Text Analysis and Detection

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39 papers in the last four weeks, up 56% on the four weeks before. 0.5% of all new papers.

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Latest papers 304

May 1, 2026cs.CV

ScribbleEdit: Synthetic Data for Image Editing with Scribbles and Text

Recent progress in generative models has significantly advanced image editing capabilities, yet precise and intuitive user control remains difficult. Specifically, users often struggle to communicate both exact spatial layouts and specific semantic details simultaneously. While natural language instructions effectively convey high-level semantics like texture and color, they lack spatial specificity. Conversely, freehand scribbles provide rough spatial boundaries but cannot express detailed visual attributes. Consequently, achieving precise control requires combining both modalities. However, existing models struggle to jointly interpret abstract scribbles alongside text due to a lack of specialized training data. In this work, we introduce ScribbleEdit, a large-scale synthetic dataset designed to bridge this gap by combining natural language instructions with freehand scribble inputs for more accurate, controllable edits. We construct this dataset through a synthetic pipeline that automatically generates source-target image pairs via inpainting, which are then paired with human-drawn scribbles and VLM-generated text instructions. Using ScribbleEdit, we evaluate and finetune both diffusion-based and autoregressive unified multimodal image editing models. Our experiments reveal that while off-the-shelf models struggle with abstract scribble inputs, finetuning on our synthetic dataset significantly improves their ability to generate spatially aligned and semantically consistent edits.

Anya Ji, George Ma, Téa Wright +4

University of California, Berkeley

Diffusion-Based Image Editing Synthetic Data Layouts Text Analysis and Detection

May 1, 2026cs.CL

A Systematic Exploration of Text Decomposition and Budget Distribution in Differentially Private Text Obfuscation

The goal of differentially private text obfuscation is to obfuscate, or "perturb", input texts with Differential Privacy (DP) guarantees, such that the private output texts are quantifiably indistinguishable from the originals. While perturbation at the word level is intuitive, meaningful text privatization happens on complete documents. Recent research has laid the groundwork for reasoning about privacy budget distribution, namely, how an overall

\varepsilon

budget can be sensibly distributed among the component pieces of a text. We perform a systematic evaluation of multiple text decomposition and budget distribution techniques in the context of DP text obfuscation, testing how different methods for chunking texts can be combined with techniques for allocating

\varepsilon

to these chunks. Our experiments reveal that such design choices are very important, as even with comparable privacy budgets, significantly different results can occur based on which methods are chosen. In this, we provide credible evidence of the feasibility of maximizing empirical trade-offs by optimizing DP obfuscation procedures.

Stephen Meisenbacher, Angelo Kleinert, Florian Matthes

Technical University of Munich School of Computation, Information and Technology Department of Computer Science Garching, Germany

Obfuscation Text Analysis and Detection Decomposition Exploration

May 1, 2026cs.CV

Map2World: Segment Map Conditioned Text to 3D World Generation

3D world generation is essential for applications such as immersive content creation or autonomous driving simulation. Recent advances in 3D world generation have shown promising results; however, these methods are constrained by grid layouts and suffer from inconsistencies in object scale throughout the entire world. In this work, we introduce a novel framework, Map2World, that first enables 3D world generation conditioned on user-defined segment maps of arbitrary shapes and scales, ensuring global-scale consistency and flexibility across expansive environments. To further enhance the quality, we propose a detail enhancer network that generates fine details of the world. The detail enhancer enables the addition of fine-grained details without compromising overall scene coherence by incorporating global structure information. We design the entire pipeline to leverage strong priors from asset generators, achieving robust generalization across diverse domains, even under limited training data for scene generation. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method significantly outperforms existing approaches in user-controllability, scale consistency, and content coherence, enabling users to generate 3D worlds under more complex conditions.

Jaeyoung Chung, Suyoung Lee, Jianfeng Xiang +2

Seoul National University · Microsoft Research · Microsoft Research Asia

3D World Dynamic Environments Text Analysis and Detection

May 1, 2026cs.CR

Block-wise Codeword Embedding for Reliable Multi-bit Text Watermarking

Recent multi-bit watermarking methods for large language models (LLMs) prioritize capacity over reliability, often conflating decoding with detection. Our analysis reveals that existing ECC-based extractors suffer from catastrophic false positive rates (FPR), and applying rejection thresholds merely collapses detection sensitivity (TPR) to random guessing. To resolve this structural limitation, we propose BREW (Block-wise Reliable Embedding for Watermarking), a framework shifting the paradigm to designated verification. BREW employs a two-stage mechanism: (i) blind message estimation via independent block voting, followed by (ii) window-shifting verification that rigorously validates the payload against local edits. Experiments demonstrate that BREW achieves a TPR of 0.965 with an FPR of 0.02 under 10% synonym substitution, demonstrating that the high-FPR issue is not an inherent trade-off of multi-bit watermarking, but a solvable structural flaw of prior decoding-centric designs. Our framework is model-agnostic and theoretically grounded, providing a scalable solution for reliable forensic deployment.

Joeun Kim, HoEun Kim, Dongsup Jin +1

Department of AI, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea · Department of ICT Convergence, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea · Department of EECS, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea

Large Language Model Watermarks Multi-Bit Watermarking Watermarks Watermarking Tamper Localization Source-Channel Coding+2

May 1, 2026cs.CL

Budget-Aware Routing for Long Clinical Text

A key challenge for large language models is token cost per query and overall deployment cost. Clinical inputs are long, heterogeneous, and often redundant, while downstream tasks are short and high stakes. We study budgeted context selection, where a subset of document units is chosen under a strict token budget so an off-the-shelf generator can meet fixed cost and latency constraints. We cast this as a knapsack-constrained subset selection problem with two design choices, unitization that defines document segmentation and selection that determines which units are kept. We propose \textbf{RCD}, a monotone submodular objective that balances relevance, coverage, and diversity. We compare sentence, section, window, and cluster-based unitization, and introduce a routing heuristic that adapts to the budget regime. Experiments on MIMIC discharge notes, Cochrane abstracts, and L-Eval show that optimal strategies depend on the evaluation setting. Positional heuristics perform best at low budgets in extractive tasks, while diversity-aware methods such as MMR improve LLM generation. Selector choice matters more than unitization, with cluster-based grouping reducing performance and other schemes behaving similarly. ROUGE saturates for LLM summaries, while BERTScore better reflects quality differences. We release our code at https://github.com/stone-technologies/ACL_budget_paper.

Khizar Qureshi, Geoffrey Martin, Yifan Peng

MIT, Cambridge, MA · Cornell University, Ithaca, NY · Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY

Large Language Model Routing Token Budget Allocation Clinical Notes Text Analysis and Detection Document Segmentation Clustering

Apr 30, 2026cs.AI

The TEA Nets framework combines AI and cognitive network science to model targets, events and actors in text

We introduce Target-Event-Agent Networks (TEA Nets) as a computational framework to extract subjects (Agents"), verbs (Events"), and objects (

Targets") from texts. Grounded in cognitive network science and artificial intelligence, TEA Nets are implemented as an open-source Python library. We test TEA Nets in three case studies, demonstrating the framework's ability to perform interpretable emotion detection, semantic frame analyses, and linguistic inquiries across conspiracy texts and textual responses generated by LLMs. In the LOCO conspiracy corpus, TEA Nets revealed that highly conspiratorial narratives (4,227 texts) linked personal pronouns (

I", you", we") with the same actions twice as frequently as low-similarity conspiracy narratives. High-conspiracy narratives connected person-focused elements (you", people") through actions eliciting anger above the random baseline (

z = 2.63, p < .05

), a trend absent in low-similarity conspiracy narratives, which emphasized scientific actors (researcher", scientist"). In the HOPE and CounseLLMe datasets of 212 (human) and 200 (LLM-based) psychotherapy transcripts, respectively, TEA Nets highlighted emotional differences. When expressing feelings, Claude 3 Haiku, GPT-3.5, and humans used sad words with higher frequency than random expectations but Haiku expressed sadness with lower emotional intensity than humans (

U = 1243.5, p = .036

). We discuss these differences in the context of psychotherapy training on LLM-simulated patients. Our results show that Target-Event-Agent Networks can extract relevant emotional, syntactic, and semantic insights from narratives, opening new avenues for text analysis with cognitive network science.

Sebastiano Franchini, Alexis Carrillo, Edoardo Sebastiano De Duro +3

1*CogNosco Lab, Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Trento, Italy.

Natural Language Processing Text Analysis and Detection Cognitive Science

Apr 30, 2026cs.CL

Why Mean Pooling Works: Quantifying Second-Order Collapse in Text Embeddings

For constructing text embeddings, mean pooling, which averages token embeddings, is the standard approach. This paper examines whether mean pooling actually works well in real models. First, we note that mean pooling can collapse information beyond the first-order statistics of the token embeddings, such as second-order statistics that capture their spatial structure, potentially mapping distinct token embedding distributions to similar text embeddings. Motivated by this concern, we propose a simple metric to quantify such a collapse induced by mean pooling. Then, using this metric, we empirically measure how often this collapse occurs in actual models and texts, and find that modern text encoders are robust to this collapse. In particular, contrastive fine-tuned text encoders tend to be less prone to the collapse than their pretrained backbone models. We also find that the robustness of these text encoders lies in the concentration of token embeddings within each text. In addition, we find that robustness to the collapse, as quantified by our proposed metric, correlates with downstream task performance. Overall, our findings offer a new perspective on why modern text encoders remain effective despite relying on seemingly coarse mean pooling.

