular hierarchical interactions improves normalised performance by 47 points (0--100), whereas doubling neural network hidden size yields at most 9 points. Nested mixed-effects model comparisons show a substantially larger improvement in model fit for topology than for scale. The pattern is confirmed in independent SMAC replications; heterogeneous benchmark reanalyses provide secondary supporting consistency checks rather than primary evidence. Performance saturation beyond 1024 hidden units is observed in simulation-calibrated extrapolation, not directly on hardware. These results indicate that interaction structure can play a dominant role within the tested system and task setting, while broader quantitative generalisation remains to be established.

Recent advancements in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have shown exceptional potential in enabling mobile-using agents to autonomously execute human instructions. However, fully automated agents often try to execute tasks even when they are unable to resolve them, leading to the problem of over-execution. Previous studies solve it by training a interactive mobile-using agents to let agents request human interaction when agents can not complete user instructions. However, we find that these interactive agents tend to exhibit over-soliciting behavior, relying excessively on human intervention. To mitigate both over-execution and over-soliciting, we propose a universal confidence integration framework that enables confidence-driven proactive and robust interaction in MLLM-based mobile-using agents. The framework consists of two stages: interaction capability empowerment and confidence bias correction. In the interaction capability empowerment stage, agents learn through supervised fine-tuning to output both actions and confidence scores. In the confidence bias correction stage, agents learn to output more accurate confidence scores by combining semantic similarity retrieval with direct preference optimization. Experimental results show Mobile-Aptus achieves state-of-the-art performance on the four popular mobile-using agent benchmarks: OS-Kairos, AITZ, Meta-GUI, and AndroidControl. Mobile-Aptus consistently outperforms all baselines in offline benchmarks, with an average improvement over 17% in task success rate. In real-world dynamic experiments, Mobile-Aptus surpasses the baseline by 26% in task success rate with only 0.64 intervention steps per instruction. The codes are available at https://github.com/Wuzheng02/Mobile-Aptus.

Prompt-based personality control is a key technique for designing large language model (LLM) dialogue agents that behave consistently across social contexts. However, specifying Big Five personality traits (BFTs) in a prompt does not ensure that the intended traits are expressed in generated utterances. This paper investigates this mismatch from an interactionist perspective, viewing personality expression as a context-dependent outcome shaped by the interplay between trait specification and situational factors. We analyze how perceived BFT expression in LLM-generated dialogue is influenced by three prompt factors: personality traits, dialogue roles, and expressive styles. Using a factorial design that combines six personality conditions, three roles, and three expressive-style conditions, we generate 1,080 LLM-agent dialogues in each of English and Japanese. We then evaluate the target agent's utterances using an LLM-as-a-judge framework to estimate expressed Big Five traits. The results show that expressed personality is shaped not only by explicit trait specification, but also by dialogue role and expressive style. These effects are trait-specific: dialogue role strongly influences Openness, expressive style substantially shapes Conscientiousness and Agreeableness, and explicit trait specification dominates Neuroticism. Even without explicit personality-trait specification, social and expressive conditions induce distinct personality-like impressions. Cross-linguistic comparisons show broadly similar patterns between English and Japanese dialogues, with noticeable differences only under specific combinations of personality, role, and expressive style. These findings suggest that personality control in LLM agents should be understood not as a direct consequence of trait prompting, but as a context-dependent process involving personality specification, social role, and expressive style.

The guidance of scaling laws has increased the resource demands of modern large language models (LLMs), yet it remains questionable whether these models utilize resources effectively under a fixed budget. Previous research has proved superposition as a key contributor to loss. By leveraging the Neural Feature Ansatz, we extend superposition from parameter space to gradient space and define it as neural interaction. We find that under a fixed budget, good generalization is usually accompanied by efficient neural interactions, and the model can be placed in an efficient interaction interval by adjusting its depth-width ratio ($R_{D/W}$). In addition, as the budget scales up, the efficient interaction interval of the model remains relatively stable. By comparing existing small scale dense LLMs, we observe that models operating near this interval tend to perform better on the MMLU-Pro benchmark. Our findings reveal that the $R_{D/W}$ influences resource utilization efficiency and thereby affects generalization, providing insights into model shape initialization and the understanding of model generalization mechanisms. Code for Neural Interaction Law is available at: https://anonymous.4open.science/r/Neural_Interaction_Law-D788

We introduce interaction SSD, an extension of Supervised Semantic Differential that models how semantic meaning varies across moderators such as groups, traits, or conditions making this variation testable and interpretable. The method estimates a main semantic gradient, an interaction gradient, and conditional gradients, all interpretable through standard SSD tools. We illustrate it on the UC Berkeley Measuring Hate Speech corpus, testing whether annotator racial identity moderates hate-speech judgments of comments targeting people of color. The interaction model detects a significant moderation effect: the shared gradient contrasts dehumanizing hostility with counter-speech, while the interaction gradient reveals smaller group-linked differences in which semantic cues predict hate-speech ratings. Interaction SSD makes moderated meaning-outcome relationships statistically testable and interpretable.

