Machines in Motion Lab, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University · Department of Smart Systems Technologies, University of Klagenfurt, Austria. · Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute (ANITI)
School of Transportation, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China · School of Transportation and Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
Guidance, Autonomy, Learning, and Control for Intelligent Systems (GALACxIS) Lab, Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
The authors are with the Siebel School of Computing and Data Science, University of Illinois, 201 N. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. · Department of Computer Science at Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM), Mexico City, México
Department of Physics Stanford University 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America · SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America
School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PRC · Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
Department of Cyber Physical Systems, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India · Nokia Solutions and Networks, Bengaluru, India · Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
Department of Physics, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA. · SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, 94025, CA, USA.
Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 27695, USA · Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State2026 University Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
Professorship of Autonomous Vehicle Systems, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; Munich Institute of Robotics and Machine Intelligence (MIRMI) · School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
Center for Theoretical Physics – a Leinweber Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States · The NSF AI Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Fundamental Interactions · Institut des Hautes ´Etudes Scientifiques, 91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France +1
National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Multi-spectral Information Processing, School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
School of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea. · Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology (AICT), Suwon, Republic of Korea.
Department of Physics, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA. · SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, 94025, CA, USA.
Department of Systems and Control Engineering, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan · RIKEN Guardian Robot Project, Kyoto, Japan · ATR Hiroshi Ishiguro Laboratories, Kyoto, Japan +1
School of Computer Science and Technology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China · Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, 518107, China · College of Computer Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710127, China
University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA · National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn 12618, Estonia · SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
Eastern Institute of Technology, Ningbo, China · University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK · College of Information Science and Technology, Eastern Institute of Technology, Ningbo, P. R. China. +3
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom · Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA · Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA +2
School of Automation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China · Key Laboratory of Measurement and Control of Complex Systems of Engineering, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, U.K. · State Key Laboratory of Autonomous Intelligent Unmanned Systems, Tongji University, Shanghai, China · College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China +3