Tomomasa Hara, Hiroto Kurita, Masaaki Imaizumi +2

Tohoku University · The University of Tokyo · Kyoto University +3

Token Embeddings Text Embeddings Global Average Pooling Encoders Collapse Text Analysis and Detection+1

Apr 30, 2026cs.CL

Emotion-Aware Clickbait Attack in Social Media

Clickbait is characterized by disproportionately high emotional intensity relative to informational content, often reinforced by specific structural patterns. However, current research considers clickbait as a static textual phenomenon characterized by linguistic patterns and structural cues. Additionally, existing detection systems primarily rely on surface-level features of clickbait. This paper introduces an emotion-aware clickbait generation attack, where stylistic transformations are used to optimize emotional impact. We propose an emotion-aware framework based on the Valence-Arousal-Dominance (VAD) space to model the emotional dynamics underlying clickbait generation for optimal user engagement. To simulate realistic attack scenarios, we align clickbait headlines with semantically similar social media posts using Sentence-BERT and generate multiple stylistic rewrites via Large Language Models (LLMs). Building on this, we define a Curiosity Gap (CG) function that computes clickbait's headline variation to the current post to quantify how emotional activation will contribute to user curiosity and evade the existing system found on social media. Experimental results demonstrate that emotion-aware stylization significantly degrades the performance of state-of-the-art classifiers, leading to misclassification rates of up to 2.58% to 30.63% on the base system.

Syed Mhamudul Hasan, Mohd. Farhan Israk Soumik, Abdur R. Shahid

Southern Illinois University Carbondale, IL, USA

Social Media Stylization Text Analysis and Detection

Apr 29, 2026cs.CL

Differentially-Private Text Rewriting reshapes Linguistic Style

Differential Privacy (DP) for text matured from disjointed word-level substitutions to contiguous sentence-level rewriting by leveraging the generative capacity of language models. While this form of text privatization is best suited for balancing formal privacy guarantees with grammatical coherence, its impact on the register identity of text remains largely unexplored. By conducting a multidimensional stylistic profiling of differentially-private rewriting, we demonstrate that the cost of privacy extends far beyond lexical variation. Specifically, we find that rewriting under privacy constraints induces a systematic functional mutation of the text's communicative signature. This shift is characterized by the severe attrition of interactive markers, contextual references, and complex subordination. By comparing autoregressive paraphrasing against bidirectional substitution across a spectrum of privacy budgets, we observe that both architectures force convergence toward a non-involved and non-persuasive register. This register-blind sanitization effectively preserves semantic content but structurally homogenizes the nuanced stylistic markers that define human-authored discourse.

Stefan Arnold

Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany

Stylistic Fidelity Privacy Substitute Text Analysis and Detection Human-Written Text

Apr 29, 2026cs.CL

Text Style Transfer with Machine Translation for Graphic Designs

Globalization of graphic designs such as those used in marketing materials and magazines is increasingly important for communication to broad audiences. To accomplish this, the textual content in the graphic designs needs to be accurately translated and have the text styling preserved in order to fit visually into the design. Preserving text styling requires high accuracy word alignment between the original and the translated text. The problem of word alignment between source and translated text is long known. The industry standards for extracting word alignments are defined by Giza++ and attention probabilities from neural machine translation (NMT) models. In this paper, we explore three new methods to tackle the word alignment problem for transferring text styles from the source to the translated text. The proposed methods are developed on top of commercially available NMT and LLM translation technologies. They include: NMT with custom input and output tags for text styling; LLM with custom input and output tags; a hybrid with NMT for translation followed by an LLM with use of unigram mappings. To analyze the performance of these solutions, their alignment results are compared with the results of an attention head approach to gauge their usability in graphic design applications. Interestingly, the attention head strong baseline proves more accurate than the LLM or NMT approach and on par with the hybrid NMT+LLM approach.

Deergh Singh Budhauria, Sanyam Jain, Rishav Agarwal +1

Adobe Noida, India · Adobe San Jose, California, USA

Photorealistic Style Transfer Machine Translation Text Analysis and Detection

Apr 29, 2026cs.CL

DSIPA: Detecting LLM-Generated Texts via Sentiment-Invariant Patterns Divergence Analysis

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) presents new security challenges, particularly in detecting machine-generated text used for misinformation, impersonation, and content forgery. Most existing detection approaches struggle with robustness against adversarial perturbation, paraphrasing attacks, and domain shifts, often requiring restrictive access to model parameters or large labeled datasets. To address this, we propose DSIPA, a novel training-free framework that detects LLM-generated content by quantifying sentiment distributional stability under controlled stylistic variation. It is based on the observation that LLMs typically exhibit more emotionally consistent outputs, while human-written texts display greater affective variation. Our framework operates in a zero-shot, black-box manner, leveraging two unsupervised metrics, sentiment distribution consistency and sentiment distribution preservation, to capture these intrinsic behavioral asymmetries without the need for parameter updates or probability access. Extensive experiments are conducted on state-of-the-art proprietary and open-source models, including GPT-5.2, Gemini-1.5-pro, Claude-3, and LLaMa-3.3. Evaluations on five domains, such as news articles, programming code, student essays, academic papers, and community comments, demonstrate that DSIPA improves F1 detection scores by up to 49.89% over baseline methods. The framework exhibits superior generalizability across domains and strong resilience to adversarial conditions, providing a robust and interpretable behavioral signal for secure content identification in the evolving LLM landscape.

Siyuan Li, Aodu Wulianghai, Guangyan Li +5

School of Computer Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China · Shanghai Key Laboratory of Integrated Administration Technologies for Information Security, Shanghai, China · State Key Laboratory of Multimodal Artificial Intelligence Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

Text Analysis and Detection Divergence

Apr 28, 2026cs.CY

A Faceted Proposal for Transparent Attribution of AI-Assisted Text Production

Artificial intelligence systems are increasingly integrated into writing processes, challenging traditional notions of authorship, responsibility, and intellectual contribution. Current disclosure practices usually indicate whether AI was used, but rarely explain how it was used, where it intervened, or how its output was reviewed. This paper proposes a faceted model for representing AI-assisted text production at the levels of documents, chapters, sections, and paragraphs. The proposal introduces a core model based on Form, Generation, and Evaluation, and an extended model that adds Intent, Control, and Traceability. The model is positioned as a minimal operational baseline with extensibility toward higher-fidelity representations. A worked example based on the production of this article demonstrates applicability.

Geraldo Xexéo

Programa de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computação, COPPE - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro,RJ – Brasil[cs.CY]

Authorship Writing Text Generation Text Analysis and Detection Disclosures Proposal

Apr 28, 2026cs.LG

The Safety-Aware Denoiser for Text Diffusion Models

Recent work on text diffusion models offers a promising alternative to autoregressive generation, but controlling their safety remains underexplored. Existing safety approaches are geared toward autoregressive models and typically rely on post-hoc filtering or inference-time interventions. These are inadequate for effectively addressing safety risks in text diffusion models. We propose the Safety-Aware Denoiser (SAD), a safety-guidance framework in text diffusion models. The SAD modifies the iterative denoising process such that the text sample at the final denoising step is steered toward provably safe regions of the text space. This inference-time method can integrate safety constraints into the denoiser, avoiding computationally expensive retraining of the underlying diffusion model and enabling flexible, lightweight safety guidance. We evaluate the safety of the generated text using the SAD, with respect to hazard taxonomy, memorization, and jailbreak. Experimental results show that SAD substantially reduces unsafe generations while preserving generation quality, diversity, and fluency, outperforming existing methods. These results demonstrate that our safety guidance during denoising provides an effective and scalable mechanism for enforcing safety in text diffusion models.

Amman Yusuf, Zhejun Jiang, Mijung Park

Department of Computer Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

Diffusion Language Models Large Language Model Safety Autoregressive Generation Inference-Time Defense Unsafe Iterative Denoising Methods+1

Apr 27, 2026cs.AI

Sparse Personalized Text Generation with Multi-Trajectory Reasoning

As Large Language Models (LLMs) advance, personalization has become a key mechanism for tailoring outputs to individual user needs. However, most existing methods rely heavily on dense interaction histories, making them ineffective in cold-start scenarios where such data is sparse or unavailable. While external signals (e.g., content of similar users) can offer a potential remedy, leveraging them effectively remains challenging: raw context is often noisy, and existing methods struggle to reason over heterogeneous data sources. To address these issues, we introduce PAT (Personalization with Aligned Trajectories), a reasoning framework for cold-start LLM personalization. PAT first retrieves information along two complementary trajectories: writing-style cues from stylistically similar users and topic-specific context from preference-aligned users. It then employs a reinforcement learning-based, iterative dual-reasoning mechanism that enables the LLM to jointly refine and integrate these signals. Experimental results across real-world personalization benchmarks show that PAT consistently improves generation quality and alignment under sparse-data conditions, establishing a strong solution to the cold-start personalization problem.

Bo Ni, Haowei Fu, Qinwen Ge +10

Department of Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee · Adobe Research, San Jose, California · University of Orgeon, Eugene, Oregon

Large Language Model Personalization Preference Alignment Text Analysis and Detection

Apr 27, 2026cs.CV

Probing CLIP's Comprehension of 360-Degree Textual and Visual Semantics

The dream of instantly creating rich 360-degree panoramic worlds from text is rapidly becoming a reality, yet a crucial gap exists in our ability to reliably evaluate their semantic alignment. Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (CLIP) models, standard AI evaluators, predominantly trained on perspective image-text pairs, face an open question regarding their understanding of the unique characteristics of 360-degree panoramic image-text pairs. This paper addresses this gap by first introducing two concepts: \emph{360-degree textual semantics}, semantic information conveyed by explicit format identifiers, and \emph{360-degree visual semantics}, invariant semantics under horizontal circular shifts. To probe CLIP's comprehension of these semantics, we then propose novel evaluation methodologies using keyword manipulation and horizontal circular shifts of varying magnitudes. Rigorous statistical analyses across popular CLIP configurations reveal that: (1) CLIP models effectively leverage explicit textual identifiers, demonstrating an understanding of 360-degree textual semantics; and (2) CLIP models fail to robustly preserve semantic alignment under horizontal circular shifts, indicating limited comprehension of 360-degree visual semantics. To address this limitation, we propose a LoRA-based fine-tuning framework that explicitly instills invariance to circular shifts. Our fine-tuned models exhibit improved comprehension of 360-degree visual semantics, though with a slight degradation in original semantic evaluation performance, highlighting a fundamental trade-off in adapting CLIP to 360-degree panoramic images. Code is available at https://github.com/littlewhitesea/360Semantics.

Hai Wang, Xiaochen Yang, Mingzhi Dong +1

Department of Statistical Science, University College London, UK · School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, UK · Department of Computer Science, University of Bath, UK.