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into emotionally sensitive domains, the structural integrity of their emotional intelligence (EI) becomes a critical frontier for safety and alignment. Current benchmarks often conflate superficial politeness with deep affective reasoning, failing to distinguish between perceptual accuracy and interactive efficacy. Here, we introduce FACET (Functional Affective Competence and Empathy Test), a psychometrically grounded framework comprising 480 expert-crafted items. Unlike previous metrics, FACET is theoretically anchored in the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso four-branch ability model, operationalizing EI through perception, facilitation, understanding, and management of emotions. Through an evaluation of nine frontier models (including GPT-5, Claude-Sonnet-4), we demonstrate that emotional intelligence is not a monolithic capability but is fragmented across cognitive and interactive dimensions. While frontier models demonstrate robust proficiency in objective emotion recognition and social reasoning, this does not consistently translate to interactive success. We categorize these discrepancies into three distinct performance profiles: cognitive-dominant, interactive-dominant, and context-dependent. These typologies indicate that emotional skills do not scale uniformly with general intelligence or model size; rather, they are shaped by specific alignment paradigms. Notably, we identify hidden emotion recognition as a universal performance bottleneck across all architectures. Our results suggest that current RLHF processes may optimize for "stochastic empathy", a statistical mimicry of emotional syntax, at the expense of integrated affective reasoning. These findings challenge the assumption of linear emotional scaling and provide a rigorous roadmap for developing socially aware agents capable of genuine clinical resonance.

Major LLM platforms deploy models in an inference-only configuration: the model serves requests but never updates per-user weights. Users must repeatedly re-teach preferences, corrections, and project context, and context-based workarounds consume context-window space and degrade under cascading compaction. We evaluate an alternative: nightly consolidation of interaction knowledge into model weights via reflection, synthesis, and Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) fine-tuning on a single consumer GPU. Across ten realistic software development conversations (n = 10, 1,146 test questions across three memory types), three cycles of cascading compaction retain 36.8 +/- 3.0% of knowledge (between an 11.8% no-context floor and a 90.1% full-context ceiling), while consolidation retains 80.4 +/- 1.3% -- a 43.6 pp gain (paired t(9) = 14.8, p < 0.001) that more than doubles what compaction preserves, with the largest gains on procedural corrections (36.3% -> 74.6%) and episodic project facts (31.5% -> 78.2%). As a methodological aside, mean per-token validation cross-entropy is negatively correlated with LLM-judged accuracy (r = -0.51) while median per-token validation cross-entropy tracks accuracy almost exactly (r = +0.99): under evaluators that tolerate surface-form variation, the mean is misleading and a heavy-tail-robust statistic is the faithful signal. Persistent personalization requires moving beyond inference-only deployment toward architectures that consolidate knowledge into weights.

Locating genomic features from genomic contact maps, such as centromere identification from genome-wide chromosome conformation capture techniques, notably Hi-C, can be formulated as an inverse problem: infer one parameter per entity given a map summarizing pairwise interactions through blocks of variable numbers and sizes. In this work, we introduce a data-driven approach that leverages shared structure between these contact maps, such as global alignment between localized patterns, while handling the variability in number and size of chromosomes arising in real-world data. Our approach relies on a transformer architecture capable of handling such variability and a custom simulator to generate abundant, yet computationally cheap synthetic data for training. Applied to the problem of centromere localization, the method recovers genomic positions at or below the map resolution across species with various genome sizes using a coarse-to-fine refinement step when chromosome sizes fall outside the training range. We concentrate our evaluation on Hi-C data, where the block structure is well characterized and ground truth is available.

This paper explores a scientific question in supervised fine-tuning (SFT): why SFT is broadly effective for small-scale deep neural networks, yet can produce inconsistent or even detrimental effects when applied to large language models (LLMs). Recent advances in interaction-based explanations suggest that interactions between words/tokens provide a faithful metric for quantifying the inference patterns encoded by LLMs. We find that the evolution of interactions during SFT can effectively explain the inconsistent effectiveness of SFT for LLMs. Specifically, we find that (1) SFT primarily removes noise-like interactions, while rarely acquiring reliable new interactions. (2) This denoising stage is extremely brief, after which continued fine-tuning tends to introduce overfitted interactions. We validate these findings across multiple LLMs and datasets. Our findings provide new insights into early stopping and offer practical guidance for LLM training.