Frozen Contrastive Language-Image Pre-Training Visual Encoder Contrastive Language-Image Pre-Training Model Image-Text Pairs Text Analysis and Detection

Apr 27, 2026cs.CV

TextGround4M: A Prompt-Aligned Dataset for Layout-Aware Text Rendering

Despite recent advances in text-to-image generation, models still struggle to accurately render prompt-specified text with correct spatial layout -- especially in multi-span, structured settings. This challenge is driven not only by the lack of datasets that align prompts with the exact text and layout expected in the image, but also by the absence of effective metrics for evaluating layout quality. To address these issues, we introduce TextGround4M, a large-scale dataset of over 4 million prompt-image pairs, each annotated with span-level text grounded in the prompt and corresponding bounding boxes. This enables fine-grained supervision for layout-aware, prompt-grounded text rendering. Building on this, we propose a lightweight training strategy for autoregressive T2I models that appends layout-aware span tokens during training, without altering model architecture or inference behavior. We further construct a benchmark with stratified layout complexity to evaluate both open-source and proprietary models in a zero-shot setting. In addition, we introduce two layout-aware metrics to address the long-standing lack of spatial evaluation in text rendering. Our results show that models trained on TextGround4M outperform strong baselines in text fidelity, spatial accuracy, and prompt consistency, highlighting the importance of fine-grained layout supervision for grounded T2I generation.

Dongxing Mao, Yilin Wang, Linjie Li +2

Central South University · Zhejiang University · Microsoft Research

Modern Text-To-Image Models Vision-Language Model Grounding Text Analysis and Detection Motion-Language Alignment

Apr 27, 2026cs.CL

Can You Make It Sound Like You? Post-Editing LLM-Generated Text for Personal Style

Despite the growing use of large language models (LLMs) for writing tasks, users may hesitate to rely on LLMs when personal style is important. Post-editing LLM-generated drafts or translations is a common collaborative writing strategy, but it remains unclear whether users can effectively reshape LLM-generated text to reflect their personal style. We conduct a pre-registered online study (

n=81

) in which participants post-edit LLM-generated drafts for writing tasks where personal style matters to them. Using embedding-based style similarity metrics, we find that post-editing increases stylistic similarity to participants' unassisted writing and reduces similarity to fully LLM-generated output. However, post-edited text still remains stylistically closer in style to LLM text than to participants' unassisted control text, and it exhibits reduced stylistic diversity compared to unassisted human text. We find a gap between perceived stylistic authenticity and model-measured stylistic similarity, with post-edited text often perceived as representative of participants' personal style despite remaining detectable LLM stylistic traces.

Connor Baumler, Calvin Bao, Huy Nghiem +3

University of Maryland

Stylistic Fidelity Ai-Assisted Writing Style Text Analysis and Detection Similarity and Metrics

Apr 26, 2026cs.CV

Reading in the Dark: Low-light Scene Text Recognition

Accurate text recognition in low-light environments is essential for intelligent systems in applications ranging from autonomous vehicles to smart surveillance. However, challenges such as poor illumination and noise interference remain underexplored. To address this gap, we introduce LSTR, a large-scale Low-light Scene Text Recognition dataset comprising 11,273 low-light images generated from well-lit datasets (ICDAR2015, IIIT5K, and WordArt), along with ESTR, which includes 60 real nighttime street-scene images in English and Spanish for exclusive evaluation. We explore two solution strategies: (1) employing Optical Character Recognition (OCR) models with fine-tuning and LoRA-based fine-tuning and (2) a joint training strategy that integrates a low-light image enhancement (LLIE) module with an OCR model. In particular, we propose a novel re-render LLIE (RLLIE) module, which demonstrates improved performance on real-world data. Through extensive experimentation, we analyze various training strategies and address a key research question: \emph{How bright is bright enough for effective scene text recognition?} Our results indicate that standalone LLIE or OCR models perform inadequately under low-light conditions, highlighting the advantages of specialized, jointly trained text-centric approaches. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive benchmark to support future research in robust low-light scene text recognition. https://huggingface.co/datasets/lumimusta/Low-light_Scene_Text_Dataset.

Xuanshuo Fu, Lei Kang, Ernest Valveny +2

Computer Vision Center, Barcelona, Spain

Low-Light Images Scene Text Recognition Optical Character Recognition Text Analysis and Detection

Apr 25, 2026cs.CV

Learning from Imperfect Text Guidance: Robust Long-Tail Visual Recognition with High-Noise Label

Real-world data often exhibit long-tailed distributions with numerous noisy labels, substantially degrading the performance of deep models. While prior research has made progress in addressing this combined challenge, it overlooks the severe label-image mismatch inherent to high-noise settings, thereby limiting their effectiveness. Given that observed labels, though mismatched with images, still retain category information, we propose employing auxiliary text information from labels to address label-image inconsistencies in long-tailed noisy data. Specifically, we leverage the intrinsic cross-modal alignment in pre-trained visual-language models to correct the label-image inconsistencies. This supervisory signal, referred to as Weak Teacher Supervision (WTS), is unaffected by label noise and data distribution biases, albeit exhibits limited accuracy. Therefore, the activation of WTS is determined by evaluating the discrepancy between text-predicted labels and observed labels. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superior performance of WTS across synthetic and real-world datasets, particularly under high-noise conditions. The source code is available at https://anonymous.4open.science/r/WTS-0F3C.

Mengke Li, Haiquan Ling, Yiqun Zhang +2

CSSE, Shenzhen University · SCST, Guangdong University of Technology · INFORMATICS, Xiamen University

Noisy Labels Recent Vision-Language Models Text Analysis and Detection Long-Tailed Distribution Guidance

Apr 24, 2026cs.CL

ReLeVAnT: Relevance Lexical Vectors for Accurate Legal Text Classification

The classification of legal documents from an unstructured data corpus has several crucial applications in downstream tasks. Documents relevant to court filings are key in use cases such as drafting motions, memos, and outlines, as well as in tasks like docket summarisation, retrieval systems, and training data curation. Current methods classify based on provided metadata, LLM-extracted metadata, or multimodal methods. These methods depend on structured data, metadata, and extensive computational power. This task is approached from a perspective of leveraging discriminative features in the documents between classes. The authors propose ReLeVAnT, a framework for legal document binary classification. ReLeVAnT utilises n-gram processing, contrastive score matching, and a shallow neural network as the primary drivers for discriminative classification. It leverages one-time keyword extraction per corpus, followed by a shallow classifier to swiftly and reliably classify documents with 99.3% accuracy and 98.7% F1 score on the LexGLUE dataset.

Ishaan Gakhar, Harsh Nandwani

Perssonify · Levi & Korsinsky

Large Language Model Classification Unstructured Data Summarization Discriminative Text Analysis and Detection

Apr 23, 2026cs.CV

TEMA: Anchor the Image, Follow the Text for Multi-Modification Composed Image Retrieval

Composed Image Retrieval (CIR) is an important image retrieval paradigm that enables users to retrieve a target image using a multimodal query that consists of a reference image and modification text. Although research on CIR has made significant progress, prevailing setups still rely simple modification texts that typically cover only a limited range of salient changes, which induces two limitations highly relevant to practical applications, namely Insufficient Entity Coverage and Clause-Entity Misalignment. In order to address these issues and bring CIR closer to real-world use, we construct two instruction-rich multi-modification datasets, M-FashionIQ and M-CIRR. In addition, we propose TEMA, the Text-oriented Entity Mapping Architecture, which is the first CIR framework designed for multi-modification while also accommodating simple modifications. Extensive experiments on four benchmark datasets demonstrate that TEMA's superiority in both original and multi-modification scenarios, while maintaining an optimal balance between retrieval accuracy and computational efficiency. Our codes and constructed multi-modification dataset (M-FashionIQ and M-CIRR) are available at https://github.com/lee-zixu/ACL26-TEMA/.

Zixu Li, Yupeng Hu, Zhiheng Fu +3

School of Software, Shandong University · Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University · School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)

Composed Image Retrieval Image-Text Pairs Multimodal Retrieval Multimodal Query Multimodal Dataset Text Analysis and Detection

Apr 23, 2026cs.CL

UKP_Psycontrol at SemEval-2026 Task 2: Modeling Valence and Arousal Dynamics from Text

This paper presents our system developed for SemEval-2026 Task 2. The task requires modeling both current affect and short-term affective change in chronologically ordered user-generated texts. We explore three complementary approaches: (1) LLM prompting under user-aware and user-agnostic settings, (2) a pairwise Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model with Ising-style interactions for structured transition modeling, and (3) a lightweight neural regression model incorporating recent affective trajectories and trainable user embeddings. Our findings indicate that LLMs effectively capture static affective signals from text, whereas short-term affective variation in this dataset is more strongly explained by recent numeric state trajectories than by textual semantics. Our system ranked first among participating teams in both Subtask 1 and Subtask 2A based on the official evaluation metric.

Darya Hryhoryeva, Amaia Zurinaga, Hamidreza Jamalabadi +1

Ubiquitous Knowledge Processing Lab (UKP Lab), Technical University of Darmstadt · National Research Center for Applied Cybersecurity ATHENE, Germany · Psychiatric Control Systems Lab, Marburg University

Valence-Arousal Estimation Affective Natural Language Processing Text Analysis and Detection

Apr 23, 2026cs.CL

Planning Beyond Text: Graph-based Reasoning for Complex Narrative Generation

While LLMs demonstrate remarkable fluency in narrative generation, existing methods struggle to maintain global narrative coherence, contextual logical consistency, and smooth character development, often producing monotonous scripts with structural fractures. To this end, we introduce PLOTTER, a framework that performs narrative planning on structural graph representations instead of the direct sequential text representations used in existing work. Specifically, PLOTTER executes the Evaluate-Plan-Revise cycle on the event graph and character graph. By diagnosing and repairing issues of the graph topology under rigorous logical constraints, the model optimizes the causality and narrative skeleton before complete context generation. Experiments demonstrate that PLOTTER significantly outperforms representative baselines across diverse narrative scenarios. These findings verify that planning narratives on structural graph representations-rather than directly on text-is crucial to enhance the long context reasoning of LLMs in complex narrative generation.