Unconstructive debate and uncivil communication carry well-documented costs for productivity and cohesion, yet isolating their effect on operational efficiency has proven difficult. Human subject research in this domain is constrained by ethical oversight, limited reproducibility, and the inherent unpredictability of naturalistic settings. We address this gap by leveraging Large Language Model (LLM) based Multi-Agent Systems as a controlled sociological sandbox, enabling systematic manipulation of communicative behavior at scale. Using a Monte Carlo simulation framework, we generate thousands of structured 1-on-1 adversarial debates across varying toxicity conditions, measuring convergence time, defined as the number of rounds required to reach a conclusion, as a proxy for interactional efficiency. Building on a prior study, we replicate and extend its findings across two additional LLM agents of varying parameter size, allowing us to assess whether the effects of toxic behavior on debate dynamics generalize across model scale. The convergence latency of 25% reported in the previous study was confirmed. It was found that this latency is significantly bigger for models with fewer parameters. We further identify a significant first-mover advantage, whereby the agent initiating the discussion wins significantly above chance regardless of toxicity condition.

This paper describes an initiation of interaction(IoI) detection framework without keywords for human-robot interaction(HRI) based on audio and vision sensor fusion in a domestic environment. In the proposed framework, the robot has its own audio and vision sensors, and can employ external vision sensor for stable human detection and tracking. When the user starts to speak while looking at the robot, the robot can localize his or her position by its sound source localization together with human tracking information. Then the robot can detect the IoI if it perceives the face of the speaker faces the robot. In case that the user does not speak directly, the robot can also detect the IoI if he or she looks at the robot for more than predefined periods of time. A state transition model for the proposed IoI detection framework is designed and verified by experiments with a mobile robot. In order to implement and associate our model in a robot architecture, all the components are implemented and integrated in the Robot Operating System(ROS) environment.

Large language models have demonstrated impressive retrieval-augmented capabilities. However, a crucial area remains underexplored: their ability to appropriately adapt responses to the certainty of the retrieved information. It is a limitation with real consequences in high-stakes domains like medicine and finance. We evaluate eight LLMs on their context-certainty obedience, measuring how well they adjust responses to match expressed context certainty. Our analysis reveals systematic limitations: LLMs struggle to recall prior knowledge after observing an uncertain context, misinterpret expressed certainties, and overtrust complex contexts. To address these, we propose an interaction strategy combining prior reminders, certainty recalibration, and context simplification. This approach reduces obedience errors by 25% on average, without modifying model weights, demonstrating the efficacy of interaction design in enhancing LLM reliability. Our contributions include a principled evaluation metric, empirical insights into LLMs' uncertainty handling, and a portable strategy to improve context-certainty obedience across diverse LLMs.

Open-vocabulary human-object interaction (HOI) detection requires recognizing interaction phrases that may not appear as annotated categories during training. Recent vision-language HOI detectors improve semantic transfer by matching human-object features with text embeddings, but their predictions are often dominated by object affordance and phrase-level co-occurrence. As a result, a model may predict \textit{cut cake} from the presence of a knife and a cake without verifying whether the hand, tool, target, contact pattern, and object state jointly support the action. We propose \textbf{ScriptHOI}, a structured framework that represents each interaction phrase as a soft scripted state transition. Rather than treating a phrase as a single class token, ScriptHOI decomposes it into body-role, contact, geometry, affordance, motion, and object-state slots. A visual state tokenizer parses each detected human-object pair into corresponding state tokens, and a slot-wise matcher estimates both script coverage and script conflict. These two quantities calibrate HOI logits, expose missing visual evidence, and provide training constraints for incomplete annotations. To avoid suppressing valid but unannotated interactions, we further introduce interval partial-label learning, which constrains unannotated candidates with script-derived lower and upper probability bounds instead of assigning closed-world negatives. A counterfactual script contrast loss swaps individual script slots to discourage object-only shortcuts. Experiments on HICO-DET, V-COCO, and open-vocabulary HOI splits show that ScriptHOI improves rare and unseen interaction recognition while substantially reducing affordance-conflict false positives.