Hanwen Gu, Chao Guo, Junle Wang +2

Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences · Tencent Turing Lab

Narrative Generation Narratives Large Language Model Planning Large Language Model Generation LLM Reasoning Strategies Planning+2

Apr 23, 2026cs.CL

Zero-Shot Detection of LLM-Generated Text via Implicit Reward Model

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across various tasks. However, their ability to generate human-like text has raised concerns about potential misuse. This underscores the need for reliable and effective methods to detect LLM-generated text. In this paper, we propose IRM, a novel zero-shot approach that leverages Implicit Reward Models for LLM-generated text detection. Such implicit reward models can be derived from publicly available instruction-tuned and base models. Previous reward-based method relies on preference construction and task-specific fine-tuning. In comparison, IRM requires neither preference collection nor additional training. We evaluate IRM on the DetectRL benchmark and demonstrate that IRM can achieve superior detection performance, outperforms existing zero-shot and supervised methods in LLM-generated text detection.

Runheng Liu, Heyan Huang, Xingchen Xiao +1

School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology

Machine-Generated Text Detection Zero-Shot Text Analysis and Detection

Apr 23, 2026cs.CL

Subject-level Inference for Realistic Text Anonymization Evaluation

Current text anonymization evaluation relies on span-based metrics that fail to capture what an adversary could actually infer, and assumes a single data subject, ignoring multi-subject scenarios. To address these limitations, we present SPIA (Subject-level PII Inference Assessment), the first benchmark that shifts the unit of evaluation from text spans to individuals, comprising 675 documents across legal and online domains with novel subject-level protection metrics. Extensive experiments show that even when over 90% of PII spans are masked, subject-level inference protection drops as low as 33%, leaving the majority of personal information recoverable through contextual inference. Furthermore, target-subject-focused anonymization leaves non-target subjects substantially more exposed than the target subject. We show that subject-level inference-based evaluation is essential for ensuring safe text anonymization in real-world settings.

Myeong Seok Oh, Dong-Yun Kim, Hanseok Oh +6

Tscientific, South Korea · Soongsil University, South Korea · Yonsei University, South Korea +1

Anonymization Tamper Localization Text Analysis and Detection Text-Driven

Apr 22, 2026cs.CL

Decoding Text Spans for Efficient and Accurate Named-Entity Recognition

Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a key component in industrial information extraction pipelines, where systems must satisfy strict latency and throughput constraints in addition to strong accuracy. State-of-the-art NER accuracy is often achieved by span-based frameworks, which construct span representations from token encodings and classify candidate spans. However, many span-based methods enumerate large numbers of candidates and process each candidate with marker-augmented inputs, substantially increasing inference cost and limiting scalability in large-scale deployments. In this work, we propose SpanDec, an efficient span-based NER framework that targets this bottleneck. Our main insight is that span representation interactions can be computed effectively at the final transformer stage, avoiding redundant computation in earlier layers via a lightweight decoder dedicated to span representations. We further introduce a span filtering mechanism during enumeration to prune unlikely candidates before expensive processing. Across multiple benchmarks, SpanDec matches competitive span-based baselines while improving throughput and reducing computational cost, yielding a better accuracy-efficiency trade-off suitable for high-volume serving and on-device applications.

Andrea Maracani, Savas Ozkan, Junyi Zhu +2

Samsung Research UK, Staines-upon-Thames, United Kingdom

Named-Entity Recognition Information Extraction Text-Driven Text Analysis and Detection Interaction Data

Apr 22, 2026cs.CR

Text Steganography with Dynamic Codebook and Multimodal Large Language Model

With the popularity of the large language models (LLMs), text steganography has achieved remarkable performance. However, existing methods still have some issues: (1) For the white-box paradigm, this steganography behavior is prone to exposure due to sharing the off-the-shelf language model between Alice and Bob.(2) For the black-box paradigm, these methods lack flexibility and practicality since Alice and Bob should share the fixed codebook while sharing a specific extracting prompt for each steganographic sentence. In order to improve the security and practicality, we introduce a black-box text steganography with a dynamic codebook and multimodal large language model. Specifically, we first construct a dynamic codebook via some shared session configuration and a multimodal large language model. Then an encrypted steganographic mapping is designed to embed secret messages during the steganographic caption generation. Furthermore, we introduce a feedback optimization mechanism based on reject sampling to ensure accurate extraction of secret messages. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms existing white-box text steganography methods in terms of embedding capacity and text quality. Meanwhile, the proposed method has achieved better practicality and flexibility than the existing black-box paradigm in some popular online social networks.

Jianxin Gao, Ruohan Lei, Wanli Peng

China Agricultural University Beijing, China

Steganography Large Language Model Watermarks Codebooks Multimodal Large Language Models Text Analysis and Detection Black Box

Apr 21, 2026cs.CL

Bootstrapping Post-training Signals for Open-ended Tasks via Rubric-based Self-play on Pre-training Text

Self-play has recently emerged as a promising paradigm for post-training Large Language Models (LLMs). In self-play, the target LLM creates the task input (e.g., a question), which it then addresses itself by producing a task output (e.g., an answer). A reward model evaluates the output, and the rewards are used to train the LLM, typically via Reinforcement Learning (RL). A key benefit of self-play for post-training LLMs is its minimal supervision costs: self-play avoids the need for high-quality input-output pairs traditionally constructed by humans or expensive proprietary models. Existing work, however, explores self-play only for verifiable tasks, such as math and coding, for which objective ground truth is available and easily checkable. In this paper, we seek to extend self-play to more realistic open-ended tasks. We propose POP, a self-play framework that uses the same LLM to synthesize evaluation rubrics along with each input-output pair. The rubric is used to evaluate outputs and train the model. Crucially, we ground the framework on a content-rich pretraining corpus to (1) enable an exploitable generation-verification gap and reduce reward hacking, and (2) prevent mode collapse. On Qwen-2.5-7B, POP increases performance of both the pretrained base model and instruction-tuned model on multiple tasks ranging from long-form healthcare QA to creative writing and instruction following.

Chengyu Huang, Sheng-Yen Chou, Zhengxin Zhang +1

Department of Computer Science, Cornell University

Self-Play Post-Training Unsupervised On-Policy Self-Distillation Rubric-Based Scoring Text Analysis and Detection

Apr 20, 2026cs.CL

Multiplication in Multimodal LLMs: Computation with Text, Image, and Audio Inputs

Multimodal LLMs can accurately perceive numerical content across modalities yet fail to perform exact multi-digit multiplication when the identical underlying arithmetic problem is presented as numerals, number words, images, or in audio form. Because existing benchmarks often lack systematically paired instances across modalities, it remains difficult to compare genuine arithmetic limits within and across model families. We therefore introduce a controlled multimodal multiplication benchmark that factorially varies digit length, digit sparsity, representation (e.g., numerals vs. number words), and modality (text, rendered images, audio), with paired instances from a reproducible generator. We also define arithmetic load, C, as the product of the total and non-zero digit count as a compact, mechanistically motivated proxy for operation count. Across evaluations, accuracy falls sharply as C grows, often nearing zero by C > 100. Indeed, C remains predictive of performance across modalities and models, with R-squared often > 0.5, nearing the value from more complex measures of arithmetic load that count the number of intermediate arithmetic steps. A separate perception-versus-computation decomposition shows that multimodal degradation is primarily computational rather than perceptual: on matched-perception checks, models are near-perfect (> 99%) across modalities, even when multiplication accuracy drops. Beyond measuring when models fail, we ask which procedures they are predisposed to follow. We introduce a forced-completion loss probe that scores heuristic-specific reasoning prefixes--including columnar multiplication, distributive decomposition, and rounding/compensation. Here, decomposition is favored in both text and vision modalities; heuristic-specific LoRA adapters produce near-orthogonal updates yet degrade accuracy, indicating the base model maintains a well-tuned internal router.

Samuel G. Balter, Ethan Jerzak, Connor T. Jerzak

University of Texas at Austin · National University of Singapore (NUS)

Multimodal Large Language Models Modalities Multi-Turn Benchmark Task Arithmetic Mathematical Reasoning Benchmarks Text Analysis and Detection

Apr 20, 2026cs.CV

Extending One-Step Image Generation from Class Labels to Text via Discriminative Text Representation

Few-step generation has been a long-standing goal, with recent one-step generation methods exemplified by MeanFlow achieving remarkable results. Existing research on MeanFlow primarily focuses on class-to-image generation. However, an intuitive yet unexplored direction is to extend the condition from fixed class labels to flexible text inputs, enabling richer content creation. Compared to the limited class labels, text conditions pose greater challenges to the model's understanding capability, necessitating the effective integration of powerful text encoders into the MeanFlow framework. Surprisingly, although incorporating text conditions appears straightforward, we find that integrating powerful LLM-based text encoders using conventional training strategies results in unsatisfactory performance. To uncover the underlying cause, we conduct detailed analyses and reveal that, due to the extremely limited number of refinement steps in the MeanFlow generation, such as only one step, the text feature representations are required to possess sufficiently high discriminability. This also explains why discrete and easily distinguishable class features perform well within the MeanFlow framework. Guided by these insights, we leverage a powerful LLM-based text encoder validated to possess the required semantic properties and adapt the MeanFlow generation process to this framework, resulting in efficient text-conditioned synthesis for the first time. Furthermore, we validate our approach on the widely used diffusion model, demonstrating significant generation performance improvements. We hope this work provides a general and practical reference for future research on text-conditioned MeanFlow generation. The code is available at https://github.com/AMAP-ML/EMF.

Chenxi Zhao, Chen Zhu, Xiaokun Feng +6

College of Computer Science, Nankai University · AMAP, Alibaba Group

Few-Step Generation Text-Conditioned Diffusion Model Image Generation Meanflow Sentence Encoders Text Analysis and Detection+1

Apr 20, 2026cs.CV

Can LLM-Generated Text Empower Surgical Vision-Language Pre-training?

Recent advancements in self-supervised learning have led to powerful surgical vision encoders capable of spatiotemporal understanding. However, extending these visual foundations to multi-modal reasoning tasks is severely bottlenecked by the prohibitive cost of expert textual annotations. To overcome this scalability limitation, we introduce \textbf{LIME}, a large-scale multi-modal dataset derived from open-access surgical videos using human-free, Large Language Model (LLM)-generated narratives. While LIME offers immense scalability, unverified generated texts may contain errors, including hallucinations, that could potentially lead to catastrophically degraded pre-trained medical priors in standard contrastive pipelines. To mitigate this, we propose \textbf{SurgLIME}, a parameter-efficient Vision-Language Pre-training (VLP) framework designed to learn reliable cross-modal alignments using noisy narratives. SurgLIME preserves foundational medical priors using a LoRA-adapted dual-encoder architecture and introduces an automated confidence estimation mechanism that dynamically down-weights uncertain text during contrastive alignment. Evaluations on the AutoLaparo and Cholec80 benchmarks show that SurgLIME achieves competitive zero-shot cross-modal alignment while preserving the robust linear probing performance of the visual foundation model. Dataset, code, and models are publicly available at https://github.com/visurg-ai/SurgLIME.

Chengan Che, Chao Wang, Jiayuan Huang +2

Visual Understanding Research Group, Department of Informatics, King’s College London, UK

Medical Vision-Language Models Multimodal Pretraining Cross-Modal Alignment Text Analysis and Detection Narrative Generation

Apr 20, 2026cs.CL

Implicit Causal Graph Construction in Text via Chain Discovery

Causal graphs in text are typically populated by observable, predefined events. In contrast, we study implicit causal graph construction from text by treating each described cause-effect pair as the begin- and endpoint of an underlying latent causal graph and using large language models (LLMs) to infer intermediate causal events. We compare end-to-end graph construction with methods that frame the task as causal chain discovery. In the latter, graphs are built either by aggregating inferred chains or by progressively expanding partial chains through an iterative search process. We further explore Wisdom of the Crowd extensions that access causal knowledge from multiple LLMs in post-hoc aggregation and collaborative inference settings. We analyze trade-offs among these approaches and evaluate the validity of inferred causal relations using a manually curated database of 1,560 scientifically validated causal pairs. This database-based evaluation is proposed as reliable, resource-efficient, and transferable to settings where ground-truth graphs are unavailable.

Liesbeth Allein, Marie-Francine Moens

Department of Computer Science, KU Leuven, Belgium · Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Belgium

Causal Graph Text Analysis and Detection

Apr 20, 2026cs.CV

Weakly-Supervised Referring Video Object Segmentation through Text Supervision

Referring video object segmentation (RVOS) aims to segment the target instance in a video, referred by a text expression. Conventional approaches are mostly supervised learning, requiring expensive pixel-level mask annotations. To tackle it, weakly-supervised RVOS has recently been proposed to replace mask annotations with bounding boxes or points, which are however still costly and labor-intensive. In this paper, we design a novel weakly-supervised RVOS method, namely WSRVOS, to train the model with only text expressions. Given an input video and the referring expression, we first design a contrastive referring expression augmentation scheme that leverages the captioning capabilities of a multimodal large language model to generate both positive and negative expressions. We extract visual and linguistic features from the input video and generated expressions, then perform bi-directional vision-language feature selection and interaction to enable fine-grained multimodal alignment. Next, we propose an instance-aware expression classification scheme to optimize the model in distinguishing positive from negative expressions. Also, we introduce a positive-prediction fusion strategy to generate high-quality pseudo-masks, which serve as additional supervision to the model. Last, we design a temporal segment ranking constraint such that the overlaps between mask predictions of temporally neighboring frames are required to conform to specific orders. Extensive experiments on four publicly available RVOS datasets, including A2D Sentences, J-HMDB Sentences, Ref-YouTube-VOS, and Ref-DAVIS17, demonstrate the superiority of our method. Code is available at https://github.com/viscom-tongji/WSRVOS.

Miaojing Shi, Jun Huang, Zijie Yue +1

College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University

Video Object Segmentation Video Captioning Text Analysis and Detection

Apr 19, 2026cs.CL

REZE: Representation Regularization for Domain-adaptive Text Embedding Pre-finetuning

Recent text embedding models are often adapted to specialized domains via contrastive pre-finetuning (PFT) on a naive collection of scattered, heterogeneous tasks. However, this approach often introduces task-induced bias alongside domain knowledge, leading to uncontrolled representation shifts that distort the pretrained embedding geometry and cause substantial performance degradation. To address this issue, we propose REZE, a representation regularization framework that explicitly controls representation shift during embedding pre-finetuning. REZE operates on the relations of anchor-positive pairs and decomposes them in an eigenspace. It then measures task-wise dispersion along each eigencomponent to identify task-variant directions and applies adaptive soft-shrinkage to suppress task-induced noise while preserving task-invariant semantic structure, without inference-time overhead. Experiments across multiple embedding backbones and specialized benchmarks show that REZE outperforms standard pre-finetuning and isotropy-oriented post-hoc regularization in most settings, remaining stable where existing PFT variants collapse. Embedding space analyses further confirm that REZE induces controlled shifts aligned with the original embedding manifold, underscoring representation shift control as a key principle for robust embedding pre-finetuning under heterogeneous supervision.

Seungmin Lee, Jeonghwan Lee, Hyunkuk Lim +2

PwC Korea GenAI Team, Seoul, South Korea

Domain-Adapted Diffusion Regularization Representational Collapse Text Analysis and Detection Biases

Apr 19, 2026cs.CL

Bidirectional Small-Granularity Search between Code and Text

We introduce the novel task of bidirectional small-granularity search between code and text, where the queries are small snippets of text or code and the results are also small fragments of the opposite modality, i.e., code or text. This task establishes direct links between text in scientific publications and corresponding code segments, in support of better and faster understanding of scientific methods. We introduce a large dataset for the proposed task that includes a training partition with textual descriptions of code generated automatically using GPT-4, and three testing partitions, one in-domain and two out-of-domain (OOD) that contain manually-annotated data as well as material from other domains. We also propose a modular approach to address this task. Our approach shares an encoder across four different subtasks that learn start/end of answer spans in both directions. We show that our method achieves good results in-domain, and encouraging results OOD. This suggests that addressing this task with automatically-generated data is possible, but there is exciting future work to be done.

Marco A. Valenzuela-Escárcega, Enrique Noriega-Atala, Gus Hahn-Powell +2

Lex Machina · The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

Text Analysis and Detection In-Domain Accuracy

Apr 18, 2026cs.CV

TeMuDance: Contrastive Alignment-Based Textual Control for Music-Driven Dance Generation

Existing music-driven dance generation approaches have achieved strong realism and effective audio-motion alignment. However, they generally lack semantic controllability, making it difficult to guide specific movements through natural language descriptions. This limitation primarily stems from the absence of large-scale datasets that jointly align music, text, and motion for supervised learning of text-conditioned control. To address this challenge, we propose TeMuDance, a framework that enables text-based control for music-conditioned dance generation without requiring any manually annotated music-text-motion triplet dataset. TeMuDance introduces a motion-centred bridging paradigm that leverages motion as a shared semantic anchor to align disjoint music-dance and text-motion datasets within a unified embedding space, enabling cross-modal retrieval of missing modalities for end-to-end training. A lightweight text control branch is then trained on top of a frozen music-to-dance diffusion backbone, preserving rhythmic fidelity while enabling fine-grained semantic guidance. To further suppress noise inherent in the retrieved supervision, we design a dual-stream fine-tuning strategy with confidence-based filtering. We also propose a novel task-aligned metric that quantifies whether textual prompts induce the intended kinematic attributes under music conditioning. Extensive experiments demonstrate that TeMuDance achieves competitive dance quality while substantially improving text-conditioned control over existing methods.

Xinran Liu, Diptesh Kanojia, Wenwu Wang +1

University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK · 2Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China

High-Fidelity Conditional Generation Text Analysis and Detection Contrastive Learning Bridging Language

Apr 18, 2026cs.AI

Alignment Imprint: Zero-Shot AI-Generated Text Detection via Provable Preference Discrepancy

Detecting AI-generated text is an important but challenging problem. Existing likelihood-based detection methods are often sensitive to content complexity and may exhibit unstable performance. In this paper, our key insight is that modern Large Language Models (LLMs) undergo alignment (including fine-tuning and preference tuning), leaving a measurable distributional imprint. We theoretically derive this imprint by abstracting the alignment process as a sequence of constrained optimization steps, showing that the log-likelihood ratio can naturally decompose into implicit instructional biases and preference rewards. We refer to this quantity as the Alignment Imprint. Furthermore, to mitigate the instability in high-entropy regions, we introduce Log-likelihood Alignment Preference Discrepancy (LAPD), a standardized information-weighted statistic based on alignment imprint. We provide statistical guarantee that alignment-based statistics dominate Fast-DetectGPT in performance. We also theoretically show that LAPD strictly improves the unweighted alignment scores when the aligned and base models are close in distribution. Extensive experiments show that LAPD achieves an improvement 45.82% relative to the strongest existing baselines, yielding large and consistent gains across all settings.

Junxi Wu, Kailin Huang, Dongjian Hu +4

Nankai University · Tsinghua University · Wuhan University +3

Machine-Generated Text Detection Large Language Model Alignment Value Alignment Feature Alignment Text Analysis and Detection Zero-Shot+1

Apr 18, 2026cs.LG

Federation over Text: Insight Sharing for Multi-Agent Reasoning

Modern agents specialize in varying domains while there is no clear approach combining different domain skills. We propose a federated learning-like framework, Federation over Text (FoT), that enables multiple clients solving different tasks to collectively generate a shared library of metacognitive insights by iteratively federating their local reasoning processes without sharing actual problem instances. Instead of federation over gradients (e.g., as in distributed training), FoT operates at the semantic level without any gradient optimization or supervision signal. At each round, client LLM agents independently apply arbitrary local reasoning and self-improvement procedures to their own tasks and share the resulting reasoning traces with a central server. The server then aggregates, distills, and consolidates knowledge across tasks and domains into a shared insight library, which can be reused by current and future agents to improve their reasoning. Experiments show that FoT improves reasoning effectiveness and efficiency across real-world daily tasks, cross-domain collaboration, and research insight discovery, achieving an average performance gain of 11.9 absolute percentage points while reducing client-generated task-completion tokens by 5.5%.