Achieving Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) requires agents that learn and interact adaptively, with interactive world models providing scalable environments for perception, reasoning, and action. Yet current research still lacks large-scale datasets and unified benchmarks to evaluate their physical interaction capabilities. To address this, we propose iWorld-Bench, a comprehensive benchmark for training and testing world models on interaction-related abilities such as distance perception and memory. We construct a diverse dataset with 330k video clips and select 2.1k high-quality samples covering varied perspectives, weather, and scenes. As existing world models differ in interaction modalities, we introduce an Action Generation Framework to unify evaluation and design six task types, generating 4.9k test samples. These tasks jointly assess model performance across visual generation, trajectory following, and memory. Evaluating 14 representative world models, we identify key limitations and provide insights for future research. The iWorld-Bench model leaderboard is publicly available at iWorld-Bench.com.

LLMs are increasingly used for end-user task planning, yet their black-box nature limits users' ability to ensure reliability and control. While recent systems incorporate verification techniques, it remains unclear how users can effectively apply such rigid constraints to represent intent or adapt to real-world variability. For example, prior work finds that hard-only constraints are too rigid, and numeric flexibility weights confuse users. We investigate how interaction workflows can better support users in applying constraints to guide LLM-generated plans, examining whether abstracting strictness into high-level types (i.e., hard and soft) paired with distinct verification mechanisms helps users more reliably express and align intent. We present U-Define, a system that lets users define constraints in natural language and categorize them as either hard rules that must not be violated or soft preferences that allow flexibility. U-Define verifies these types through complementary methods: formal model checking for hard constraints and LLM-as-judge evaluation for soft ones. Through a technical evaluation and user studies with general and expert participants, we find that user-defined constraint types improve perceived usefulness, performance, and satisfaction while maintaining usability. These findings provide insights for designing flexible yet reliable constraint-based workflows.

AI systems have long been expected to interact with users, answering questions, generating content, and continuing (social) conversations. Agentic AI, however, breaks from this expectation, as its primary objective is workflow execution on behalf of the users. If a system becomes more agentic, do users need less interaction with the system? Our answer is: less routine back-and-forth, but more communication for oversight and explanation, as agentic AI proactively acts, not just responds. Grounded in a communication perspective, we discuss how users perceive the communicative roles of AI systems (whether as the source of actions or merely a channel), and how this can shape trust. Because agentic AI can play multiple communicative roles, it can complicate this source perception and introduce potential risks. To address this, we propose three types of explanations that agentic AI needs to incorporate (action-process, uncertainty, and coordination), and suggest that customization affordances that allow users to decide when and which explanations they see may be key to preserving human agency as AI autonomy increases.

Background: Patient-facing medical chatbots based on retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) are increasingly promoted to deliver accessible, grounded health information. AI-assisted development lowers the barrier to building them, but they still demand rigorous security, privacy, and governance controls. Objective: To report an anonymized, non-destructive security assessment of a publicly accessible patient-facing medical RAG chatbot and identify governance lessons for safe deployment of generative AI in health. Methods: We used a two-stage strategy. First, Claude Opus 4.6 supported exploratory prompt-based testing and structured vulnerability hypotheses. Second, candidate findings were manually verified using Chrome Developer Tools, inspecting browser-visible network traffic, payloads, API schemas, configuration objects, and stored interaction data. Results: The LLM-assisted phase identified a critical vulnerability: sensitive system and RAG configuration appeared exposed through client-server communication rather than restricted server-side. Manual verification confirmed that ordinary browser inspection allowed collection of the system prompt, model and embedding configuration, retrieval parameters, backend endpoints, API schema, document and chunk metadata, knowledge-base content, and the 1,000 most recent patient-chatbot conversations. The deployment also contradicted its privacy assurances: full conversation records, including health-related queries, were retrievable without authentication. Conclusions: Serious privacy and security failures in patient-facing RAG chatbots can be identified with standard browser tools, without specialist skills or authentication; independent review should be a prerequisite for deployment. Commercial LLMs accelerated this assessment, including under a false developer persona; assistance available to auditors is equally available to adversaries.

Inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) learns a reward function and a corresponding policy that best fit the demonstration data of an expert. However, in the current IRL setting, the learner is isolated from the expert and can only passively observe the expert demonstrations. This limits the applicability of IRL to interactive settings, where the learner actively interacts with the expert and needs to infer the expert's reward function from the interactions. To bridge the gap, this paper studies interactive IRL (IIRL) where a learner aims to learn the reward function of an expert and a policy to interact with the expert during its interactions with the expert. We formulate IIRL as a stochastic bi-level optimization problem where the lower level learns a reward function to explain the behaviors of the expert, and the upper level learns a policy to interact with the expert. We develop a double-loop algorithm, Bi-level Interactive Scenarios Inverse Reinforcement Learning (BISIRL), which solves the lower-level problem in the inner loop and the upper-level problem in the outer loop. We formally guarantee that BISIRL converges and validate our algorithm through extensive experiments.

GenAI systems such as ChatGPT are increasingly discussed in programming education, but the ways in which the research literature conceptualizes and frames their role remain unclear. This chapter applies text mining to publications indexed in a leading academic database to map scholarly discourse on ChatGPT in programming education. Term frequency analysis, phrase pattern extraction, and topic modeling reveal four dominant themes: pedagogical implementation, student-centered learning and engagement, AI infrastructure and human-AI collaboration, and assessment, prompting, and model evaluation. The literature prioritizes classroom practice and learner interaction, with comparatively limited attention to assessment design and institutional governance. Across studies, ChatGPT is positioned both as a learning aid that supports explanation, feedback, and efficiency and as a pedagogical risk linked to overreliance, unreliable outputs, and academic integrity concerns. These findings support responsible integration and highlight the need for stronger assessment and governance mechanisms.

Robots in homes must continuously sense the people around them, yet most prior work relies on limited or offline perception. We argue that perception quality is the dominant factor governing what interaction is achievable at home, and build a testbed to test this claim. OmniRobotHome instruments a furnished home with 48 hardware-synchronized cameras and three manipulators in a unified world frame, delivering real-time markerless full-body human pose, 6D object pose, anticipatory motion forecasting, and a social avatar agent that converses with residents. Using the platform, we treat perception quality as an experimental variable across safety, human assistance, and social interaction, and find that interaction quality degrades measurably as real-timeness, granularity, coverage, accuracy, forecasting, or memory is weakened. All code and data will be released.

Generative AI is reshaping higher education programming through vibe coding, where students collaborate with AI via natural language rather than writing code line-by-line. We conceptualize this practice as help-seeking, analyzing 19,418 interaction turns from 110 undergraduate students. Using inductive coding and Heterogeneous Transition Network Analysis, we examined interaction sequences to compare top- and low-performing students. Results reveal that top performers engaged in instrumental help-seeking -- inquiry and exploration -- eliciting tutor-like AI responses. In contrast, low performers relied on executive help-seeking, frequently delegating tasks and prompting the AI to assume an executor role focused on ready-made solutions. These findings indicate that currently generative AI mirrors student intent (whether productive or passive) rather than optimizing for learning. To evolve from tools to teammates, AI systems must move beyond passive compliance. We argue for pedagogically aligned design that detect unproductive delegation and adaptively steer educational interactions toward inquiry, ensuring student-AI partnerships augment rather than replace cognitive effort.

This study applied the Apriori algorithm to analyze behavioral interaction patterns associated with learned helplessness (LH) in mathematics tutoring system logs. Interaction data were examined across three dimensions: LH level (low vs. high), system-based intervention (with vs. without), and problem-solving outcomes (solved vs. unsolved). The analysis of the complete dataset showed that skipping problems without using hints was the most frequent pattern linked to unsolved outcomes, while persistence behaviors such as not skipping were less dominant overall. Comparisons by LH level showed that low-LH students had stronger links between problem solving and not skipping, as well as positive associations between hint use and solved outcomes. High-LH students showed more avoidance patterns, with skipping strongly tied to unsolved outcomes. In the comparison of system-based intervention conditions, students without intervention had the highest lift for persistence-success links, while the with-intervention group had stronger patterns involving skipping behaviors leading to unsolved outcomes. Outcome-specific analysis showed that not skipping was consistently associated with solved problems across all groups, while skipping without hints predicted unsolved outcomes. Practical implications and recommendations are discussed.

Web agents require both high-level reasoning (for task decomposition) and low-level interactions (for page elements manipulation) to conduct different tasks. However, these knowledge types differ fundamentally: reasoning knowledge (e.g., booking a flight requires first searching for routes) is abstract and transferable across websites, while interaction knowledge (e.g., clicking the Search button at a specific coordinate on Site A) depends heavily on page-specific contexts. Existing methods store experiences uniformly. This creates a dilemma: abstract representations lose executability on concrete pages, while concrete representations fail to generalize across domains. This entanglement limits capability accumulation: on new websites, agents either fail to recognize reusable task logic due to surface-level differences or attempt infeasible actions from outdated page structures. To disentangle them, we propose DRIVE, a dual-level skill modeling framework separating historical experience into natural language reasoning skills, which capture transferable task logic, and programmatic interaction skills, grounding abstract actions to executable operations. A scene-aware coordination mechanism adaptively retrieves and invokes these dual-level skills based on task semantics. DRIVE also uses skill-level reflection to identify hierarchy-specific failure modes, enabling targeted skill library expansion and refinement. Experiments across five WebArena domains show DRIVE attains an average task success rate of 52.8%, exceeding the skill-free baseline by 7.3 percentage points. Further ablations show reasoning and interaction skills provide distinct, complementary benefits, supporting separation of transferable task logic from executable page-level operations.