Dixi Yao, Tahseen Rabbani, Manzil Zaheer +1

University of Chicago · Google DeepMind

Multi-Agent Reasoning Federated Learning Reasoning Skills Insights Reasoning Traces Metacognition+1

Apr 17, 2026cs.CL

Detecting Alarming Student Verbal Responses using Text and Audio Classifier

This paper addresses a critical safety gap in the use Automated Verbal Response Scoring (AVRS). We present a novel hybrid framework for troubled student detection that combines a text classifier, trained to detect responses based on their content, and an audio classifier, trained to detect responses using prosodic markers. This approach overcomes key limitations of traditional AVRS systems by considering both content and prosody of responses, achieving enhanced performance in identifying potentially concerning responses. This system can expedite the review process by humans, which can be life-saving particularly when timely intervention may be crucial.

Christopher Ormerod, Gitit Kehat

Prosody Alarm Fatigue Audio Understanding Responses Text Analysis and Detection

Apr 17, 2026cs.CV

Beyond Text Prompts: Precise Concept Erasure through Text-Image Collaboration

Text-to-image generative models have achieved impressive fidelity and diversity, but can inadvertently produce unsafe or undesirable content due to implicit biases embedded in large-scale training datasets. Existing concept erasure methods, whether text-only or image-assisted, face trade-offs: textual approaches often fail to fully suppress concepts, while naive image-guided methods risk over-erasing unrelated content. We propose TICoE, a text-image Collaborative Erasing framework that achieves precise and faithful concept removal through a continuous convex concept manifold and hierarchical visual representation learning. TICoE precisely removes target concepts while preserving unrelated semantic and visual content. To objectively assess the quality of erasure, we further introduce a fidelity-oriented evaluation strategy that measures post-erasure usability. Experiments on multiple benchmarks show that TICoE surpasses prior methods in concept removal precision and content fidelity, enabling safer, more controllable text-to-image generation. Our code is available at https://github.com/OpenAscent-L/TICoE.git

Jun Li, Lizhi Xiong, Ziqiang Li +4

Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology · Southeast University · Nanjing University of Science and Technology

Concept Erasure Text Generation Text Analysis and Detection Generative Models

Apr 17, 2026cs.HC

From Intention to Text: AI-Supported Goal Setting in Academic Writing

This study presents WriteFlow, an AI voice-based writing assistant designed to support reflective academic writing through goal-oriented interaction. Academic writing involves iterative reflection and evolving goal regulation, yet prior research and a formative study with 17 participants show that writers often struggle to articulate and manage changing goals. While commonly used AI writing tools emphasize efficiency, they offer limited support for metacognition and writer agency. WriteFlow frames AI interaction as a dialogic space for ongoing goal articulation, monitoring, and negotiation grounded in writers' intentions. Findings from a Wizard-of-Oz study with 12 expert users show that WriteFlow scaffolds metacognitive regulation and reflection-in-action by supporting iterative goal refinement, maintaining goal-text alignment during drafting, and prompting evaluation of goal fulfillment. We discuss design implications for AI writing systems that prioritize reflective dialogue, flexible goal structures, and multi-perspective feedback to support intentional and agentic writing.

Yueling Fan, Richard Lee Davis, Olga Viberg

Department of Media Technology and Interaction Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden · Department of Digital Learning, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden · Digital Futures, Stockholm, Sweden

Writing Ai-Assisted Writing Metacognition Reflections Text Analysis and Detection

Apr 16, 2026cs.CL

MADE: A Living Benchmark for Multi-Label Text Classification with Uncertainty Quantification of Medical Device Adverse Events

Machine learning in high-stakes domains such as healthcare requires not only strong predictive performance but also reliable uncertainty quantification (UQ) to support human oversight. Multi-label text classification (MLTC) is a central task in this domain, yet remains challenging due to label imbalances, dependencies, and combinatorial complexity. Existing MLTC benchmarks are increasingly saturated and may be affected by training data contamination, making it difficult to distinguish genuine reasoning capabilities from memorization. We introduce MADE, a living MLTC benchmark derived from {m}edical device {ad}verse {e}vent reports and continuously updated with newly published reports to prevent contamination. MADE features a long-tailed distribution of hierarchical labels and enables reproducible evaluation with strict temporal splits. We establish baselines across more than 20 encoder- and decoder-only models under fine-tuning and few-shot settings (instruction-tuned/reasoning variants, local/API-accessible). We systematically assess entropy-/consistency-based and self-verbalized UQ methods. Results show clear trade-offs: smaller discriminatively fine-tuned decoders achieve the strongest head-to-tail accuracy while maintaining competitive UQ; generative fine-tuning delivers the most reliable UQ; large reasoning models improve performance on rare labels yet exhibit surprisingly weak UQ; and self-verbalized confidence is not a reliable proxy for uncertainty. Our work is publicly available at https://hhi.fraunhofer.de/aml-demonstrator/made-benchmark.

Raunak Agarwal, Markus Wenzel, Simon Baur +3

Department of Artificial Intelligence Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute Berlin, 10587, Germany

Multi-Label Classification Multimodal Clinical Data Diagnostic Benchmark Medical Image Classification Uncertainty Quantification Text Analysis and Detection

Apr 11, 2026cs.CR

Hijacking Text Heritage: Hiding the Human Signature through Homoglyphic Substitution

In what way could a data breach involving government-issued IDs such as passports, driver's licenses, etc., rival a random voluntary disclosure on a nondescript social-media platform? At first glance, the former appears more significant, and that is a valid assessment. The disclosed data could contain an individual's date of birth and address; for all intents and purposes, a leak of that data would be disastrous. Given the threat, the latter scenario involving an innocuous online post seems comparatively harmless -- or does it? From that post and others like it, a forensic linguist could stylometrically uncover equivalent pieces of information, estimating an age range for the author (adolescent or adult) and narrowing down their geographical location (specific country). While not an exact science -- the determinations are statistical -- stylometry can reveal comparable, though noticeably diluted, information about an individual. To prevent an ID from being breached, simply sharing it as little as possible suffices. Preventing the leakage of personal information from written text requires a more complex solution: adversarial stylometry. In this paper, we explore how performing homoglyph substitution -- the replacement of characters with visually similar alternatives (e.g., "h"

\texttt{[U+0068]}

\rightarrow

"h"

\texttt{[U+04BB]}

) -- on text can degrade stylometric systems.

Robert Dilworth

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA

Stylometric Anonymization Substitute Steganography Data Leakage Digital Forensics+4

Mar 16, 2026cs.CL

Interpretable Predictability-Based AI Text Detection: A Replication Study

This paper replicates and extends the system used in the AuTexTification shared task for authorship attribution of machine-generated texts. Exact replication was not possible because of differences in data splits, model availability, and implementation details, which we document as a case study in reproducibility. We tested newer multilingual language models (mDeBERTa-v3-base, Qwen, mGPT) and added 26 document-level stylometric features, using ablation, permutation importance, and SHAP analysis to assess feature influence. A single shared configuration was applied to both English and Spanish across Subtask 1 and Subtask 2. Averaged over three random seeds, the shared multilingual configuration performs comparably to or better than the language-specific baseline, with the clearest gains on model attribution (Subtask 2). The additional stylometric features yield small improvements, led by lexical diversity, but their contribution falls within seed variance once predictability-based probabilities are included, which remain the dominant signal. The study also shows that clear documentation is important for reliable replication and fair comparison of systems.

Adam Skurla, Dominik Macko, Jakub Simko

Faculty of Information Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia · Kempelen Institute of Intelligent Technologies, Bratislava, Slovakia

Stylometric Authorship Machine-Generated Text Detection Text Analysis and Detection Reproducibility

Mar 14, 2026cs.CV

Scene Generation at Absolute Scale: Utilizing Semantic and Geometric Guidance From Text for Accurate and Interpretable 3D Indoor Scene Generation

We present GuidedSceneGen, a text-to-3D generation framework that produces metrically accurate, globally consistent, and semantically interpretable indoor scenes. Unlike prior text-driven methods that often suffer from geometric drift or scale ambiguity, our approach maintains an absolute world coordinate frame throughout the entire generation process. Starting from a textual scene description, we predict a global 3D layout encoding both semantic and geometric structure, which serves as a guiding proxy for downstream stages. A semantics- and depth-conditioned panoramic diffusion model then synthesizes 360° imagery aligned with the global layout, substantially improving spatial coherence. To explore unobserved regions, we employ a video diffusion model guided by optimized camera trajectories that balances coverage and collision avoidance, achieving up to 10x faster sampling compared to exhaustive path exploration. The generated views are fused using 3D Gaussian Splatting, yielding a consistent and fully navigable 3D scene in absolute scale. GuidedSceneGen enables accurate transfer of object poses and semantic labels from layout to reconstruction, and supports progressive scene expansion without re-alignment. Quantitative results and a user study demonstrate greater 3D consistency and layout plausibility compared to recent panoramic text-to-3D baselines.

Stefan Ainetter, Thomas Deixelberger, Edoardo A. Dominici +3

Huawei Technologies, Austria · Graz University of Technology, Austria · Huawei Technologies, Switzerland

3D Scene Generation 3D Generative Models 3D Scene Understanding 3D Layout Generation Geometric Guidance Text Analysis and Detection+1

Mar 2, 2026cs.CL

Asking the Right Questions: Ontology-Grounded Interpretable Embeddings for Biomedical Text

While dense biomedical embeddings achieve strong performance, their opaque dimensions limit transparency in biomedical NLP. Recent question-based interpretable embeddings represent text through binary answers to natural-language questions, but existing approaches rely primarily on corpus-driven signals, often capturing topical or stylistic differences rather than fine-grained biomedical distinctions. We propose QIME, an ontology-grounded framework for interpretable biomedical text embeddings in which each dimension corresponds to an explicit biomedical-domain yes/no question. QIME leverages a biomedical ontology to guide contrastive question generation from semantic clusters, producing atomic, domain-grounded questions. It constructs embeddings via similarity-based semantic activation with MMR-based diversity-aware dimension selection, yielding sparse representations efficiently. Experiments on biomedical clustering, STS and retrieval benchmarks show that QIME consistently outperforms prior interpretable embedding methods and substantially narrows the gap to strong black-box biomedical encoders. It also imposes substantially lower cognitive burden than existing methods, providing concise and domain-specific interpretations. The code is available at https://github.com/L1nzh/QIME.