Recent advances in autonomous driving have motivated research on pedestrian intention prediction, which aims to infer future crossing decisions and actions by modeling temporal dynamics, social interactions, and environmental context. However, existing studies remain constrained by oversimplified multi-agent interaction patterns, opaque reasoning logic, and a lack of global consistency in behavioral predictions, which compromise both robustness and interpretability. In this work, we propose ESIA (Energy-based Spatiotemporal Interaction-Aware framework), a novel Conditional Random Field (CRF)-based paradigm. We cast the intention prediction task as a structured prediction problem over a unified graph-based representation, treating pedestrians and the environment as spatiotemporal nodes. To characterize their distinct roles, we assign unary potentials to nodes to capture individual intentions, and pairwise potentials to edges to encode social and environmental interactions. These potentials are integrated into a unified global energy function to ensure scene-level consistency across behavioral predictions. To further constrain inference without ground-truth supervision, we introduce structural consistency terms to penalize logical contradictions. This optimization is efficiently solved via a novel Unary-Seeded Simulated Annealing (U-SSA) algorithm, which leverages high-confidence unary priors to rapidly converge to a high-quality solution. Extensive experiments on standard benchmarks demonstrate that ESIA achieves state-of-the-art performance with improved interpretability over existing methods.

Generative world models increasingly rely on 4D occupancy for realistic autonomous driving simulation. However, existing generation frameworks depend on rigid geometric conditions (e.g., explicit trajectories) or simplistic attribute-level text, failing to orchestrate complex, sequential multi-agent interactions. To address this semantic-spatiotemporal gap, we propose OccDirector, a pioneering framework that generates 4D occupancy dynamics conditioned solely on natural language. Operating as a ``scenario director'', OccDirector maps natural language scripts into physically plausible voxel dynamics without requiring geometric priors. Technically, it employs a VLM-driven Spatio-Temporal MMDiT equipped with a history-prefix anchoring strategy to ensure long-horizon interaction consistency. Furthermore, we introduce OccInteract-85k, a novel dataset uniquely annotated with multi-level language instructions: ranging from static layouts to intricate multi-agent behaviors, alongside a novel VLM-based evaluation benchmark. Extensive experiments demonstrate that OccDirector achieves state-of-the-art generation quality and unprecedented instruction-following capabilities, successfully shifting the paradigm from appearance synthesis to language-driven behavior orchestration.

Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a key component in industrial information extraction pipelines, where systems must satisfy strict latency and throughput constraints in addition to strong accuracy. State-of-the-art NER accuracy is often achieved by span-based frameworks, which construct span representations from token encodings and classify candidate spans. However, many span-based methods enumerate large numbers of candidates and process each candidate with marker-augmented inputs, substantially increasing inference cost and limiting scalability in large-scale deployments. In this work, we propose SpanDec, an efficient span-based NER framework that targets this bottleneck. Our main insight is that span representation interactions can be computed effectively at the final transformer stage, avoiding redundant computation in earlier layers via a lightweight decoder dedicated to span representations. We further introduce a span filtering mechanism during enumeration to prune unlikely candidates before expensive processing. Across multiple benchmarks, SpanDec matches competitive span-based baselines while improving throughput and reducing computational cost, yielding a better accuracy-efficiency trade-off suitable for high-volume serving and on-device applications.

We present Context, the intelligence layer of the Magarshak Architecture, which replaces reactive query-response chatbots with proactive goal-directed agents that advance shared tasks without waiting for user prompts. The architecture rests on three mutually reinforcing mechanisms. Write-time context assembly precomputes enriched typed attributes via Groker agents, assembling interaction context as a deterministic pure function of graph state; context blocks are byte-identical across turns between semantic changes, enabling near-100% KV-cache reuse. Composable sandboxed wisdom programs form a governed library of LM-generated imperative programs declaratively wired to goal types via typed stream relations, composed via phase ordering, and executed at interaction time without further LM calls. Proactive goal stream state machines drive conversations toward terminal states by inspecting graph state and emitting structured interaction content (option arrays, governance affordances, clarification prompts) without awaiting user input. We prove six formal results: the Context Stability Theorem, bounding per-turn LM cost as a function of semantic change rate; a Program Composition Correctness Theorem; a Declarative Wiring Soundness Theorem; the Proactive Dominance Theorem, proving proactive agents weakly dominate reactive agents on expected turns-to-terminal-state; Coordination Overhead Elimination and Quality Preservation, establishing Pareto improvements in multi-participant goal chats; and a Cross-Platform Vote Consistency Theorem. Implemented in the open-source Qbix / Safebox / Safebots stack.

Achieving truly fluid interaction with robots with speech interfaces remains a hard problem, and the experience of current Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) remains laboured and frustrating. Some of the barriers to fluid interaction stem from a lack of a suitable development platform for HRI for improving interaction, even in robotic Wizard-of-Oz (WoZ) modes of operation used for data collection and prototyping. Based on previous systems, we propose the properties of interruptibility and correction (IaC), pollability, latency measurement and optimisation and time-accurate reproducibility of actions from logging data as key criteria for a fluid WoZ system to support fluid error correction. We finish by presenting a Virtual Reality (VR) HRI simulation environment for mobile manipulators which meets these criteria.

Large language models are rapidly evolving into interactive coding agents capable of end-to-end web coding, yet existing benchmarks evaluate only narrow slices of this capability, typically text-conditioned generation with static-correctness metrics, leaving visual fidelity, interaction quality, and codebase-level reasoning largely unmeasured. We introduce WebCompass, a multimodal benchmark that provides unified lifecycle evaluation of web engineering capability. Recognizing that real-world web coding is an iterative cycle of generation, editing, and repair, WebCompass spans three input modalities (text, image, video) and three task types (generation, editing, repair), yielding seven task categories that mirror professional workflows. Through a multi-stage, human-in-the-loop pipeline, we curate instances covering 15 generation domains, 16 editing operation types, and 11 repair defect types, each annotated at Easy/Medium/Hard levels. For evaluation, we adopt a checklist-guided LLM-as-a-Judge protocol for editing and repair, and propose a novel Agent-as-a-Judge paradigm for generation that autonomously executes generated websites in a real browser, explores interactive behaviors via the Model Context Protocol (MCP), and iteratively synthesizes targeted test cases, closely approximating human acceptance testing. We evaluate representative closed-source and open-source models and observe that: (1) closed-source models remain substantially stronger and more balanced; (2) editing and repair exhibit distinct difficulty profiles, with repair preserving interactivity better but remaining execution-challenging; (3) aesthetics is the most persistent bottleneck, especially for open-source models; and (4) framework choice materially affects outcomes, with Vue consistently challenging while React and Vanilla/HTML perform more strongly depending on task type.

Collecting embodied interaction data at scale remains costly and difficult due to the limited accessibility of conventional interfaces. We present a gamified data collection framework based on Unity that combines procedural scene generation, VR-based humanoid robot control, automatic task evaluation, and trajectory logging. A trash pick-and-place task prototype is developed to validate the full workflow.Experimental results indicate that the collected demonstrations exhibit broad coverage of the state-action space, and that increasing task difficulty leads to higher motion intensity as well as more extensive exploration of the arm's workspace. The proposed framework demonstrates that game-oriented virtual environments can serve as an effective and extensible solution for embodied data collection.

Data-free knowledge distillation enables model compression without original training data, critical for privacy-sensitive tabular domains. However, existing methods does not perform well on tabular data because they do not explicitly address feature interactions, the fundamental way tabular models encode predictive knowledge. We identify interaction diversity, systematic coverage of feature combinations, as an essential requirement for effective tabular distillation. To operationalize this insight, we propose TabKD, which learns adaptive feature bins aligned with teacher decision boundaries, then generates synthetic queries that maximize pairwise interaction coverage. Across 4 benchmark datasets and 4 teacher architectures, TabKD achieves highest student-teacher agreement in 14 out of 16 configurations, outperforming 5 state-of-the-art baselines. We further show that interaction coverage strongly correlates with distillation quality, validating our core hypothesis. Our work establishes interaction-focused exploration as a principled framework for tabular model extraction.