Yixuan Tang, Zhenghong Lin, Yandong Sun +3

School of Computing, National University of Singapore

Biomedical Text Text Embeddings Question Text Analysis and Detection

Feb 4, 2026cs.CL

Textual Planning with Explicit Latent Transitions

Planning requires a transition model that predicts how each action changes the current state. When a large language model (LLM) plays this role, every next state is generated token by token, which makes searching over many possible futures slow and expensive. Existing alternatives either still query an LLM at every step or require a symbolic model of the domain. We propose EmbedPlan, a transition model built on frozen text embeddings: it embeds natural language descriptions of the state and the action with a frozen LLM, predicts the embedding of the next state with a lightweight learned network, and returns the closest real state. Because this network can be trained on top of any encoder, EmbedPlan also provides a controlled way to compare text representations for learning transitions. We evaluate it on 9 classical planning domains, under six settings that hold out progressively more of the data, from transitions to entire domains, and against baselines ranging from predicting no change to learning symbolic action rules. On planning problems seen during training, EmbedPlan almost always ranks the true next state among its top five guesses, still does so for most queries even when every observed state is a candidate, and retains 92-99% of its single-step accuracy when predicting several steps ahead from its own outputs. Given the same candidate states as GPT-5.4, it picks the true next state more often while taking about 0.17 ms per transition with cached embeddings. Accuracy is lower on unseen problems and near chance on unseen domains, and the controlled comparison traces this limit to the state representation rather than to the learned transition.

Eliezer Shlomi, Ido Levy, Eilam Shapira +6

Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel · IBM, Haifa, Israel.

Large Language Model Planning Classical Planning Planner Agent Transitions Text Analysis and Detection

Jan 28, 2026cs.SD

Text-only adaptation in LLM-based ASR through text denoising

Adapting large language model (LLM)-based automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems to new domains using text-only data is a significant yet underexplored challenge. Standard fine-tuning of the LLM on the target domain text often disrupts the critical alignment between the speech and text modality learned by the projector, degrading performance. We introduce a novel text-only adaptation method that frames this process as a text denoising task. Our approach trains the LLM to recover clean transcripts from noisy inputs. This process effectively adapts the model to a target domain while preserving cross-modal alignment. Our solution is lightweight, requiring no architectural changes or additional parameters. Extensive evaluation on two datasets demonstrates up to 22.1% relative improvement, outperforming recent state-of-the-art text-only adaptation methods.

Andrés Carofilis, Sergio Burdisso, Esaú Villatoro-Tello +8

Idiap Research Institute · EPFL, Lausanne · Uniphore +2

Automatic Speech Recognition Large Language Model Adaptation Text-Only Adaptation Text Analysis and Detection Cross-Modal Alignment Iterative Denoising Methods

Dec 17, 2025cs.CV

GRAN-TED: Generating Robust, Aligned, and Nuanced Text Embedding for Diffusion Models

The text encoder is a critical component of text-to-image and text-to-video diffusion models, fundamentally determining the semantic fidelity of the generated content. However, its development has been hindered by two major challenges: the lack of an efficient evaluation framework that reliably predicts downstream generation performance, and the difficulty of effectively adapting pretrained language models for visual synthesis. To address these issues, we introduce GRAN-TED, a paradigm to Generate Robust, Aligned, and Nuanced Text Embeddings for Diffusion models. Our contribution is twofold. First, we propose TED-6K, a novel text-only benchmark that enables efficient and robust assessment of an encoder's representational quality without requiring costly end-to-end model training. We demonstrate that performance on TED-6K, standardized via a lightweight, unified adapter, strongly correlates with an encoder's effectiveness in downstream generation tasks. Notably, under our experimental setup, compared with training a diffusion model from scratch, evaluating with TED-6K is about \textbf{750

\times

faster}. Second, guided by this validated framework, we develop a superior text encoder using a novel two-stage training paradigm. This process involves an initial fine-tuning stage on a Multimodal Large Language Model for better visual representation, followed by a layer-wise weighting method to extract more nuanced and potent text features. Our experiments show that the resulting GRAN-TED encoder not only achieves state-of-the-art performance on TED-6K but also leads to demonstrable performance gains in text-to-image and text-to-video generation. Our TED-6K dataset and evaluation code are available at the following link: https://anonymous.4open.science/r/GRAN-TED-4FCC/.

Bozhou Li, Sihan Yang, Yushuo Guan +6

Peking University · Kling Team, Kuaishou Technology · Xi’an Jiaotong University +1

Text-To-Video Diffusion Models Text-To-Image Diffusion Models Encoders Text Analysis and Detection Maestro Dataset

Dec 12, 2025cs.CV

CADKnitter: Compositional CAD Generation from Text and Geometry Guidance

Computer-aided design (CAD) defines 3D models as compact, precise, and editable representations, making it directly useful for several fields. Recently, CAD generation has been gaining more attention in both the research community and industry. Crafting CAD models has long been a painstaking and time-intensive task, demanding both precision and expertise from designers. Prior works have achieved early success in single-part CAD generation, which is not well-suited for real-world applications, as multiple parts need to be assembled under semantic constraints and geometric compatibility. In this paper, we propose CADKnitter, a compositional CAD generation framework with geometric-guiding cues to steer diffusion sampling. CADKnitter is able to generate a complementary CAD part that follows both the geometric constraints of the given CAD model and the semantic constraints of the desired design text prompt. We also curate a dataset, so-called KnitCAD, containing over 310,000 samples of CAD models, along with textual prompts and assembly metadata that provide semantic and geometric constraints. Intensive experiments demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms other state-of-the-art baselines by a clear margin. Our project page is available at https://cadknitter.github.io/.

Tri Le, Khang Nguyen, Baoru Huang +2

FPT Software AI Center, Vietnam · Department of Robotics, Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence (MBZUAI), UAE · Department of Computer Science, University of Liverpool, UK +1

Image-To-Cad Generation Sewing Geometric Constraints Text Analysis and Detection

Dec 2, 2025cs.LG

ASCIIBench: Evaluating Language-Model-Based Understanding of Visually-Oriented Text

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated several emergent behaviors with scale, including reasoning and fluency in long-form text generation. However, they continue to struggle with tasks requiring precise spatial and positional reasoning. ASCII art, a symbolic medium where characters encode structure and form, provides a unique probe of this limitation. We introduce ASCIIBench, a novel benchmark for evaluating both the generation and classification of ASCII-text images. ASCIIBench consists of a filtered dataset of 5,315 class-labeled ASCII images and is, to our knowledge, the first publicly available benchmark of its kind. Alongside the dataset, we release weights for a fine-tuned CLIP model adapted to capture ASCII structure, enabling the evaluation of LLM-generated ASCII art. Our analysis shows that cosine similarity over CLIP embeddings fails to separate most ASCII categories, yielding chance-level performance even for low-variance classes. In contrast, classes with high internal mean similarity exhibit clear discriminability, revealing that the bottleneck lies in representation rather than generational variance. These findings position ASCII art as a stress test for multimodal representations and motivate the development of new embedding methods or evaluation metrics tailored to symbolic visual modalities. All resources are available at https://github.com/ASCIIBench/ASCIIBench.

Kerry Luo, Michael Fu, Joshua Peguero +6

Algoverse AI Research

Modern Text-To-Image Models Text Analysis and Detection Symbol-

Oct 8, 2025cs.LG

Black-Box Detection of LLM-Generated Text Using Generalized Jensen-Shannon Divergence

We study black-box detection of machine-generated text under practical constraints: the scoring model (proxy LM) may mismatch the unknown source model, and per-input contrastive generation is costly. We propose SurpMark, a reference-based detector that summarizes a passage by the dynamics of its token surprisals. SurpMark discretizes surprisals into interpretable states, estimates a state-transition matrix for the test text, and scores it via a generalized Jensen-Shannon (GJS) gap between the test transitions and two fixed references (human vs. machine) built once from existing corpora. Theoretically, we derive design guidance for how the discretization bins should scale with data and provide a principled justification for our test statistic. Empirically, across multiple datasets, source models, and scenarios, SurpMark consistently matches or surpasses baselines, demonstrating strong robustness across domains and generators; our experiments on hyperparameter sensitivity exhibit trends that our theoretical results help to explain.

Shuangyi Chen, Ashish Khisti

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.

Machine-Generated Text Detection Black Box Text Analysis and Detection Surprisal Kullback-Leibler Divergence Contrastive Learning

Sep 25, 2025cs.LG

Expert-guided Clinical Text Augmentation via Query-Based Model Collaboration

Data augmentation is a widely used strategy to improve model robustness and generalization by enriching training datasets with synthetic examples. While large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong generative capabilities for this purpose, their applications in high-stakes domains like healthcare present unique challenges due to the risk of generating clinically incorrect or misleading information. In this work, we propose a novel query-based model collaboration framework that integrates expert-level domain knowledge to guide the augmentation process to preserve critical medical information. Compared to existing LLM-based and traditional augmentation methods, our generated data significantly improves preservation of critical medical information and reduces hallucinations at both the token and concept levels. Experiments on downstream clinical prediction tasks demonstrate consistent performance gains over existing augmentation methods. This lightweight collaborative framework addresses the gap between LLM augmentation potential and the safety requirements of specialized domains.