Intelligent agents must reason over both continuous dynamics and discrete representations to generate effective plans in complex environments. Previous studies have shown that symbolic abstractions can emerge from neural effect predictors trained with a robot's unsupervised exploration. However, these methods rely on deterministic symbolic domains, lack mechanisms to verify the generated symbolic plans, and operate only at the abstract level, often failing to capture the continuous dynamics of the environment. To overcome these limitations, we propose a bilevel neuro-symbolic framework in which learned probabilistic symbolic rules generate candidate plans rapidly at the high level, and learned continuous effect models verify these plans and perform forward search when necessary at the low level. Our experiments on multi-object manipulation tasks demonstrate that the proposed bilevel method outperforms symbolic-only approaches, reliably identifying failing plans through verification, and achieves planning performance statistically comparable to continuous forward search while resolving most problems via efficient symbolic reasoning.

Large Language Model (LLM)-based deep research agents perform multi-step reasoning, web exploration, and long-form report generation. In these long-horizon workflows, early deviations from user intent can misdirect research and propagate through planning, search, and synthesis, making timely interaction essential. However, existing benchmarks primarily treat deep research as a static input-output task, overlooking agents' ability to elicit and use user feedback. We introduce IDRBench, a benchmark for evaluating interactive deep research with controlled opportunities for clarification. Within a common workflow and stage-wise interaction budget, IDRBench compares autonomous and interactive trajectories, measuring interaction benefit through changes in task-specific report alignment and interaction cost through turns and tokens. Comprehensive experiments on 100 tasks with seven proprietary and open-weight LLMs show that interaction improves all five alignment measures for every model, yielding an average gain of 6.39 points, while revealing distinct trade-offs among autonomous performance, alignment gain, and communication cost. At the task level, interaction improves performance in 74.4% of cases but degrades it in 19.9%, demonstrating that access to clarification alone does not guarantee better outcomes: success depends on what agents ask and how effectively they incorporate the resulting feedback.

Long video generation is a critical step toward building realistic world models, requiring both high visual fidelity and long-range interaction consistency. Recent autoregressive diffusion models enable long-horizon generation through KV cache reuse, yet suffer from two fundamental challenges: failure to preserve long-range interactions due to sliding-window KV cache and error accumulation that progressively degrades generation quality over time. To address these issues, we propose BIFE, a framework that introduces a semantic sparse KV cache for retrieval-based long-range conditioning and a Block Forcing training strategy to enforce cross-block consistency. Together, these designs preserve historical interactions while mitigating drift, enabling stable and coherent minute-long video generation. We also introduce InterVBench, a minute-long video benchmark with fine-grained block-level annotations and Video Drift Error metrics. Extensive experiments on InterVBench and VBench-Long demonstrate that BIFE achieves state-of-the-art performance, including a 22.2% improvement on VDE-Subject and a 19.4% improvement on VDE-Clarity over baselines. Website: https://alibaba-damo-academy.github.io/BIFE. Code: https://github.com/alibaba-damo-academy/BIFE.

This paper focuses on a challenging setting of simultaneously modeling geometry and appearance of hand-object interaction scenes without any object priors. We follow the trend of dynamic 3D Gaussian Splatting based methods, and address several significant challenges. To model complex hand-object interaction with mutual occlusion and edge blur, we present interaction-aware hand-object Gaussians with newly introduced optimizable parameters aiming to adopt piecewise linear hypothesis for clearer structural representation. Moreover, considering the complementarity and tightness of hand shape and object shape during interaction dynamics, we incorporate hand information into object deformation field, constructing interaction-aware dynamic fields to model flexible motions. To further address difficulties in the optimization process, we propose a progressive strategy that handles dynamic regions and static background step by step. Correspondingly, explicit regularizations are designed to stabilize the hand-object representations for smooth motion transition, physical interaction reality, and coherent lighting. Experiments show that our approach surpasses existing dynamic 3D-GS-based methods and achieves state-of-the-art performance in reconstructing dynamic hand-object interaction.

Writing longer prompts for an AI assistant to generate a story increases psychological ownership, a user's feeling that the writing belongs to them. To encourage users to write longer prompts, we evaluated two interaction techniques that modify the prompt entry interface of chat-based generative AI assistants: pressing and holding the prompt submission button, and continuously moving a slider up and down when submitting a short prompt. A within-subjects experiment investigated the effects of such techniques on prompt length and psychological ownership, and results showed that these techniques increased prompt length and led to higher psychological ownership than baseline techniques. A second experiment further augmented these techniques by showing AI-generated suggestions for how the prompts could be expanded. This further increased prompt length, but did not lead to improvements in psychological ownership. Our results show that simple interface modifications like these can elicit more writing from users and improve psychological ownership.