Dongkyu Cho, Miao Zhang, Rumi Chunara

Department of Computer Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States · Department of Biostatistics, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States

Text Analysis and Detection

Sep 25, 2025stat.ML

Fast segmentation of watermarked texts from large language models through an epidemic change-point framework

With the growing use of large language models, concerns over content authenticity have spurred a variety of watermarking schemes. These schemes use secret keys to detect machine-generated text while remaining imperceptible to readers. Detection typically reduces to statistical hypothesis testing for the presence of watermarks, a topic that is now well studied. In contrast, the finer-grained task of localizing which segments of a text are watermarked is much less explored; existing approaches often lack scalability or guarantees robust to paraphrasing and post-editing. We bring a new perspective to this segmentation problem through the lens of epidemic change-points and, by exploiting this connection, propose WISER, a novel and computationally efficient watermark segmentation algorithm. We establish finite-sample error bounds and consistency for detecting multiple watermarked segments in a single text. Complementing these theoretical results, our extensive numerical experiments show that WISER outperforms state-of-the-art baseline methods, both in terms of computational speed as well as accuracy, on various benchmark datasets embedded with diverse watermarking schemes. Together, these theoretical and empirical results position WISER as an effective tool for watermark localization and illustrate how classical statistical ideas can yield theoretically valid and computationally efficient solutions to a modern problem of immediate importance.

Soham Bonnerjee, Subhrajyoty Roy, Sayar Karmakar

University of Chicago · Washington University in St. Louis · University of Florida

Large Language Model Watermarks Watermarks Document Segmentation Tamper Localization Machine-Generated Text Detection Text Analysis and Detection+1

Sep 24, 2025cs.CL

Polarity Detection of Sustainable Development Goals in News Text

The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provide a globally recognised framework for addressing major societal, environmental, and economic challenges. While recent advances in natural language processing (NLP) and large language models (LLMs) have enabled the automatic identification of SDG-related content, they do not capture whether the described events represent progress toward or regression from a specific goal. To address this gap, we introduce the novel task of SDG polarity detection and present SDG-POD, a benchmark dataset combining manually annotated and synthetically generated examples. We evaluate six state-of-the-art open-source LLMs under both zero-shot and fine-tuning settings and investigate the impact of synthetic data augmentation on model performance. Our results show that SDG polarity detection remains challenging for current LLMs; however, fine-tuned models, particularly QWQ-32B, achieve the best overall performance, with especially strong results on SDG-9, SDG-12, and SDG-15. Furthermore, we demonstrate that synthetic training data consistently improves model robustness and classification performance. This work introduces a new benchmark for SDG polarity detection and provides practical insights into developing LLM-based systems for sustainability monitoring.

Andrea Cadeddu, Alessandro Chessa, Vincenzo De Leo +5

Linkalab s.r.l., Viale Elmas, 142, Cagliari, 09122, Italy · Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale2026 72, Cagliari, 09124, Italy · Knowledge Media Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Kents Hill, Milton Keynes, MK76AA, United Kingdom

Sustainability Headlines Benchmark Datasets Text Analysis and Detection

May 21, 2025cs.CL

A quantitative analysis of semantic information in deep representations of text and images

It was recently observed that the representations of different models that process identical or semantically related inputs tend to align. We analyze this phenomenon using the Information Imbalance, an asymmetric rank-based measure that quantifies the capability of a representation to predict another, providing a proxy of the cross-entropy which can be computed efficiently in high-dimensional spaces. By measuring the Information Imbalance between representations generated by DeepSeek-V3 processing translations, we find that semantic information is spread across many tokens, and that semantic predictability is strongest in a set of central layers of the network, robust across six language pairs. We measure clear information asymmetries: English representations are systematically more predictive than those of other languages, and DeepSeek-V3 representations are more predictive of those in a smaller model such as Llama3-8b than the opposite. In the visual domain, we observe that semantic information concentrates in middle layers for autoregressive models and in final layers for encoder models, and these same layers yield the strongest cross-modal predictability with textual representations of image captions. Our results support the hypothesis of semantic convergence across languages, modalities, and architectures, while showing that directed predictability between representations varies strongly with layer-depth, model scale, and language.

Santiago Acevedo, Andrea Mascaretti, Riccardo Rende +3

Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA) · Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) · Catalan Institute of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) and Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)

Semantic Representations Multimodal Representations Deepseek Quantifying Text Analysis and Detection Class Imbalance

Mar 13, 2025cs.CL

Ensemble Learning for Large Language Models in Text and Code Generation: A Survey

Generative Pretrained Transformers (GPTs) are foundational Large Language Models (LLMs) for text generation. However, individual LLMs often produce inconsistent outputs and exhibit biases, limiting their representation of diverse language patterns. The closed-source nature of many powerful LLMs further restricts industry applications due to data privacy concerns. Inspired by successes in text generation, LLM ensemble techniques are now increasingly explored for code generation. This article reviews these emerging ensemble approaches to enhance understanding, encourage further research, and promote practical implementation in both text and code generation. We categorize LLM ensembles into seven main methods - weight merging, knowledge fusion, mixture-of-experts, reward ensemble, output ensemble, routing, and cascading - analyzing capabilities of those approaches. Our findings highlight key benefits such as improved diversity representation, enhanced output quality, and greater application flexibility. These insights aid model selection for real-world tasks and crucially, lay groundwork for extending ensemble strategies to multimodal LLMs.

Mari Ashiga, Wei Jie, Fan Wu +5

School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London, London W5 5RF, United Kingdom · Turing Intelligence Technology Limited, London EC2M 2PF, United Kingdom · School of Computer Science, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom

Large Language Model Generation Code Generation Ensemble Generative Pretrained Transformers Text Analysis and Detection

Feb 17, 2025cs.AI

A Survey on Bridging EEG Signals and Generative AI: From Image and Text to Beyond

Decoding neural activity into human-interpretable representations is a key research direction in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) and computational neuroscience. Recent progress in machine learning and generative AI has driven growing interest in transforming non-invasive Electroencephalography (EEG) signals into images, text, and audio. This survey consolidates and analyzes developments across EEG-to-image synthesis, EEG-to-text generation, and EEG-to-audio reconstruction. We conducted a structured literature search across major databases (2017-2025), extracting key information on datasets, generative architectures (GANs, VAEs, transformers, diffusion models), EEG feature-encoding techniques, evaluation metrics, and the major challenges shaping current work in this area. Our review finds that EEG-to-image models predominantly employ encoder-decoder architectures built on GANs, VAEs, or diffusion models; EEG-to-text approaches increasingly leverage transformer-based language models for open-vocabulary decoding; and EEG-to-audio methods commonly map EEG signals to mel-spectrograms that are subsequently rendered into audio using neural vocoders. Despite promising advances, the field remains constrained by small and heterogeneous datasets, limited cross-subject generalization, and the absence of standardized benchmarks. By consolidating methodological trends and available datasets, this survey provides a foundational reference for advancing EEG-based generative AI and supporting reproducible research. We further highlight open-source datasets and baseline implementations to facilitate systematic benchmarking and accelerate progress in EEG-driven neural decoding.

Shreya Shukla, Jose Torres, Akshaj Murhekar +4

School of Information, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA · Institute of Applied Computer Science, Łód´z University of Technology, Łód´z, Poland

Electroencephalography Generative Artificial Intelligence Text Analysis and Detection

Feb 6, 2025cs.CV

DICE: Distilling Classifier-Free Guidance into Text Embeddings

Text-to-image diffusion models are capable of generating high-quality images, but suboptimal pre-trained text representations often result in these images failing to align closely with the given text prompts. Classifier-free guidance (CFG) is a popular and effective technique for improving text-image alignment in the generative process. However, CFG introduces significant computational overhead. In this paper, we present DIstilling CFG by sharpening text Embeddings (DICE) that replaces CFG in the sampling process with half the computational complexity while maintaining similar generation quality. DICE distills a CFG-based text-to-image diffusion model into a CFG-free version by refining text embeddings to replicate CFG-based directions. In this way, we avoid the computational drawbacks of CFG, enabling high-quality, well-aligned image generation at a fast sampling speed. Furthermore, examining the enhancement pattern, we identify the underlying mechanism of DICE that sharpens specific components of text embeddings to preserve semantic information while enhancing fine-grained details. Extensive experiments on multiple Stable Diffusion v1.5 variants, SDXL, and PixArt-

α

demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. Code is available at https://github.com/zju-pi/dice.

Zhenyu Zhou, Defang Chen, Can Wang +2

Zhejiang University, State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security · University at Buffalo, State University of New York

Text-To-Image Diffusion Models Multi-Reference Image Generation Classifier-Free Guidance Text Embeddings Text Analysis and Detection

Jan 22, 2025cs.CV

TeD-Loc: Text Distillation for Weakly Supervised Object Localization

Weakly supervised object localization (WSOL) models can predict both the object class and the spatial regions corresponding to the object, without requiring explicit bounding-box annotations. Given their reliance on classification objectives, traditional WSOL methods, like class activation mapping, tend to focus on the most discriminative object regions, often missing the full spatial extent. Although vision-language models like CLIP encode rich semantic priors, their global text and class-token embeddings are not explicitly aligned with local patch embeddings, limiting patch-level localization. Recent methods such as GenPrompt address this limitation, but at the cost of increased complexity, as they rely on conditional denoising and elaborate prompt-learning strategies. In this paper, we propose Text Distillation for Localization (TeD-Loc), which distills knowledge from CLIP text embeddings to patch embeddings through contrastive alignment, thereby enabling patch-level foreground/background localization. A localization-guided classification module is also introduced, which uses localization scores to aggregate foreground patch embeddings for joint classification and localization within a single model. In addition, a QR-based orthogonalization of class text embeddings is applied before distillation to improve discrimination for semantically similar classes. Extensive experiments show that TeD-Loc improves Top-1 Loc by ~5% on CUB and ILSVRC, and PxAP by ~31% on histopathology benchmarks, while achieving more efficient inference than GenPrompt.

Shakeeb Murtaza, Soufiane Belharbi, Alexis Guichemerre +2

LIVIA, ILLS, Dept. of Systems Engineering, ETS Montreal, Canada

Object Localization Vision-Language Model Grounding Visual Embeddings Class Activation Mapping Probe-Logit Distillation Text Analysis and Detection